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feat: NVIDIA beginner e2e notebook

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Jash Gulabrai 2025-04-15 23:26:38 -04:00
parent 7cdd2a0410
commit 6927cdf5ce
31 changed files with 888 additions and 1621 deletions
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34
docs/_static/llama-stack-spec.html vendored
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@ -6456,36 +6456,7 @@
"default": "model"
},
"model": {
"oneOf": [
{
"type": "string"
},
{
"type": "object",
"additionalProperties": {
"oneOf": [
{
"type": "null"
},
{
"type": "boolean"
},
{
"type": "number"
},
{
"type": "string"
},
{
"type": "array"
},
{
"type": "object"
}
]
}
}
],
"type": "string",
"description": "The model ID to evaluate."
},
"sampling_params": {
@ -6500,7 +6471,8 @@
"additionalProperties": false,
"required": [
"type",
"model"
"model",
"sampling_params"
],
"title": "ModelCandidate",
"description": "A model candidate for evaluation."

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docs/_static/llama-stack-spec.yaml vendored
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@ -4539,17 +4539,7 @@ components:
const: model
default: model
model:
oneOf:
- type: string
- type: object
additionalProperties:
oneOf:
- type: 'null'
- type: boolean
- type: number
- type: string
- type: array
- type: object
type: string
description: The model ID to evaluate.
sampling_params:
$ref: '#/components/schemas/SamplingParams'
@ -4563,6 +4553,7 @@ components:
required:
- type
- model
- sampling_params
title: ModelCandidate
description: A model candidate for evaluation.
RegexParserScoringFnParams:

669
docs/notebooks/nvidia/Llama_Stack_NVIDIA_E2E_Flow.ipynb
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docs/notebooks/nvidia/config.py Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
# All rights reserved.
#
# This source code is licensed under the terms described in the LICENSE file in
# the root directory of this source tree.
# (Required) NeMo Microservices URLs
NDS_URL = "https://datastore.int.aire.nvidia.com" # Data Store
NEMO_URL = "https://nmp.int.aire.nvidia.com" # Customizer, Evaluator, Guardrails
NIM_URL = "https://nim.int.aire.nvidia.com" # NIM
# (Required) Hugging Face Token
HF_TOKEN = ""
# (Optional) Namespace to associate with Datasets and Customization jobs
NAMESPACE = "nvidia-e2e-tutorial"
# (Optional) User ID to associate with Customization jobs - this is currently unused
USER_ID = ""
# (Optional) Project ID to associate with Datasets and Customization jobs
PROJECT_ID = ""
# (Optional) Directory used by Customized to save output model
CUSTOMIZED_MODEL_DIR = "nvidia-e2e-tutorial/test-llama-stack@v1"

400
docs/notebooks/nvidia/tmp/sample_bfcl/bfcl_v3_simple.jsonl
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@ -1,400 +0,0 @@
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the area of a triangle with a base of 10 units and height of 5 units."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_triangle_area", "description": "Calculate the area of a triangle given its base and height.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"base": {"type": "integer", "description": "The base of the triangle."}, "height": {"type": "integer", "description": "The height of the triangle."}, "unit": {"type": "string", "description": "The unit of measure (defaults to 'units' if not specified)"}}, "required": ["base", "height"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_triangle_area", "arguments": {"base": 10, "height": 5, "unit": "units"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the factorial of 5 using math functions."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "math_factorial", "description": "Calculate the factorial of a given number.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"number": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number for which factorial needs to be calculated."}}, "required": ["number"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "math_factorial", "arguments": {"number": 5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the hypotenuse of a right triangle given the lengths of the other two sides as 4 and 5."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "math_hypot", "description": "Calculate the Euclidean norm, sqrt(sum(squares)), the length of the vector from the origin to point (x, y) which is the hypotenuse of the right triangle.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"x": {"type": "integer", "description": "The x-coordinate value."}, "y": {"type": "integer", "description": "The y-coordinate value."}, "z": {"type": "integer", "description": "Optional. The z-coordinate value. Default is 0."}}, "required": ["x", "y"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "math_hypot", "arguments": {"x": 4, "y": 5, "z": 0}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the roots of a quadratic equation with coefficients a=1, b=-3, c=2."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "algebra_quadratic_roots", "description": "Find the roots of a quadratic equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"a": {"type": "integer", "description": "Coefficient of x^2."}, "b": {"type": "integer", "description": "Coefficient of x."}, "c": {"type": "integer", "description": "Constant term."}}, "required": ["a", "b", "c"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "algebra_quadratic_roots", "arguments": {"a": 1, "b": -3, "c": 2}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Solve a quadratic equation where a=2, b=6, and c=5"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "solve_quadratic_equation", "description": "Function solves the quadratic equation and returns its roots.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"a": {"type": "integer", "description": "Coefficient of x squared"}, "b": {"type": "integer", "description": "Coefficient of x"}, "c": {"type": "integer", "description": "Constant term in the quadratic equation."}}, "required": ["a", "b", "c"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "solve_quadratic_equation", "arguments": {"a": 2, "b": 6, "c": 5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find all the roots of a quadratic equation given coefficients a = 3, b = -11, and c = -4."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "solve_quadratic", "description": "Solve a quadratic equation given coefficients a, b, and c. If optional 'root_type' is 'real', the function will only return real roots. If not specified, function may return complex roots.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"a": {"type": "integer", "description": "The coefficient of the squared term in the quadratic equation."}, "b": {"type": "integer", "description": "The coefficient of the linear term in the quadratic equation."}, "c": {"type": "integer", "description": "The constant term in the quadratic equation."}, "root_type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of roots to return: 'real' for real roots, 'all' for both real and complex roots. Default value is 'real'."}}, "required": ["a", "b", "c"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "solve_quadratic", "arguments": {"a": 3, "b": -11, "c": -4, "root_type": "all"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What are the roots of the quadratic equation where a=2, b=5 and c=3 ?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "solve_quadratic", "description": "Find the roots of a quadratic equation. Returns both roots.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"a": {"type": "integer", "description": "Coefficient of x\u00b2."}, "b": {"type": "integer", "description": "Coefficient of x."}, "c": {"type": "integer", "description": "Constant term."}}, "required": ["a", "b", "c"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "solve_quadratic", "arguments": {"a": 2, "b": 5, "c": 3}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the circumference of a circle with a radius of 4 inches?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_circumference", "description": "Calculates the circumference of a circle with a given radius.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"radius": {"type": "integer", "description": "The radius of the circle in the unit given."}, "unit": {"type": "string", "description": "The unit of measurement for the radius. Default is 'cm'."}}, "required": ["radius"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_circumference", "arguments": {"radius": 4, "unit": ["inches", "in"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the area of a circle with a radius of 10?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "geometry_area_circle", "description": "Calculate the area of a circle given the radius.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"radius": {"type": "integer", "description": "The radius of the circle."}, "units": {"type": "string", "description": "The units in which the radius is measured (defaults to 'meters')."}}, "required": ["radius"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "geometry_area_circle", "arguments": {"radius": 10, "units": "meters"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the area of a circle with a radius of 5 units."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "geometry_calculate_area_circle", "description": "Calculate the area of a circle given its radius.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"radius": {"type": "integer", "description": "The radius of the circle."}, "unit": {"type": "string", "description": "The measurement unit of the radius (optional parameter, default is 'units')."}}, "required": ["radius"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "geometry_calculate_area_circle", "arguments": {"radius": 5, "unit": "units"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the area of a right-angled triangle given the lengths of its base and height as 6cm and 10cm."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_area", "description": "Calculate the area of a right-angled triangle given the lengths of its base and height.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"base": {"type": "integer", "description": "The length of the base of the right-angled triangle."}, "height": {"type": "integer", "description": "The height of the right-angled triangle."}, "unit": {"type": "string", "description": "The unit of measure used. Defaults to 'cm'."}}, "required": ["base", "height"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_area", "arguments": {"base": 6, "height": 10, "unit": "cm"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the area of a triangle with base of 10 units and height of 5 units?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_triangle_area", "description": "Calculate the area of a triangle using its base and height.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"base": {"type": "integer", "description": "The length of the base of the triangle."}, "height": {"type": "integer", "description": "The height of the triangle from the base."}}, "required": ["base", "height"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_triangle_area", "arguments": {"base": 10, "height": 5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the circumference of a circle with radius 3"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "geometry_circumference", "description": "Calculate the circumference of a circle given the radius.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"radius": {"type": "integer", "description": "The radius of the circle."}, "units": {"type": "string", "description": "Units for the output circumference measurement. Default is 'cm'."}}, "required": ["radius"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "geometry_circumference", "arguments": {"radius": 3, "units": "cm"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the area under the curve y=x^2 from x=1 to x=3."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_area_under_curve", "description": "Calculate the area under a mathematical function within a given interval.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"function": {"type": "string", "description": "The mathematical function as a string."}, "interval": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "number"}, "description": "An array that defines the interval to calculate the area under the curve from the start to the end point."}, "method": {"type": "string", "description": "The numerical method to approximate the area under the curve. The default value is 'trapezoidal'."}}, "required": ["function", "interval"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_area_under_curve", "arguments": {"function": ["x**2", "lambda x: x**2", "y=x**2"], "interval": [1.0, 3.0], "method": "trapezoidal"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the derivative of the function 3x^2 + 2x - 1."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_derivative", "description": "Calculate the derivative of a polynomial function.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"function": {"type": "string", "description": "The polynomial function."}, "x_value": {"type": "number", "description": "The x-value at which the derivative is calculated. Optional, default to 0.00. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["function"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_derivative", "arguments": {"function": ["3x**2 + 2x - 1", "lambda x: 3x**2 + 2x - 1"], "x_value": 0.0}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the area under the curve from x = -2 to x = 3 for the function y = x^3 using simpson method."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "integrate", "description": "Calculate the area under a curve for a specified function between two x values.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"function": {"type": "string", "description": "The function to integrate, represented as a string. For example, 'x^3'"}, "start_x": {"type": "integer", "description": "The starting x-value to integrate over."}, "end_x": {"type": "integer", "description": "The ending x-value to integrate over."}, "method": {"type": "string", "description": "The method of numerical integration to use. Choices are 'trapezoid' or 'simpson'. Default is 'trapezoid'."}}, "required": ["function", "start_x", "end_x"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "integrate", "arguments": {"function": ["x**3", "lambda x: x**3"], "start_x": -2, "end_x": 3, "method": "simpson"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the derivative of the function 2x^2 at x = 1."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculus_derivative", "description": "Compute the derivative of a function at a specific value.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"function": {"type": "string", "description": "The function to calculate the derivative of."}, "value": {"type": "integer", "description": "The value where the derivative needs to be calculated at."}, "function_variable": {"type": "string", "description": "The variable present in the function, for instance x or y, etc. Default is 'x'."}}, "required": ["function", "value"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculus_derivative", "arguments": {"function": ["2x**2", "lambda x: 2x**2"], "value": 1, "function_variable": "x"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the prime factors of 450"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_prime_factors", "description": "Function to retrieve prime factors of a number.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"number": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number for which prime factors need to be calculated"}, "formatted": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Return formatted string if true, array if false. Default is true."}}, "required": ["number", "formatted"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_prime_factors", "arguments": {"number": 450, "formatted": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the prime factors of the number 123456."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "number_analysis_prime_factors", "description": "Compute the prime factors of a number.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"number": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number to be factored."}}, "required": ["number"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "number_analysis_prime_factors", "arguments": {"number": 123456}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the greatest common divisor of two numbers: 40 and 50"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "math_gcd", "description": "Compute the greatest common divisor of two numbers", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"num1": {"type": "integer", "description": "The first number."}, "num2": {"type": "integer", "description": "The second number."