---
title: Kubernetes Deployment Guide
description: Deploy Llama Stack on Kubernetes clusters with vLLM inference service
sidebar_label: Kubernetes
sidebar_position: 2
---

import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';
import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';

# Kubernetes Deployment Guide

Deploy Llama Stack and vLLM servers in a Kubernetes cluster instead of running them locally. This guide covers deployment using the Kubernetes operator to manage the Llama Stack server with Kind. The vLLM inference server is deployed manually.

## Prerequisites

### Local Kubernetes Setup

Create a local Kubernetes cluster via Kind:

```bash
kind create cluster --image kindest/node:v1.32.0 --name llama-stack-test
```

Set your Hugging Face token:

```bash
export HF_TOKEN=$(echo -n "your-hf-token" | base64)
```

## Quick Deployment

### Step 1: Create Storage and Secrets

```yaml
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: vllm-models
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 50Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: hf-token-secret
type: Opaque
data:
  token: $HF_TOKEN
EOF
```

### Step 2: Deploy vLLM Server

```yaml
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: vllm-server
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: vllm
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: vllm
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: vllm
        image: vllm/vllm-openai:latest
        command: ["/bin/sh", "-c"]
        args: ["vllm serve meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct"]
        env:
        - name: HUGGING_FACE_HUB_TOKEN
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: hf-token-secret
              key: token
        ports:
          - containerPort: 8000
        volumeMounts:
          - name: llama-storage
            mountPath: /root/.cache/huggingface
      volumes:
      - name: llama-storage
        persistentVolumeClaim:
          claimName: vllm-models
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: vllm-server
spec:
  selector:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: vllm
  ports:
  - protocol: TCP
    port: 8000
    targetPort: 8000
  type: ClusterIP
EOF
```

### Step 3: Install Kubernetes Operator

Install the Llama Stack Kubernetes operator to manage Llama Stack deployments:

```bash
# Install from the latest main branch
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/llamastack/llama-stack-k8s-operator/main/release/operator.yaml

# Or install a specific version (e.g., v0.4.0)
# kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/llamastack/llama-stack-k8s-operator/v0.4.0/release/operator.yaml
```

Verify the operator is running:

```bash
kubectl get pods -n llama-stack-operator-system
```

For more information about the operator, see the [llama-stack-k8s-operator repository](https://github.com/llamastack/llama-stack-k8s-operator).

### Step 4: Deploy Llama Stack Server using Operator

Create a `LlamaStackDistribution` custom resource to deploy the Llama Stack server. The operator will automatically create the necessary Deployment, Service, and other resources.
You can optionally override the default `config.yaml` using `spec.server.userConfig` with a ConfigMap (see [userConfig spec](https://github.com/llamastack/llama-stack-k8s-operator/blob/main/docs/api-overview.md#userconfigspec)).

```yaml
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: llamastack.io/v1alpha1
kind: LlamaStackDistribution
metadata:
  name: llamastack-vllm
spec:
  replicas: 1
  server:
    distribution:
      name: starter
    containerSpec:
      port: 8321
      env:
      - name: VLLM_URL
        value: "http://vllm-server.default.svc.cluster.local:8000/v1"
      - name: VLLM_MAX_TOKENS
        value: "4096"
      - name: VLLM_API_TOKEN
        value: "fake"
    # Optional: override config.yaml from a ConfigMap using userConfig
    userConfig:
      configMap:
        name: llama-stack-config
    storage:
      size: "20Gi"
      mountPath: "/home/lls/.lls"
EOF
```