}}, "required": ["num1", "num2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "math_gcd", "arguments": {"num1": 40, "num2": 50}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the highest common factor of 36 and 24."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "math_hcf", "description": "Calculate the highest common factor of two numbers.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"number1": {"type": "integer", "description": "First number."}, "number2": {"type": "integer", "description": "Second number."}}, "required": ["number1", "number2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "math_hcf", "arguments": {"number1": 36, "number2": 24}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of two numbers, say 36 and 48."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "number_theory_gcd", "description": "Compute the greatest common divisor of two given integers.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"number1": {"type": "integer", "description": "The first integer."}, "number2": {"type": "integer", "description": "The second integer."}}, "required": ["number1", "number2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "number_theory_gcd", "arguments": {"number1": 36, "number2": 48}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the greatest common divisor of two given numbers, for example 12 and 15."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "math_gcd", "description": "Calculate the greatest common divisor (gcd) of the two integers.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"num1": {"type": "integer", "description": "The first number."}, "num2": {"type": "integer", "description": "The second number."}}, "required": ["num1", "num2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "math_gcd", "arguments": {"num1": 12, "num2": 15}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the prime factorization of the number 60? Return them in the form of dictionary"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "prime_factorize", "description": "Calculate the prime factorization of a given integer.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"number": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number for which to calculate the prime factorization."}, "return_type": {"type": "string", "description": "Determines the format of the returned prime factorization. Can be 'list' for a list of all prime factors or 'dictionary' for a count of each prime factor. Default is 'list'."}}, "required": ["number"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "prime_factorize", "arguments": {"number": 60, "return_type": "dictionary"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the greatest common divisor (GCD) of 12 and 18"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "math_gcd", "description": "Calculate the greatest common divisor of two integers.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"num1": {"type": "integer", "description": "First number."}, "num2": {"type": "integer", "description": "Second number."}}, "required": ["num1", "num2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "math_gcd", "arguments": {"num1": 12, "num2": 18}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the final velocity of an object falling from a 150 meter building, assuming initial velocity is zero."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_final_velocity", "description": "Calculate the final velocity of a free falling object given the height it's dropped from, the initial velocity and acceleration due to gravity. Ignore air resistance.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"height": {"type": "integer", "description": "The height the object is dropped from, in meters."}, "initial_velocity": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial velocity of the object in m/s. Default is zero."}, "gravity": {"type": "number", "description": "Acceleration due to gravity. Default value is 9.81 m/s^2, earth's gravity. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["height"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_final_velocity", "arguments": {"height": 150, "initial_velocity": 0, "gravity": 9.81}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the velocity of a car that travels a distance of 50 kilometers for a duration of 2 hours?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_velocity", "description": "Calculate the velocity for a certain distance travelled within a specific duration.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"distance": {"type": "integer", "description": "The distance travelled by the object, typically in kilometers."}, "duration": {"type": "integer", "description": "The duration of the journey, typically in hours."}, "unit": {"type": "string", "description": "Optional parameter. The unit to return the velocity in. If not provided, the default is km/h."}}, "required": ["distance", "duration"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_velocity", "arguments": {"distance": 50, "duration": 2, "unit": "km/h"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the final velocity of a vehicle after accelerating at 2 meters/second^2 for a duration of 5 seconds, starting from a speed of 10 meters/second."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "final_velocity", "description": "Calculate the final velocity of an object given its initial velocity, acceleration, and time.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"initial_velocity": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial velocity of the object in meters/second."}, "acceleration": {"type": "integer", "description": "The acceleration of the object in meters/second^2."}, "time": {"type": "integer", "description": "The time over which the acceleration is applied in seconds."}}, "required": ["initial_velocity", "acceleration", "time"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "final_velocity", "arguments": {"initial_velocity": 10, "acceleration": 2, "time": 5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the displacement of a car given the initial velocity of 10 and acceleeration of 9.8 within 5 seconds."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_displacement", "description": "Calculates the displacement of an object in motion given initial velocity, time, and acceleration.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"initial_velocity": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial velocity of the object in m/s."}, "time": {"type": "integer", "description": "The time in seconds that the object has been in motion."}, "acceleration": {"type": "number", "description": "The acceleration of the object in m/s^2. This is a float type value.", "default": 0, "format": "float"}}, "required": ["initial_velocity", "time"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_displacement", "arguments": {"initial_velocity": 10, "time": 5, "acceleration": 9.8}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the final speed of an object dropped from rest after falling for 5 seconds if we neglect air resistance?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_final_speed", "description": "Calculate the final speed of an object in free fall after a certain time, neglecting air resistance. The acceleration due to gravity is considered as -9.81 m/s^2", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"initial_speed": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial speed of the object in m/s. Default is 0 for an object at rest."}, "time": {"type": "integer", "description": "The time in seconds for which the object is in free fall."}, "gravity": {"type": "number", "description": "The acceleration due to gravity. Default is -9.81 m/s^2. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["time"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_final_speed", "arguments": {"initial_speed": 0, "time": 5, "gravity": -9.81}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the final velocity of a vehicle that started from rest and accelerated at 4 m/s^2 for a distance of 300 meters?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "kinematics_final_velocity_from_distance", "description": "Calculate the final velocity of an object given the acceleration and distance travelled, assuming initial velocity is 0.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"acceleration": {"type": "integer", "description": "Acceleration of the object, m/s^2."}, "distance": {"type": "integer", "description": "Distance traveled by the object, m."}, "initial_velocity": {"type": "number", "description": "Initial velocity of the object. Default is 0, m/s This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["acceleration", "distance"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "kinematics_final_velocity_from_distance", "arguments": {"acceleration": 4, "distance": 300, "initial_velocity": 0.0}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the final velocity of an object, knowing that it started from rest, accelerated at a rate of 9.8 m/s^2 for a duration of 5 seconds."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_final_velocity", "description": "Calculate the final velocity of an object under constant acceleration, knowing its initial velocity, acceleration, and time of acceleration.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"initial_velocity": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial velocity of the object."}, "acceleration": {"type": "number", "description": "The acceleration of the object. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "time": {"type": "integer", "description": "The time of acceleration."}}, "required": ["initial_velocity", "acceleration", "time"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_final_velocity", "arguments": {"initial_velocity": 0, "acceleration": 9.8, "time": 5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the final speed of an object dropped from 100 m without air resistance."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_final_speed", "description": "Calculate the final speed of an object dropped from a certain height without air resistance.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"initial_velocity": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial velocity of the object."}, "height": {"type": "integer", "description": "The height from which the object is dropped."}, "gravity": {"type": "number", "description": "The gravitational acceleration. Default is 9.8 m/s^2. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["initial_velocity", "height"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_final_speed", "arguments": {"initial_velocity": 0, "height": 100, "gravity": 9.8}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get directions from Sydney to Melbourne using the fastest route."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_directions", "description": "Retrieve directions from one location to another.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"start_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The starting point of the journey."}, "end_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The destination point of the journey."}, "route_type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of route to use (e.g., 'fastest', 'scenic'). Default is 'fastest'.", "enum": ["fastest", "scenic"]}}, "required": ["start_location", "end_location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_directions", "arguments": {"start_location": "Sydney", "end_location": "Melbourne", "route_type": "fastest"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Create an itinerary for a 7 days trip to Tokyo with daily budgets not exceeding $100 and prefer exploring nature."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "travel_itinerary_generator", "description": "Generate a travel itinerary based on specific destination, duration and daily budget, with preferred exploration type.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"destination": {"type": "string", "description": "Destination city of the trip."}, "days": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of days for the trip."}, "daily_budget": {"type": "integer", "description": "The maximum daily budget for the trip."}, "exploration_type": {"type": "string", "enum": ["nature", "urban", "history", "culture"], "description": "The preferred exploration type.", "default": "urban"}}, "required": ["destination", "days", "daily_budget"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "travel_itinerary_generator", "arguments": {"destination": "Tokyo", "days": 7, "daily_budget": 100, "exploration_type": "nature"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find an all vegan restaurant in New York that opens until at least 11 PM."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "vegan_restaurant_find_nearby", "description": "Locate nearby vegan restaurants based on specific criteria like operating hours.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city and state, e.g. New York, NY, you should format it as City, State."}, "operating_hours": {"type": "integer", "description": "Preferred latest closing time of the restaurant. E.g. if 11 is given, then restaurants that close at or after 11 PM will be considered. This is in 24 hour format. Default is 24."}}, "required": ["location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "vegan_restaurant_find_nearby", "arguments": {"location": "New York, NY", "operating_hours": 23}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the shortest driving distance between New York City and Washington D.C."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_shortest_driving_distance", "description": "Calculate the shortest driving distance between two locations.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"origin": {"type": "string", "description": "Starting point of the journey. You should format it as city name like Boston."}, "destination": {"type": "string", "description": "End point of the journey. You should format it as city name like Boston."}, "unit": {"type": "string", "description": "Preferred unit of distance (optional, default is 'km')."}}, "required": ["origin", "destination"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_shortest_driving_distance", "arguments": {"origin": "New York City", "destination": "Washington D.C.", "unit": "km"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the estimated travel time by car from San Francisco to Los Angeles with stops at Santa Barbara and Monterey."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "route_estimate_time", "description": "Estimate the travel time for a specific route with optional stops.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"start_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The starting point for the journey. It should be format as city name such as Boston."}, "end_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The destination for the journey. It should be format as city name such as Boston."}, "stops": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "Additional cities or points of interest to stop at during the journey. Default is an empty list."}}, "required": ["start_location", "end_location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "route_estimate_time", "arguments": {"start_location": "San Francisco", "end_location": "Los Angeles", "stops": [["Santa Barbara", "Monterey"], ["Monterey", "Santa Barbara"]]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the electrostatic potential between two charged bodies of 1e-9 and 2e-9 of distance 0.05?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_electrostatic_potential", "description": "Calculate the electrostatic potential between two charged bodies using the principle of Coulomb's Law.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"charge1": {"type": "number", "description": "The quantity of charge on the first body. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "charge2": {"type": "number", "description": "The quantity of charge on the second body. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "distance": {"type": "number", "description": "The distance between the two bodies. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "constant": {"type": "number", "description": "The value of the electrostatic constant. Default is 8.99e9. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["charge1", "charge2", "distance"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_electrostatic_potential", "arguments": {"charge1": 1e-09, "charge2": 2e-09, "distance": 0.05, "constant": 8990000000.0}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the electric field at a point 3 meters away from a charge of 2 coulombs."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_electric_field", "description": "Calculate the electric field produced by a charge at a certain distance.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"charge": {"type": "integer", "description": "Charge in coulombs producing the electric field."}, "distance": {"type": "integer", "description": "Distance from the charge in meters where the field is being measured."}, "permitivity": {"type": "number", "description": "Permitivity of the space where field is being calculated, default is 8.854e-12. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["charge", "distance"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_electric_field", "arguments": {"charge": 2, "distance": 3, "permitivity": 8.854e-12}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the magnetic field produced at the center of a circular loop carrying current of 5 Ampere with a radius of 4 meters"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_magnetic_field", "description": "Calculate the magnetic field produced at the center of a circular loop carrying current.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"current": {"type": "integer", "description": "The current through the circular loop in Amperes."}, "radius": {"type": "integer", "description": "The radius of the circular loop in meters."}, "permeability": {"type": "number", "description": "The magnetic permeability. Default is 12.57e10 (Vacuum Permeability). This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["current", "radius"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_magnetic_field", "arguments": {"current": 5, "radius": 4, "permeability": 125700000000.0}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the electromagnetic force between two charges of 5C and 7C placed 3 meters apart."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "electromagnetic_force", "description": "Calculate the electromagnetic force between two charges placed at a certain distance.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"charge1": {"type": "integer", "description": "The magnitude of the first charge in coulombs."}, "charge2": {"type": "integer", "description": "The magnitude of the second charge in coulombs."}, "distance": {"type": "integer", "description": "The distance between the two charges in meters."}, "medium_permittivity": {"type": "number", "description": "The relative permittivity of the medium in which the charges are present. Default is 8.854e-12 (Vacuum Permittivity). This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["charge1", "charge2", "distance"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "electromagnetic_force", "arguments": {"charge1": 5, "charge2": 7, "distance": 3, "medium_permittivity": 8.854e-12}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the resonant frequency of an LC circuit given capacitance of 100\u00b5F and inductance of 50mH."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_resonant_frequency", "description": "Calculate the resonant frequency of an LC (inductor-capacitor) circuit.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"inductance": {"type": "number", "description": "The inductance (L) in henries (H). This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "capacitance": {"type": "number", "description": "The capacitance (C) in farads (F). This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "round_off": {"type": "integer", "description": "Rounding off the result to a certain decimal places, default is 2."}}, "required": ["inductance", "capacitance"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_resonant_frequency", "arguments": {"inductance": 0.05, "capacitance": 0.0001, "round_off": 2}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the magnetic field strength 10 meters away from a long wire carrying a current of 20 Amperes."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_magnetic_field_strength", "description": "Calculate the magnetic field strength at a point a certain distance away from a long wire carrying a current.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"current": {"type": "integer", "description": "The current flowing through the wire in Amperes."}, "distance": {"type": "integer", "description": "The perpendicular distance from the wire to the point where the magnetic field is being calculated."}, "permeability": {"type": "number", "description": "The permeability of the medium. Default is 12.57e-7 (Vacuum Permeability). This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["current", "distance"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_magnetic_field_strength", "arguments": {"current": 20, "distance": 10, "permeability": 1.257e-06}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the electric field strength 4 meters away from a charge of 0.01 Coulombs."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_electric_field_strength", "description": "Calculate the electric field strength at a certain distance from a point charge.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"charge": {"type": "number", "description": "The charge in Coulombs. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "distance": {"type": "integer", "description": "The distance from the charge in meters."}, "medium": {"type": "string", "description": "The medium in which the charge and the point of calculation is located. Default is 'vacuum'."}}, "required": ["charge", "distance"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_electric_field_strength", "arguments": {"charge": 0.01, "distance": 4, "medium": "vacuum"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the energy (in Joules) absorbed or released during the phase change of 100g of water from liquid to steam at its boiling point."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "thermo_calculate_energy", "description": "Calculate the energy required or released during a phase change using mass, the phase transition temperature and the specific latent heat.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"mass": {"type": "integer", "description": "Mass of the substance in grams."}, "phase_transition": {"type": "string", "description": "Phase transition. Can be 'melting', 'freezing', 'vaporization', 'condensation'."}, "substance": {"type": "string", "description": "The substance which is undergoing phase change, default is 'water'"}}, "required": ["mass", "phase_transition"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "thermo_calculate_energy", "arguments": {"mass": 100, "phase_transition": "vaporization", "substance": "water"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the final temperature when 20 kg of water at 30 degree Celsius is mixed with 15 kg of water at 60 degree Celsius."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_final_temperature", "description": "Calculates the final equilibrium temperature after mixing two bodies with different masses and temperatures", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"mass1": {"type": "integer", "description": "The mass of the first body (kg)."}, "temperature1": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial temperature of the first body (Celsius)."}, "mass2": {"type": "integer", "description": "The mass of the second body (kg)."}, "temperature2": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial temperature of the second body (Celsius)."}, "specific_heat_capacity": {"type": "number", "description": "The specific heat capacity of the bodies in kJ/kg/K. If not provided, will default to that of water at room temperature, which is 4.2 kJ/kg/K. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["mass1", "temperature1", "mass2", "temperature2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_final_temperature", "arguments": {"mass1": 20, "temperature1": 30, "mass2": 15, "temperature2": 60, "specific_heat_capacity": 4.2}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the boiling point and melting point of water under the sea level of 5000m."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_boiling_melting_points", "description": "Retrieve the boiling point and melting point of a substance based on its name and the sea level.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"substance": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the substance."}, "sea_level": {"type": "integer", "description": "The sea level in meters."}}, "required": ["substance", "sea_level"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_boiling_melting_points", "arguments": {"substance": "water", "sea_level": 5000}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the density of a substance with a mass of 45 kg and a volume of 15 m\u00b3?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_density", "description": "Calculate the density of a substance based on its mass and volume.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"mass": {"type": "integer", "description": "The mass of the substance in kilograms."}, "volume": {"type": "integer", "description": "The volume of the substance in cubic meters."}, "unit": {"type": "string", "description": "The unit of density. Default is kg/m\u00b3"}}, "required": ["mass", "volume"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_density", "arguments": {"mass": 45, "volume": 15, "unit": "kg/m\u00b3"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the absolute pressure in pascals given atmospheric pressure of 1 atm and a gauge pressure of 2 atm."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calc_absolute_pressure", "description": "Calculates the absolute pressure from gauge and atmospheric pressures.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"atm_pressure": {"type": "integer", "description": "The atmospheric pressure in atmospheres (atm). Default is 1 atm if not provided."}, "gauge_pressure": {"type": "integer", "description": "The gauge pressure in atmospheres (atm). Must be provided."}}, "required": ["gauge_pressure"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calc_absolute_pressure", "arguments": {"atm_pressure": 1, "gauge_pressure": 2}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the change in entropy in Joules per Kelvin of a 1kg ice block at 0\u00b0C if it is heated to 100\u00b0C under 1 atmosphere of pressure?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "entropy_change_calculate", "description": "Calculate the change in entropy for a mass of a specific substance under set initial and final conditions.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"substance": {"type": "string", "description": "The substance for which the change in entropy is calculated."}, "mass": {"type": "integer", "description": "The mass of the substance in kg."}, "initial_temperature": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial temperature of the substance in degree Celsius."}, "final_temperature": {"type": "integer", "description": "The final temperature of the substance in degree Celsius."}, "pressure": {"type": "integer", "default": 1, "description": "The pressure the substance is under in atmospheres."}}, "required": ["substance", "mass", "initial_temperature", "final_temperature"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "entropy_change_calculate", "arguments": {"substance": "ice", "mass": 1, "initial_temperature": 0, "final_temperature": 100, "pressure": 1}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the entropy change for a certain process given an initial temperature of 300K, a final temperature of 400K, and a heat capacity of 5J/K."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_entropy_change", "description": "Calculate the entropy change for an isothermal and reversible process.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"initial_temp": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial temperature in Kelvin."}, "final_temp": {"type": "integer", "description": "The final temperature in Kelvin."}, "heat_capacity": {"type": "integer", "description": "The heat capacity in J/K."}, "isothermal": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Whether the process is isothermal. Default is True."}}, "required": ["initial_temp", "final_temp", "heat_capacity"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_entropy_change", "arguments": {"initial_temp": 300, "final_temp": 400, "heat_capacity": 5, "isothermal": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the heat capacity at constant pressure for air, given its temperature is 298K and volume is 10 m^3."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calc_heat_capacity", "description": "Calculate the heat capacity at constant pressure of air using its temperature and volume.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"temp": {"type": "integer", "description": "The temperature of the gas in Kelvin."}, "volume": {"type": "integer", "description": "The volume of the gas in m^3."}, "gas": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of gas, with 'air' as default."}}, "required": ["temp", "volume"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calc_heat_capacity", "arguments": {"temp": 298, "volume": 10, "gas": "air"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Retrieve the sequence of DNA molecule with id `DNA123`."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "fetch_DNA_sequence", "description": "Retrieve the sequence of a DNA molecule with the given id from a public database.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"DNA_id": {"type": "string", "description": "Unique ID of the DNA molecule in the database."}, "format": {"type": "string", "description": "Optional parameter to get sequence in specific format (default to 'fasta')."}, "upstream": {"type": "integer", "description": "Optional parameter to include certain number of base pairs upstream the DNA sequence (default to 0)."}}, "required": ["DNA_id"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "fetch_DNA_sequence", "arguments": {"DNA_id": "DNA123", "format": "fasta", "upstream": 0}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Identify the protein sequence of a given human gene 'BRCA1'."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_protein_sequence", "description": "Retrieve the protein sequence encoded by a human gene.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"gene": {"type": "string", "description": "The human gene of interest."}, "species": {"type": "string", "description": "The species for which the gene is to be analyzed.", "default": "Homo sapiens"}}, "required": ["gene"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_protein_sequence", "arguments": {"gene": "BRCA1", "species": "Homo sapiens"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find me detailed information about the structure of human cell"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "biology_get_cell_info", "description": "Retrieve information about the structure and functioning of a specified type of cell", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"cell_type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of cell you want information about"}, "detailed": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Indicate if you want a detailed description of the cell", "default": "false"}}, "required": ["cell_type"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "biology_get_cell_info", "arguments": {"cell_type": "human", "detailed": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What are the names of proteins found in the plasma membrane?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "cellbio_get_proteins", "description": "Get the list of proteins in a specific cell compartment.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"cell_compartment": {"type": "string", "description": "The specific cell compartment."}, "include_description": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Set true if you want a brief description of each protein.", "default": "false"}}, "required": ["cell_compartment"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "cellbio_get_proteins", "arguments": {"cell_compartment": "plasma membrane", "include_description": [true, false]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the cell density in a sample with an optical density of 0.6, where the experiment dilution is 5 times."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_cell_density", "description": "Calculate the cell density of a biological sample based on its optical density and the experiment dilution.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"optical_density": {"type": "number", "description": "The optical density of the sample, usually obtained from a spectrophotometer reading. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "dilution": {"type": "integer", "description": "The dilution factor applied during the experiment."}, "calibration_factor": {"type": "number", "description": "The calibration factor to adjust the density, default value is 1e9 assuming cell density is in CFU/mL. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["optical_density", "dilution"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_cell_density", "arguments": {"optical_density": 0.6, "dilution": 5, "calibration_factor": 1000000000.0}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the function of ATP synthase in mitochondria?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "cell_biology_function_lookup", "description": "Look up the function of a given molecule in a specified organelle.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"molecule": {"type": "string", "description": "The molecule of interest."}, "organelle": {"type": "string", "description": "The organelle of interest."}, "specific_function": {"type": "boolean", "description": "If set to true, a specific function of the molecule within the organelle will be provided, if such information exists."}}, "required": ["molecule", "organelle", "specific_function"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "cell_biology_function_lookup", "arguments": {"molecule": "ATP synthase", "organelle": "mitochondria", "specific_function": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the molecular weight of Glucose (C6H12O6) in grams/mole."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_molecular_weight", "description": "Calculate the molecular weight of a compound given the compound formula.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"compound": {"type": "string", "description": "The molecular formula of the compound."}, "to_unit": {"type": "string", "description": "The unit in which to return the result."}}, "required": ["compound", "to_unit"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_molecular_weight", "arguments": {"compound": "C6H12O6", "to_unit": ["grams/mole", "g/mol"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the type of gene mutation based on SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) ID rs6034464."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "mutation_type_find", "description": "Finds the type of a genetic mutation based on its SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) ID.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"snp_id": {"type": "string", "description": "The ID of the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) mutation."}, "species": {"type": "string", "description": "Species in which the SNP occurs, default is 'Homo sapiens' (Humans)."}}, "required": ["snp_id"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "mutation_type_find", "arguments": {"snp_id": "rs6034464", "species": "Homo sapiens"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Predict whether a person with weight 150lbs and height 5ft 10in who is lightly active will get type 2 diabetes."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "diabetes_prediction", "description": "Predict the likelihood of diabetes type 2 based on a person's weight and height.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"weight": {"type": "integer", "description": "Weight of the person in lbs."}, "height": {"type": "integer", "description": "Height of the person in inches."}, "activity_level": {"type": "string", "enum": ["sedentary", "lightly active", "moderately active", "very active", "extra active"], "description": "Physical activity level of the person."}}, "required": ["weight", "height", "activity_level"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "diabetes_prediction", "arguments": {"weight": 150, "height": 70, "activity_level": "lightly active"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Analyze the DNA sequence 'AGTCGATCGAACGTACGTACG' for any potential substitution mutations based on a reference sequence 'AGTCCATCGAACGTACGTACG'."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "analyze_dna_sequence", "description": "Analyzes the DNA sequence based on a reference sequence and return any potential mutations.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"sequence": {"type": "string", "description": "The DNA sequence to be analyzed."}, "reference_sequence": {"type": "string", "description": "The reference DNA sequence."}, "mutation_type": {"type": "string", "enum": ["insertion", "deletion", "substitution"], "description": "Type of the mutation to be looked for in the sequence. Default to 'substitution'."}}, "required": ["sequence", "reference_sequence"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "analyze_dna_sequence", "arguments": {"sequence": "AGTCGATCGAACGTACGTACG", "reference_sequence": "AGTCCATCGAACGTACGTACG", "mutation_type": "substitution"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find out how genetically similar a human and a chimp are in percentage."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "genetics_calculate_similarity", "description": "Calculates the genetic similarity between two species based on their DNA sequences.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"species1": {"type": "string", "description": "The first species to compare."}, "species2": {"type": "string", "description": "The second species to compare."}, "format": {"type": "string", "description": "The format of the result (percentage or fraction). Default is percentage."}}, "required": ["species1", "species2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "genetics_calculate_similarity", "arguments": {"species1": ["Human", "human"], "species2": ["Chimp", "chimp", "Chimpanzee", "chimpanzee"], "format": "percentage"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the genotype frequency of AA genotype in a population, given that allele frequency of A is 0.3?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_genotype_frequency", "description": "Calculate the frequency of homozygous dominant genotype based on the allele frequency using Hardy Weinberg Principle.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"allele_frequency": {"type": "number", "description": "The frequency of the dominant allele in the population. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "genotype": {"type": "string", "description": "The genotype which frequency is needed.", "enum": ["AA", "Aa", "aa"]}}, "required": ["allele_frequency", "genotype"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_genotype_frequency", "arguments": {"allele_frequency": 0.3, "genotype": "AA"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the Population Density for Brazil in 2022 if the population is 213 million and the land area is 8.5 million square kilometers."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_density", "description": "Calculate the population density of a specific country in a specific year.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"country": {"type": "string", "description": "The country for which the density needs to be calculated."}, "year": {"type": "string", "description": "The year in which the density is to be calculated."}, "population": {"type": "integer", "description": "The population of the country."}, "land_area": {"type": "integer", "description": "The land area of the country in square kilometers."}}, "required": ["country", "year", "population", "land_area"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_density", "arguments": {"country": "Brazil", "year": "2022", "population": 213000000, "land_area": 8500000}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get me data on average precipitation in the Amazon rainforest for the last six months."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "ecology_data_precipitation_stats", "description": "Retrieve precipitation data for a specified location and time period.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the location, e.g., 'Amazon rainforest'."}, "time_frame": {"type": "string", "enum": ["six_months", "year", "five_years"], "description": "The time period for which data is required."}}, "required": ["location", "time_frame"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "ecology_data_precipitation_stats", "arguments": {"location": "Amazon rainforest", "time_frame": "six_months"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Identify a small green bird in forest."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "identify_bird", "description": "Identify a bird species based on certain characteristics.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"color": {"type": "string", "description": "Color of the bird."}, "habitat": {"type": "string", "description": "Habitat of the bird."}, "size": {"type": "string", "enum": ["small", "medium", "large"], "description": "Size of the bird. Default is 'small'"}}, "required": ["color", "habitat"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "identify_bird", "arguments": {"color": "green", "habitat": "forest", "size": "small"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Predict the growth of forest in Yellowstone National Park for the next 5 years including human impact."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "forest_growth_forecast", "description": "Predicts the forest growth over the next N years based on current trends.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location where you want to predict forest growth."}, "years": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of years for the forecast."}, "include_human_impact": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Whether or not to include the impact of human activities in the forecast. If not provided, defaults to false."}}, "required": ["location", "years"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "forest_growth_forecast", "arguments": {"location": "Yellowstone National Park", "years": 5, "include_human_impact": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find out the population and species of turtles in Mississippi river in 2020."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "ecology_get_turtle_population", "description": "Get the population and species of turtles in a specific location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the location."}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The year of the data requested. Default is 2001."}, "species": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Whether to include species information. Default is false."}}, "required": ["location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "ecology_get_turtle_population", "arguments": {"location": "Mississippi river", "year": 2020, "species": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the carbon footprint of a gas-powered vehicle driving 1500 miles in a year?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_vehicle_emission", "description": "Calculate the annual carbon emissions produced by a specific type of vehicle based on mileage.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"vehicle_type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of vehicle. 'gas' refers to a gasoline vehicle, 'diesel' refers to a diesel vehicle, and 'EV' refers to an electric vehicle."}, "miles_driven": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of miles driven per year."}, "emission_factor": {"type": "number", "description": "Optional emission factor to calculate emissions, in g/mile. Default factor is 355.48. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["vehicle_type", "miles_driven"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_vehicle_emission", "arguments": {"vehicle_type": "gas", "miles_driven": 1500, "emission_factor": 355.48}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Generate a DNA sequence with 100 bases including more G (Guanine) and C (Cytosine)."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "generate_DNA_sequence", "description": "Generate a random DNA sequence with a specific length and nucleotide preference.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"length": {"type": "integer", "description": "The length of the DNA sequence to be generated."}, "preferences": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["A", "T", "C", "G"]}, "description": "Preferred nucleotides to include more frequently in the DNA sequence."}}, "required": ["length", "preferences"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "generate_DNA_sequence", "arguments": {"length": 100, "preferences": [["G", "C"], ["C", "G"]]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the expected evolutionary fitness of a creature, with trait A contributing to 40% of the fitness and trait B contributing 60%, if trait A has a value of 0.8 and trait B a value of 0.7."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_fitness", "description": "Calculate the expected evolutionary fitness of a creature based on the individual values and contributions of its traits.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"trait_values": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "number"}, "description": "List of trait values, which are decimal numbers between 0 and 1, where 1 represents the trait maximally contributing to fitness."}, "trait_contributions": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "number"}, "description": "List of the percentage contributions of each trait to the overall fitness, which must sum to 1."}}, "required": ["trait_values", "trait_contributions"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_fitness", "arguments": {"trait_values": [0.8, 0.7], "trait_contributions": [0.4, 0.6]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the projected population growth in United States in the next 20 years?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "population_projections", "description": "Calculates the projected population growth based on the current growth rate.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"country": {"type": "string", "description": "The country for which to calculate the population projection."}, "years": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of years for the projection."}, "growth_rate": {"type": "number", "description": "Optional parameter to specify the growth rate, in percentage. Default is 1.2. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["country", "years"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "population_projections", "arguments": {"country": ["United States", "USA"], "years": 20, "growth_rate": 1.2}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the evolution rate of a bacteria population, start with 5000 bacteria, each bacteria duplicates every hour for 6 hours."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_bacteria_evolution_rate", "description": "Calculate the evolution rate of bacteria given the starting number, duplication frequency and total duration.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"start_population": {"type": "integer", "description": "The starting population of bacteria."}, "duplication_frequency": {"type": "integer", "description": "The frequency of bacteria duplication per hour."}, "duration": {"type": "integer", "description": "Total duration in hours."}, "generation_time": {"type": "integer", "description": "The average generation time of the bacteria in minutes. Default is 20 minutes"}}, "required": ["start_population", "duplication_frequency", "duration"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_bacteria_evolution_rate", "arguments": {"start_population": 5000, "duplication_frequency": 1, "duration": 6, "generation_time": 20}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Estimate the population size of elephants of 35000 in the next 5 years given the current growth rate of 0.015."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "elephant_population_estimate", "description": "Estimate future population of elephants given current population and growth rate.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"current_population": {"type": "integer", "description": "The current number of elephants."}, "growth_rate": {"type": "number", "description": "The annual population growth rate of elephants. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "years": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of years to project the population."}}, "required": ["current_population", "growth_rate", "years"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "elephant_population_estimate", "arguments": {"current_population": 35000, "growth_rate": 0.015, "years": 5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get me the predictions of the evolutionary rate for Homo Sapiens for next 50 years using Darwin model"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "prediction_evolution", "description": "Predict the evolutionary rate for a specific species for a given timeframe.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"species": {"type": "string", "description": "The species that the evolution rate will be predicted for."