**Configuration Options:**

- `replicas`: Number of Llama Stack server instances to run
- `server.distribution.name`: The distribution to use (e.g., `starter` for the starter distribution). See the [list of supported distributions](https://github.com/llamastack/llama-stack-k8s-operator/blob/main/distributions.json) in the operator repository.
- `server.distribution.image`: (Optional) Custom container image for non-supported distributions. Use this field when deploying a distribution that is not in the supported list. If specified, this takes precedence over `name`.
- `server.containerSpec.port`: Port on which the Llama Stack server listens (default: 8321)
- `server.containerSpec.env`: Environment variables to configure providers:
- `server.userConfig`: (Optional) Override the default `config.yaml` using a ConfigMap. See [userConfig spec](https://github.com/llamastack/llama-stack-k8s-operator/blob/main/docs/api-overview.md#userconfigspec).
- `server.storage.size`: Size of the persistent volume for model and data storage
- `server.storage.mountPath`: Where to mount the storage in the container

**Note:** For a complete list of supported distributions, see [distributions.json](https://github.com/llamastack/llama-stack-k8s-operator/blob/main/distributions.json) in the operator repository. To use a custom or non-supported distribution, set the `server.distribution.image` field with your container image instead of  `server.distribution.name`.

The operator automatically creates:
- A Deployment for the Llama Stack server
- A Service to access the server
- A PersistentVolumeClaim for storage
- All necessary RBAC resources


Check the status of your deployment:

```bash
kubectl get llamastackdistribution
kubectl describe llamastackdistribution llamastack-vllm
```

### Step 5: Test Deployment

Wait for the Llama Stack server pod to be ready:

```bash
# Check the status of the LlamaStackDistribution
kubectl get llamastackdistribution llamastack-vllm

# Check the pods created by the operator
kubectl get pods -l app.kubernetes.io/name=llama-stack

# Wait for the pod to be ready
kubectl wait --for=condition=ready pod -l app.kubernetes.io/name=llama-stack --timeout=300s
```

Get the service name created by the operator (it typically follows the pattern `<llamastackdistribution-name>-service`):

```bash
# List services to find the service name
kubectl get services | grep llamastack

# Port forward and test (replace SERVICE_NAME with the actual service name)
kubectl port-forward service/llamastack-vllm-service 8321:8321
```

In another terminal, test the deployment:

```bash
llama-stack-client --endpoint http://localhost:8321 inference chat-completion --message "hello, what model are you?"
```

## Troubleshooting

### vLLM Server Issues

**Check vLLM pod status:**
```bash
kubectl get pods -l app.kubernetes.io/name=vllm
kubectl logs -l app.kubernetes.io/name=vllm
```

**Test vLLM service connectivity:**
```bash
kubectl run -it --rm debug --image=curlimages/curl --restart=Never -- curl http://vllm-server:8000/v1/models
```

### Llama Stack Server Issues

**Check LlamaStackDistribution status:**
```bash
# Get detailed status
kubectl describe llamastackdistribution llamastack-vllm

# Check for events
kubectl get events --sort-by='.lastTimestamp' | grep llamastack-vllm
```

**Check operator-managed pods:**
```bash
# List all pods managed by the operator
kubectl get pods -l app.kubernetes.io/name=llama-stack

# Check pod logs (replace POD_NAME with actual pod name)
kubectl logs -l app.kubernetes.io/name=llama-stack
```

**Check operator status:**
```bash
# Verify the operator is running
kubectl get pods -n llama-stack-operator-system

# Check operator logs if issues persist
kubectl logs -n llama-stack-operator-system -l control-plane=controller-manager
```

**Verify service connectivity:**
```bash
# Get the service endpoint
kubectl get svc llamastack-vllm-service

# Test connectivity from within the cluster
kubectl run -it --rm debug --image=curlimages/curl --restart=Never -- curl http://llamastack-vllm-service:8321/health
```

## Related Resources

- **[Deployment Overview](/docs/deploying/)** - Overview of deployment options
- **[Distributions](/docs/distributions)** - Understanding Llama Stack distributions
- **[Configuration](/docs/distributions/configuration)** - Detailed configuration options
- **[LlamaStack Operator](https://github.com/llamastack/llama-stack-k8s-operator)** - Overview of llama-stack kubernetes operator
- **[LlamaStackDistribution](https://github.com/llamastack/llama-stack-k8s-operator/blob/main/docs/api-overview.md)** - API Spec of the llama-stack operator Custom Resource.