}, "years": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of years for the prediction."}, "model": {"type": "string", "description": "The model used to make the prediction, options: 'Darwin', 'Lamarck', default is 'Darwin'."}}, "required": ["species", "years"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "prediction_evolution", "arguments": {"species": ["Homo Sapiens", "homo sapiens", "Homo sapiens"], "years": 50, "model": "Darwin"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find a nearby restaurant that serves vegan food in Los Angeles."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "restaurant_find_nearby", "description": "Locate nearby restaurants based on specific dietary preferences.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city and state, e.g. Los Angeles, CA"}, "dietary_preference": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["Vegan", "Vegetarian", "Gluten-free", "Dairy-free", "Nut-free"]}, "description": "Dietary preference. Default is empty list."}}, "required": ["location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "restaurant_find_nearby", "arguments": {"location": "Los Angeles, CA", "dietary_preference": ["Vegan"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get the average temperature in Austin for the next 3 days in Celsius."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "average_temperature", "description": "Retrieves the average temperature for a specific location over the defined timeframe.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city to get the average temperature for. It should format as city name such as Boston."}, "days": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of days to get the average temperature for."}, "temp_unit": {"type": "string", "description": "The temperature unit ('Celsius' or 'Fahrenheit'). Default is 'Fahrenheit'."}}, "required": ["location", "days"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "average_temperature", "arguments": {"location": "Austin", "days": 3, "temp_unit": "Celsius"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Create a histogram for student scores with the following data: 85, 90, 88, 92, 86, 89, 91 and set bin range to 5."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "create_histogram", "description": "Create a histogram based on provided data.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"data": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "The data for which histogram needs to be plotted."}, "bins": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of equal-width bins in the range. Default is 10."}}, "required": ["data", "bins"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "create_histogram", "arguments": {"data": [85, 90, 88, 92, 86, 89, 91], "bins": 5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "I want to find 5 restaurants nearby my location, Manhattan, offering Thai food and a vegan menu."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "find_restaurants", "description": "Locate nearby restaurants based on location and food preferences.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The specific location or area. The location should be in the format of District, City."}, "food_type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of food preferred."}, "number": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of results to return."}, "dietary_requirements": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "Special dietary requirements, e.g. vegan, gluten-free. Default is empty list."}}, "required": ["location", "food_type", "number"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "find_restaurants", "arguments": {"location": ["Manhattan, New York City", "Manhattan", "Manhattan, New York", "Manhattan, NY", "Manhattan, NYC"], "food_type": "Thai", "number": 5, "dietary_requirements": [["vegan"], ["Vegan"]]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the fastest route from San Francisco to Los Angeles with toll roads avoided."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "map_routing_fastest_route", "description": "Finds the fastest route from one location to another, with an option to avoid toll roads.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"start_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The starting location for the journey."}, "end_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The destination for the journey."}, "avoid_tolls": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Option to avoid toll roads during the journey. Default is false."}}, "required": ["start_location", "end_location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "map_routing_fastest_route", "arguments": {"start_location": ["San Francisco", "SF"], "end_location": ["Los Angeles", "LA"], "avoid_tolls": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the average of list of integers [12, 15, 18, 20, 21, 26, 30]."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_average", "description": "Calculates the average of a list of numbers.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"numbers": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "number"}, "description": "The list of numbers to calculate the average of."}}, "required": ["numbers"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_average", "arguments": {"numbers": [12.0, 15.0, 18.0, 20.0, 21.0, 26.0, 30.0]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the distance between two GPS coordinates (33.4484 N, 112.0740 W) and (34.0522 N, 118.2437 W) in miles."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_distance", "description": "Calculate the distance between two GPS coordinates.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"coord1": {"type": "array", "description": "The first coordinate as (latitude, longitude).", "items": {"type": "number"}}, "coord2": {"type": "array", "description": "The second coordinate as (latitude, longitude).", "items": {"type": "number"}}, "unit": {"type": "string", "description": "The unit of distance. Options: 'miles', 'kilometers'."}}, "required": ["coord1", "coord2", "unit"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_distance", "arguments": {"coord1": [33.4484, -112.074], "coord2": [34.0522, -118.2437], "unit": "miles"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI) of a person with a weight of 85 kilograms and height of 180 cm."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_bmi", "description": "Calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI) of a person.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"weight": {"type": "integer", "description": "Weight of the person in kilograms."}, "height": {"type": "integer", "description": "Height of the person in centimeters."}, "unit": {"type": "string", "description": "Optional parameter to choose between 'imperial' and 'metric' systems. Default is 'metric'."}}, "required": ["weight", "height"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_bmi", "arguments": {"weight": 85, "height": 180, "unit": "metric"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the approximate distance between Boston, MA, and Washington, D.C. in mile?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "geo_distance_calculate", "description": "Calculate the geographic distance between two given locations.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"start_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The starting location for the distance calculation. Specify the location in the format of City, State."}, "end_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The destination location for the distance calculation. Specify the location in the format of City, State."}, "units": {"type": "string", "description": "Optional. The desired units for the resulting distance ('miles' or 'kilometers'). Defaults to 'miles'."}}, "required": ["start_location", "end_location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "geo_distance_calculate", "arguments": {"start_location": "Boston, MA", "end_location": "Washington, D.C.", "units": "miles"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the shortest distance between two cities, New York and Los Angeles, through the train and you can transfer."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "city_distance_find_shortest", "description": "Calculates the shortest distance between two cities via available public transportation.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"start_city": {"type": "string", "description": "The city you are starting from. The parameter is in the format of city name."}, "end_city": {"type": "string", "description": "The city you are heading to.The parameter is in the format of city name."}, "transportation": {"type": "string", "description": "Preferred mode of public transportation. Default is 'bus'."}, "allow_transfer": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Allows transfer between different transportation if true. Default is false."}}, "required": ["start_city", "end_city"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "city_distance_find_shortest", "arguments": {"start_city": "New York", "end_city": "Los Angeles", "transportation": "train", "allow_transfer": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Sort the list [5, 3, 4, 1, 2] in ascending order."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "array_sort", "description": "Sorts a given list in ascending or descending order.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"list": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "number"}, "description": "The list of numbers to be sorted."}, "order": {"type": "string", "enum": ["ascending", "descending"], "description": "Order of sorting."}}, "required": ["list", "order"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "array_sort", "arguments": {"list": [5.0, 3.0, 4.0, 1.0, 2.0], "order": "ascending"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the BMI (Body Mass Index) of a person who weighs 70kg and is 1.75m tall."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_BMI", "description": "Calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI) given a person's weight and height.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"weight_kg": {"type": "integer", "description": "The weight of the person in kilograms."}, "height_m": {"type": "number", "description": "The height of the person in meters. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["weight_kg", "height_m"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_BMI", "arguments": {"weight_kg": 70, "height_m": 1.75}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Fetch all records for students studying Science in 'Bluebird High School' from the StudentDB."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "db_fetch_records", "description": "Fetch records from a specified database table based on certain conditions.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"database_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the database."}, "table_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the table from which records need to be fetched."}, "conditions": {"type": "object", "properties": {"department": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the department of students."}, "school": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the school students are enrolled in."}}, "description": "The conditions based on which records are to be fetched."}, "fetch_limit": {"type": "integer", "description": "Limits the number of records to be fetched. Default is 0, which means no limit."}}, "required": ["database_name", "table_name", "conditions"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "db_fetch_records", "arguments": {"database_name": "StudentDB", "table_name": "students", "conditions": {"department": ["Science"], "school": ["Bluebird High School", "Bluebird HS"]}, "fetch_limit": 0}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Retrieve Personal Info and Job History data of a specific employee whose ID is 345 in company 'ABC Ltd.'"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "employee_fetch_data", "description": "Fetches the detailed data for a specific employee in a given company.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"company_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the company."}, "employee_id": {"type": "integer", "description": "The unique ID of the employee."}, "data_field": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["Personal Info", "Job History", "Payroll", "Attendance"]}, "description": "Fields of data to be fetched for the employee (Optional). Default is ['Personal Info']"}}, "required": ["company_name", "employee_id"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "employee_fetch_data", "arguments": {"company_name": "ABC Ltd.", "employee_id": 345, "data_field": ["Personal Info", "Job History"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get the highest rated sushi restaurant in Boston, that opens on Sundays."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_restaurant", "description": "Retrieve highest rated restaurant given cuisine, location, and a condition.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"cuisine": {"type": "string", "description": "Cuisine of the restaurant."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "City where restaurant is located."}, "condition": {"type": "string", "description": "Condition to be met by the restaurant (e.g., operating days, amenities, etc.)"}}, "required": ["cuisine", "location", "condition"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_restaurant", "arguments": {"cuisine": "sushi", "location": "Boston", "condition": ["open on Sundays", "opens on Sundays"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find all movies starring Leonardo DiCaprio in the year 2010 from IMDB database."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "imdb_find_movies_by_actor", "description": "Searches the database to find all movies by a specific actor within a certain year.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"actor_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the actor."}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The specific year to search in."}, "category": {"type": "string", "description": "The category of the film (e.g. Drama, Comedy, etc). Default is 'all'"}}, "required": ["actor_name", "year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "imdb_find_movies_by_actor", "arguments": {"actor_name": "Leonardo DiCaprio", "year": 2010, "category": "all"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Fetch me the list of IMAX movie releases in theaters near LA for the next week."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_theater_movie_releases", "description": "Retrieve the list of movie releases in specific theaters for a specified period. in the format of city shorten name like SF.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location of the theaters."}, "timeframe": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of days for which releases are required from current date."}, "format": {"type": "string", "description": "Format of movies - could be 'IMAX', '2D', '3D', '4DX' etc. Default is 'all'"}}, "required": ["location", "timeframe"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_theater_movie_releases", "arguments": {"location": "LA", "timeframe": 7, "format": "IMAX"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Update my customer information with user id 43523 'name':'John Doe', 'email':'johndoe@email.com' in the database."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "update_user_info", "description": "Update user information in the database.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"user_id": {"type": "integer", "description": "The user ID of the customer."}, "update_info": {"type": "object", "properties": {"name": {"type": "string", "description": "The customer's updated name."}, "email": {"type": "string", "description": "The customer's updated email."}}, "description": "The new information to update."}, "database": {"type": "string", "description": "The database where the user's information is stored.", "default": "CustomerInfo"}}, "required": ["user_id", "update_info"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "update_user_info", "arguments": {"user_id": 43523, "update_info": {"name": ["John Doe"], "email": ["johndoe@email.com"]}, "database": "CustomerInfo"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the area of a triangle with base 5m and height 3m."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calc_area_triangle", "description": "Calculate the area of a triangle with the formula area = 0.5 * base * height.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"base": {"type": "integer", "description": "The length of the base of the triangle in meters."}, "height": {"type": "integer", "description": "The perpendicular height of the triangle from the base to the opposite vertex in meters."}}, "required": ["base", "height"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calc_area_triangle", "arguments": {"base": 5, "height": 3}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find records in database in user table where age is greater than 25 and job is 'engineer'."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "database_query", "description": "Query the database based on certain conditions.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"table": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the table to query."}, "conditions": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "object", "properties": {"field": {"type": "string", "description": "The field to apply the condition."}, "operation": {"type": "string", "description": "The operation to be performed.", "enum": ["<", ">", "=", ">=", "<="]}, "value": {"type": "string", "description": "The value to be compared."}}, "required": ["field", "operation", "value"]}, "description": "Conditions for the query."}}, "required": ["table", "conditions"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "database_query", "arguments": {"table": "user", "conditions": [{"field": ["age"], "operation": [">"], "value": ["25"]}, {"field": ["job"], "operation": ["="], "value": ["engineer"]}]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the factorial of the number 5"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "math_factorial", "description": "Calculate the factorial of a given number.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"number": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number to compute factorial."}}, "required": ["number"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "math_factorial", "arguments": {"number": 5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What will be the angle between the hour and minute hands of a clock at 6:30 PM?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_clock_angle", "description": "Calculate the angle between the hour and minute hands of a clock at a given time.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"hours": {"type": "integer", "description": "The hour on the clock face."}, "minutes": {"type": "integer", "description": "The minutes on the clock face."}, "round_to": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of decimal places to round the result to, default is 2."}}, "required": ["hours", "minutes"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_clock_angle", "arguments": {"hours": 6, "minutes": 30, "round_to": 2}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Plot a sine wave from 0 to 2 pi with a frequency of 5 Hz."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "plot_sine_wave", "description": "Plot a sine wave for a given frequency in a given range.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"start_range": {"type": "number", "description": "Start of the range in radians. Four decimal places. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "end_range": {"type": "number", "description": "End of the range in radians. Four decimal places. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "frequency": {"type": "integer", "description": "Frequency of the sine wave in Hz."}, "amplitude": {"type": "integer", "description": "Amplitude of the sine wave. Default is 1."}, "phase_shift": {"type": "integer", "description": "Phase shift of the sine wave in radians. Default is 0."}}, "required": ["start_range", "end_range", "frequency"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "plot_sine_wave", "arguments": {"start_range": 0.0, "end_range": 6.2832, "frequency": 5, "amplitude": 1, "phase_shift": 0}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "How much time will it take for the light to reach earth from a star 4 light years away?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "light_travel_time", "description": "Calculate the time taken for light to travel from a celestial body to another.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"distance_in_light_years": {"type": "integer", "description": "The distance between the two celestial bodies in light years."}, "speed_of_light": {"type": "integer", "description": "The speed of light in vacuum, in m/s. Default value is 299792458 m/s."}}, "required": ["distance_in_light_years"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "light_travel_time", "arguments": {"distance_in_light_years": 4, "speed_of_light": 299792458}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the speed of an object in km/h if it traveled 450 meters in 20 seconds."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_speed", "description": "Calculate the speed of an object based on the distance travelled and the time taken.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"distance": {"type": "integer", "description": "The distance the object travelled in meters."}, "time": {"type": "integer", "description": "The time it took for the object to travel in seconds."}, "to_unit": {"type": "string", "description": "The unit in which the speed should be calculated, default is m/s."}}, "required": ["distance", "time"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_speed", "arguments": {"distance": 450, "time": 20, "to_unit": "km/h"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the distance in milesfrom the Earth to the Moon?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_distance", "description": "Calculate the distance between two celestial bodies.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"body1": {"type": "string", "description": "The first celestial body."}, "body2": {"type": "string", "description": "The second celestial body."}, "unit": {"type": "string", "description": "The unit of measurement, default is 'km'."}}, "required": ["body1", "body2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_distance", "arguments": {"body1": "Earth", "body2": "Moon", "unit": ["mi", "miles", "mile"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the area under the curve y=3x^2 + 2x - 4, between x = -1 and x = 2."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "mathematics_calculate_area_under_curve", "description": "Calculate the area under the curve for a given polynomial function within a specified interval.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"polynomial": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "number"}, "description": "The coefficients of the polynomial, in decreasing order of exponent, where the first element is the coefficient for x^n, the second element is the coefficient for x^(n-1), and so on. The last element is the constant term."}, "limits": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "number"}, "description": "A list of two numbers specifying the lower and upper limit for the integration interval."}}, "required": ["polynomial", "limits"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "mathematics_calculate_area_under_curve", "arguments": {"polynomial": [3.0, 2.0, -4.0], "limits": [-1.0, 2.0]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the area of a triangle with base 6 and height 10."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "geometry_area_triangle", "description": "Calculate the area of a triangle.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"base": {"type": "integer", "description": "The length of the base of the triangle."}, "height": {"type": "integer", "description": "The height of the triangle from the base."}, "unit": {"type": "string", "description": "The measurement unit for the area. Defaults to square meters."}}, "required": ["base", "height"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "geometry_area_triangle", "arguments": {"base": 6, "height": 10, "unit": "square meters"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the power of 3 raised to the power 4."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "math_power", "description": "Calculate the power of one number raised to another.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"base": {"type": "integer", "description": "The base number."}, "exponent": {"type": "integer", "description": "The exponent."}, "mod": {"type": "integer", "description": "The modulus. Default is 1. Calculates pow(base, exponent) % mod when provided."}}, "required": ["base", "exponent"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "math_power", "arguments": {"base": 3, "exponent": 4, "mod": 1}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Train a random forest classifier on dataset your_dataset_name with maximum depth of trees as 5, and number of estimators as 100."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "train_random_forest_classifier", "description": "Train a Random Forest classifier with the specified parameters.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"dataset": {"type": "string", "description": "The dataset to train the classifier on."}, "max_depth": {"type": "integer", "description": "The maximum depth of the trees in the forest."}, "n_estimators": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of trees in the forest."}}, "required": ["dataset", "max_depth", "n_estimators"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "train_random_forest_classifier", "arguments": {"dataset": "your_dataset_name", "max_depth": 5, "n_estimators": 100}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the Body Mass Index for a person with a weight of 70 kg and a height of 175 cm."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_bmi", "description": "Calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI) for a person based on their weight and height.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"weight": {"type": "integer", "description": "The weight of the person in kilograms."}, "height": {"type": "integer", "description": "The height of the person in centimeters."}, "system": {"type": "string", "description": "The system of units to be used, 'metric' or 'imperial'. Default is 'metric'."}}, "required": ["weight", "height"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_bmi", "arguments": {"weight": 70, "height": 175, "system": "metric"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Run a linear regression model with predictor variables 'Age', 'Income' and 'Education' and a target variable 'Purchase_Amount'. Also apply standardization."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "run_linear_regression", "description": "Build a linear regression model using given predictor variables and a target variable.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"predictors": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "Array containing the names of predictor variables."}, "target": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of target variable."}, "standardize": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Option to apply standardization on the predictors. Defaults to False."}}, "required": ["predictors", "target"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "run_linear_regression", "arguments": {"predictors": ["Age", "Income", "Education"], "target": "Purchase_Amount", "standardize": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Generate a random forest model with 100 trees and a depth of 5 on the provided data my_data."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "random_forest_train", "description": "Train a Random Forest Model on given data", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"n_estimators": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of trees in the forest."}, "max_depth": {"type": "integer", "description": "The maximum depth of the tree."}, "data": {"type": "string", "description": "The training data for the model."}}, "required": ["n_estimators", "max_depth", "data"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "random_forest_train", "arguments": {"n_estimators": 100, "max_depth": 5, "data": "my_data"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Predict the price of the house in San Francisco with 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms and area of 1800 square feet."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "predict_house_price", "description": "Predict the price of a house in a given area based on number of bedrooms, bathrooms and area.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"bedrooms": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of bedrooms in the house."}, "bathrooms": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of bathrooms in the house."}, "area": {"type": "integer", "description": "The area of the house in square feet."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location of the house in the format of city name."}}, "required": ["bedrooms", "bathrooms", "area", "location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "predict_house_price", "arguments": {"bedrooms": 3, "bathrooms": 2, "area": 1800, "location": ["San Francisco", "San Francisco, CA"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Generate a random number from a normal distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation 1."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "random_normalvariate", "description": "Generates a random number from a normal distribution given the mean and standard deviation.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"mu": {"type": "integer", "description": "Mean of the normal distribution."}, "sigma": {"type": "integer", "description": "Standard deviation of the normal distribution."}}, "required": ["mu", "sigma"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "random_normalvariate", "arguments": {"mu": 0, "sigma": 1}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the probability of drawing a king from a deck of cards."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_probability", "description": "Calculate the probability of an event.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"total_outcomes": {"type": "integer", "description": "Total number of possible outcomes."}, "favorable_outcomes": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of outcomes considered as 'successful'."}, "round_to": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of decimal places to round the result to.", "default": 2}}, "required": ["total_outcomes", "favorable_outcomes"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_probability", "arguments": {"total_outcomes": 52, "favorable_outcomes": 4, "round_to": 2}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the probability of rolling a six on a six-sided die twice in a row?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "probability_dice_roll", "description": "Calculate the probability of rolling a certain number on a six-sided die a certain number of times in a row.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"desired_number": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number you want to roll."}, "number_of_rolls": {"type": "integer", "description": "How many times you want to roll that number in a row."}, "die_sides": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of sides on the die (optional; default is 6)."}}, "required": ["desired_number", "number_of_rolls"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "probability_dice_roll", "arguments": {"desired_number": 6, "number_of_rolls": 2, "die_sides": 6}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the probability of getting exactly 5 heads in 10 fair coin tosses."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "prob_dist_binomial", "description": "Compute the probability of having 'success' outcome from binomial distribution.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"trials": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of independent experiments."}, "successes": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of success events."}, "p": {"type": "number", "description": "The probability of success on any given trial, defaults to 0.5 This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["trials", "successes"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "prob_dist_binomial", "arguments": {"trials": 10, "successes": 5, "p": 0.5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the probability of getting exactly 5 heads in 8 tosses of a fair coin."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_binomial_probability", "description": "Calculates the binomial probability given the number of trials, successes and the probability of success on an individual trial.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"number_of_trials": {"type": "integer", "description": "The total number of trials."}, "number_of_successes": {"type": "integer", "description": "The desired number of successful outcomes."}, "probability_of_success": {"type": "number", "description": "The probability of a successful outcome on any given trial. This is a float type value.", "default": 0.5, "format": "float"}}, "required": ["number_of_trials", "number_of_successes"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_binomial_probability", "arguments": {"number_of_trials": 8, "number_of_successes": 5, "probability_of_success": 0.5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the probability of drawing a king from a well shuffled standard deck of 52 cards?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "probabilities_calculate_single", "description": "Calculate the probability of an event.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"total_outcomes": {"type": "integer", "description": "The total number of outcomes."}, "event_outcomes": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of outcomes where the event occurs."}, "round": {"type": "integer", "description": "Round the answer to a specified number of decimal places. Defaults to 2."}}, "required": ["total_outcomes", "event_outcomes"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "probabilities_calculate_single", "arguments": {"total_outcomes": 52, "event_outcomes": 4, "round": 2}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What are the odds of pulling a heart suit from a well-shuffled standard deck of 52 cards? Format it as ratio."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "probability_of_event", "description": "Calculates the probability of an event.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"success_outcomes": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of successful outcomes."}, "total_outcomes": {"type": "integer", "description": "The total number of possible outcomes."}, "format_as_ratio": {"type": "boolean", "description": "When true, formats the output as a ratio instead of a decimal. Default is false."}}, "required": ["success_outcomes", "total_outcomes"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "probability_of_event", "arguments": {"success_outcomes": 13, "total_outcomes": 52, "format_as_ratio": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Perform a two-sample t-test on my experiment data of Control [10, 15, 12, 14, 11] and Treated [18, 16, 17, 20, 22] group with alpha equals to 0.05"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "stats_t_test", "description": "Perform a two-sample t-test for two given arrays.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"array_1": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "First array of data."}, "array_2": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "Second array of data."}, "alpha": {"type": "number", "description": "Significance level for hypothesis testing. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["array_1", "array_2", "alpha"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "stats_t_test", "arguments": {"array_1": [10, 15, 12, 14, 11], "array_2": [18, 16, 17, 20, 22], "alpha": 0.05}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Perform a hypothesis test for two independent samples with scores of Sample1: [22,33,42,12,34] and Sample2: [23,45,44,14,38] at a significance level of 0.05."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "hypothesis_testing_ttest_ind", "description": "Conducts a hypothesis test for two independent samples.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"sample1": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "First set of observations (array of numbers)."}, "sample2": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "Second set of observations (array of numbers)."}, "significance_level": {"type": "number", "description": "Significance level of the test (default: 0.05) This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["sample1", "sample2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "hypothesis_testing_ttest_ind", "arguments": {"sample1": [22, 33, 42, 12, 34], "sample2": [23, 45, 44, 14, 38], "significance_level": 0.05}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Run a two sample T-test to compare the average of Group A [3, 4, 5, 6, 4] and Group B [7, 8, 9, 8, 7] assuming equal variance."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "run_two_sample_ttest", "description": "Runs a two sample t-test for two given data groups.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"group1": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "First group of data points."}, "group2": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "Second group of data points."}, "equal_variance": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Assumption about whether the two samples have equal variance.", "default": true}}, "required": ["group1", "group2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "run_two_sample_ttest", "arguments": {"group1": [3, 4, 5, 6, 4], "group2": [7, 8, 9, 8, 7], "equal_variance": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the probability of observing 60 heads if I flip a coin 100 times with probability of heads 0.5."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calc_binomial_prob", "description": "Calculates the probability of an outcome based on the binomial distribution", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"num_trials": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of independent experiments."}, "num_success": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of times the event of interest has occurred."}, "prob_success": {"type": "number", "description": "Probability of the event of interest on any single experiment. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["num_trials", "num_success", "prob_success"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calc_binomial_prob", "arguments": {"num_trials": 100, "num_success": 60, "prob_success": 0.5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Perform a Chi-Squared test for independence on a 2x2 contingency table [ [10, 20], [30, 40] ]"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "chi_squared_test", "description": "Performs a Chi-Squared test for independence on a 2x2 contingency table.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"table": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}}, "description": "A 2x2 contingency table presented in array form."}, "alpha": {"type": "number", "description": "Significance level for the Chi-Squared test. Default is 0.05. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["table"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "chi_squared_test", "arguments": {"table": [[10, 20], [30, 40]], "alpha": 0.05}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Perform a two-sample t-test to determine if there is a significant difference between the mean of group1 (e.g., 12.4, 15.6, 11.2, 18.9) and group2 (e.g., 10.5, 9.8, 15.2, 13.8) at the significance level 0.05."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "hypothesis_testing_two_sample_t_test", "description": "Perform a two-sample t-test to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two independent samples.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"group1": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "number"}, "description": "Sample observations from group 1."}, "group2": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "number"}, "description": "Sample observations from group 2."}, "alpha": {"type": "number", "description": "Significance level for the t-test. Default is 0.05. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["group1", "group2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "hypothesis_testing_two_sample_t_test", "arguments": {"group1": [12.4, 15.6, 11.2, 18.9], "group2": [10.5, 9.8, 15.2, 13.8], "alpha": 0.05}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the statistical significance between two set of variables, dataset_A with the values 12, 24, 36 and dataset_B with the values 15, 30, 45."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "t_test", "description": "Perform a statistical t-test to check if the means of two independent datasets are statistically different.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"dataset_A": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "Dataset A for comparison."}, "dataset_B": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "Dataset B for comparison."}, "alpha": {"type": "number", "description": "Significance level for the test. Default is 0.05. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["dataset_A", "dataset_B"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "t_test", "arguments": {"dataset_A": [12, 24, 36], "dataset_B": [15, 30, 45], "alpha": 0.05}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Predict house price in San Francisco based on its area of 2500 square feet, number of rooms as 5 and year of construction is 1990."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "predict_house_price", "description": "Predict house price based on area, number of rooms and year of construction.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"area": {"type": "integer", "description": "Area of the house in square feet."}, "rooms": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of rooms in the house."}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "Year when the house was constructed."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location or city of the house."}}, "required": ["area", "rooms", "year", "location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "predict_house_price", "arguments": {"area": 2500, "rooms": 5, "year": 1990, "location": ["San Francisco", "SF"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the coefficient of determination (R-squared) for a model using engine size and fuel economy variables to predict car_price with a dataset in path C:/data/cars.csv?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "linear_regression_get_r_squared", "description": "Calculate the coefficient of determination of a regression model.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"dataset_path": {"type": "string", "description": "Path to the CSV dataset file."}, "independent_variables": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "The independent variables to use in the regression model."}, "dependent_variable": {"type": "string", "description": "The dependent variable to predict in the regression model."}}, "required": ["dataset_path", "independent_variables", "dependent_variable"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "linear_regression_get_r_squared", "arguments": {"dataset_path": "C:/data/cars.csv", "independent_variables": ["engine_size", "fuel_economy"], "dependent_variable": "car_price"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the Net Present Value (NPV) of an investment, given cash_flows=[200,300,400,500], a discount rate of 10%, and an initial investment of $2000."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_NPV", "description": "Calculate the NPV (Net Present Value) of an investment, considering a series of future cash flows, discount rate, and an initial investment.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"cash_flows": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "Series of future cash flows."}, "discount_rate": {"type": "number", "description": "The discount rate to use. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "initial_investment": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial investment. Default is 0 if not specified."}}, "required": ["cash_flows", "discount_rate"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_NPV", "arguments": {"cash_flows": [200, 300, 400, 500], "discount_rate": 0.1, "initial_investment": 2000}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the quarterly dividend per share of a company with 100 million outstanding shares and total dividend payout of 50 million USD?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "finance_calculate_quarterly_dividend_per_share", "description": "Calculate quarterly dividend per share for a company given total dividend payout and outstanding shares", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"total_payout": {"type": "integer", "description": "The total amount of dividends paid out in USD"}, "outstanding_shares": {"type": "integer", "description": "Total number of outstanding shares"}}, "required": ["total_payout", "outstanding_shares"], "optional": []}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "finance_calculate_quarterly_dividend_per_share", "arguments": {"total_payout": 50000000, "outstanding_shares": 100000000}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the discounted cash flow of a bond that is giving a coupon payment of $100 annually for next 5 years with discount rate 4%."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_discounted_cash_flow", "description": "Calculate the discounted cash flow of a bond for a given annual coupon payment, time frame and discount rate.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"coupon_payment": {"type": "integer", "description": "The annual coupon payment."}, "period": {"type": "integer", "description": "The time frame in years for which coupon payment is made."}, "discount_rate": {"type": "number", "description": "The discount rate. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "face_value": {"type": "integer", "description": "The face value of the bond, default is 1000."}}, "required": ["coupon_payment", "period", "discount_rate"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_discounted_cash_flow", "arguments": {"coupon_payment": 100, "period": 5, "discount_rate": 0.04, "face_value": 1000}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the NPV (Net Present Value) of a series of cash flows: [-50000, 10000, 15000, 20000, 25000, 30000] discounted at 8% annually?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "finance_calculator_npv", "description": "Calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) for a series of cash flows discounted at a certain interest rate.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"cash_flows": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "A list of cash flows."}, "discount_rate": {"type": "number", "description": "The annual interest rate used to discount the cash flows. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "years": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "A list of years when the cash flow occurs. Default is empty array."}}, "required": ["cash_flows", "discount_rate"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "finance_calculator_npv", "arguments": {"cash_flows": [-50000, 10000, 15000, 20000, 25000, 30000], "discount_rate": 0.08, "years": []}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the compound interest for an initial principal amount of $10000, with an annual interest rate of 5% and the number of times interest applied per time period is 4 and the time the money is invested for 10 years."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_compound_interest", "description": "Calculate compound interest for an initial principal amount.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"principal": {"type": "integer", "description": "The principal amount that the interest is applied to."}, "rate": {"type": "number", "description": "The annual interest rate. Enter as a decimal. E.g, 5% is 0.05 This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "time": {"type": "integer", "description": "The time the money is invested for in years."}, "n": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of times that interest is compounded per time period. Default is 1."}}, "required": ["principal", "rate", "time"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_compound_interest", "arguments": {"principal": 10000, "rate": 0.05, "time": 10, "n": 4}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the company's return on equity given its net income of $2,000,000, shareholder's equity of $10,000,000, and dividends paid of $200,000."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_return_on_equity", "description": "Calculate a company's return on equity based on its net income, shareholder's equity, and dividends paid.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"net_income": {"type": "integer", "description": "The company's net income."}, "shareholder_equity": {"type": "integer", "description": "The company's total shareholder's equity."}, "dividends_paid": {"type": "integer", "description": "The total dividends paid by the company. Optional. If not given, default to 0."}}, "required": ["net_income", "shareholder_equity"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_return_on_equity", "arguments": {"net_income": 2000000, "shareholder_equity": 10000000, "dividends_paid": 200000}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Predict the future value of a $5000 investment with an annual interest rate of 5% in 3 years with monthly compounding."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "finance_predict_future_value", "description": "Calculate the future value of an investment given its present value, interest rate, the number of compounding periods per year, and the time horizon.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"present_value": {"type": "integer", "description": "The present value of the investment."}, "annual_interest_rate": {"type": "number", "description": "The annual interest rate of the investment. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "compounding_periods_per_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of times that interest is compounded per year. Default is 1 (annually)."}, "time_years": {"type": "integer", "description": "The investment horizon in years."}}, "required": ["present_value", "annual_interest_rate", "time_years"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "finance_predict_future_value", "arguments": {"present_value": 5000, "annual_interest_rate": 0.05, "compounding_periods_per_year": 12, "time_years": 3}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Predict the total expected profit of stocks XYZ in 5 years given I have invested $5000 and annual return rate is 7%."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "investment_predictProfit", "description": "Predict the profit for given investment after specified number of years.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"investment_amount": {"type": "integer", "description": "The amount invested in dollars."}, "annual_return": {"type": "number", "description": "The annual return rate of the investment. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "years": {"type": "integer", "description": "The time period in years for which the investment is made."}}, "required": ["investment_amount", "annual_return", "years"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "investment_predictProfit", "arguments": {"investment_amount": 5000, "annual_return": 0.07, "years": 5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the return on investment for a stock bought at $20, sold at $25, with a dividend of $2."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_return_on_investment", "description": "Calculate the return on investment for a given stock based on its purchase price, sale price, and any dividends received.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"purchase_price": {"type": "integer", "description": "The price the stock was bought at."}, "sale_price": {"type": "integer", "description": "The price the stock was sold at."}, "dividend": {"type": "integer", "description": "Any dividends received from the stock.", "default": 0}}, "required": ["purchase_price", "sale_price"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_return_on_investment", "arguments": {"purchase_price": 20, "sale_price": 25, "dividend": 2}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the compound interest for an investment of $10000 with an annual interest rate of 5% compounded monthly for 5 years."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "compound_interest", "description": "Calculate compound interest for a certain time period.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"principal": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial amount of money that was invested or loaned out."}, "annual_rate": {"type": "number", "description": "The interest rate for a year as a percentage. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "compounding_freq": {"type": "string", "enum": ["monthly", "quarterly", "annually"], "description": "The number of times that interest is compounded per unit period."}, "time_in_years": {"type": "integer", "description": "The time the money is invested for in years."}}, "required": ["principal", "annual_rate", "compounding_freq", "time_in_years"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "compound_interest", "arguments": {"principal": 10000, "annual_rate": 5.0, "compounding_freq": "monthly", "time_in_years": 5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the projected return on a $5000 investment in ABC company's stock, if the expected annual growth rate is 6% and the holding period is 5 years."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_stock_return", "description": "Calculate the projected return of a stock investment given the investment amount, the annual growth rate and holding period in years.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"investment_amount": {"type": "integer", "description": "The amount of money to invest."}, "annual_growth_rate": {"type": "number", "description": "The expected annual growth rate of the stock. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "holding_period": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of years you intend to hold the stock."}, "dividends": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Optional. True if the calculation should take into account potential dividends. Default is false."}}, "required": ["investment_amount", "annual_growth_rate", "holding_period"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_stock_return", "arguments": {"investment_amount": 5000, "annual_growth_rate": 0.06, "holding_period": 5, "dividends": false}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the future value of my portfolio if I invest $5000 in stock 'X' with an expected annual return of 5% for 7 years."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "portfolio_future_value", "description": "Calculate the future value of an investment in a specific stock based on the invested amount, expected annual return and number of years.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"stock": {"type": "string", "description": "The ticker symbol of the stock."}, "invested_amount": {"type": "integer", "description": "The invested amount in USD."}, "expected_annual_return": {"type": "number", "description": "The expected annual return on investment as a decimal. E.g. 5% = 0.05 This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "years": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of years for which the investment is made."}}, "required": ["stock", "invested_amount", "expected_annual_return", "years"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "portfolio_future_value", "arguments": {"stock": "X", "invested_amount": 5000, "expected_annual_return": 0.05, "years": 7}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the estimated return on a mutual fund, given that it has a yearly yield of 5%, an investment amount of $2000 and a time period of 3 years?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "estimate_mutual_fund_return", "description": "Calculate the estimated return on a mutual fund given the yearly yield, the investment amount and the time period.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"yearly_yield": {"type": "number", "description": "The yearly yield of the mutual fund as a percentage. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "investment_amount": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial investment amount in the mutual fund."}, "years": {"type": "integer", "description": "The time period for which the investment is made in years."}}, "required": ["yearly_yield", "investment_amount", "years"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "estimate_mutual_fund_return", "arguments": {"yearly_yield": 5.0, "investment_amount": 2000, "years": 3}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for an initial investment of $2000, final value of $3000 in a period of 4 years."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_cagr", "description": "Calculate the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) given an initial investment value, a final investment value, and the number of years.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"initial_value": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial investment value."}, "final_value": {"type": "integer", "description": "The final investment value."}, "period_in_years": {"type": "integer", "description": "The period of the investment in years."}}, "required": ["initial_value", "final_value", "period_in_years"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_cagr", "arguments": {"initial_value": 2000, "final_value": 3000, "period_in_years": 4}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get current Gold price per ounce."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_metal_price", "description": "Retrieve the current price for a specified metal and measure.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"metal": {"type": "string", "description": "The metal whose price needs to be fetched."}, "measure": {"type": "string", "description": "The measure unit for price, like 'ounce' or 'kg'."}}, "required": ["metal", "measure"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_metal_price", "arguments": {"metal": ["Gold", "gold"], "measure": "ounce"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the NASDAQ stock price for the company Amazon at closing March.11, 2022."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_stock_price", "description": "Get the closing stock price for a specific company on a specified date.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"company_name": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the company."}, "date": {"type": "string", "description": "Date of when to get the stock price. Format: yyyy-mm-dd."}, "exchange": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the stock exchange market where the company's stock is listed. Default is 'NASDAQ'"}}, "required": ["company_name", "date"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_stock_price", "arguments": {"company_name": ["Amazon", "AMZN"], "date": "2022-03-11", "exchange": "NASDAQ"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "'Get stock price of Apple for the last 5 days in NASDAQ.'"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_stock_price", "description": "Retrieve the stock price for a specific company and time frame.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"company": {"type": "string", "description": "The ticker symbol of the company."}, "days": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of past days for which the stock price is required."}, "exchange": {"type": "string", "description": "The stock exchange where the company is listed, default is NYSE"}}, "required": ["company", "days"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_stock_price", "arguments": {"company": "AAPL", "days": 5, "exchange": "NASDAQ"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the market performance of the S&P 500 and the Dow Jones over the past 5 days."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "market_performance_get_data", "description": "Retrieve the market performance data for specified indexes over a specified time period.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"indexes": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "Array of stock market indexes. Supported indexes are 'S&P 500', 'Dow Jones', 'NASDAQ', 'FTSE 100', 'DAX' etc."}, "days": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of days in the past for which the performance data is required."}, "detailed": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Whether to return detailed performance data. If set to true, returns high, low, opening, and closing prices. If false, returns only closing prices. Default is false."}}, "required": ["indexes", "days"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "market_performance_get_data", "arguments": {"indexes": ["S&P 500", "Dow Jones"], "days": 5, "detailed": [true, false]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the compounded interest for an initial principal of $5000, annual interest rate of 5%, and compounding period of 10 years."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_compounded_interest", "description": "Calculate the compounded interest for a given principal, interest rate, and period.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"principal": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial principal."}, "interest_rate": {"type": "number", "description": "The annual interest rate. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "period": {"type": "integer", "description": "The period in years."}, "compounding_frequency": {"type": "string", "description": "The frequency of compounding per year. Defaults to 'Annually'.", "enum": ["Annually", "Semiannually", "Quarterly", "Monthly", "Daily"]}}, "required": ["principal", "interest_rate", "period"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_compounded_interest", "arguments": {"principal": 5000, "interest_rate": 0.05, "period": 10, "compounding_frequency": "Annually"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the price of Amazon stock for the last 3 days?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "stock_price", "description": "Get stock price data for a given company over a specified number of days.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"company": {"type": "string", "description": "The company name."}, "days": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of previous days to retrieve data for."}, "data_type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of price data to retrieve (e.g., 'Open', 'Close', 'High', 'Low'). Default is 'Close'."}}, "required": ["company", "days"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "stock_price", "arguments": {"company": ["Amazon", "AMZN"], "days": 3, "data_type": "Close"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Retrieve stock prices of Microsoft and Google for the last 2 weeks."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_stock_prices", "description": "Retrieves stock prices for specified companies and duration.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"companies": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "List of companies to retrieve stock prices for."}, "duration": {"type": "string", "description": "Time duration to retrieve stock prices for. E.g., '1 week', '2 weeks', '1 month', etc."}}, "required": ["companies", "duration"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_stock_prices", "arguments": {"companies": ["Microsoft", "Google"], "duration": "2 weeks"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the future value of an investment with an annual rate of return of 8%, an initial investment of $20000, and a time frame of 5 years."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "finance_calculate_future_value", "description": "Calculate the future value of an investment given an initial investment, annual rate of return, and a time frame.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"initial_investment": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial investment amount."}, "rate_of_return": {"type": "number", "description": "The annual rate of return. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "years": {"type": "integer", "description": "The time frame of the investment in years."}, "contribution": {"type": "integer", "description": "Optional: Additional regular contributions. Default is 0."}}, "required": ["initial_investment", "rate_of_return", "years"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "finance_calculate_future_value", "arguments": {"initial_investment": 20000, "rate_of_return": 0.08, "years": 5, "contribution": 0}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the current stock price of Apple and Microsoft?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_stock_price", "description": "Retrieves the current stock price of the specified companies", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"company_names": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "The list of companies for which to retrieve the stock price."}}, "required": ["company_names"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_stock_price", "arguments": {"company_names": [["Apple", "Microsoft"], [["Apple"], ["Microsoft"]], ["AAPL", "MSFT"]]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the return of investment of a bank's savings account with a deposit of $1000, annual interest rate of 3% for 1 year."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_roi", "description": "Calculate the return on investment for a given deposit amount, annual interest rate, and time frame.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"deposit": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial deposit amount."}, "annual_interest_rate": {"type": "number", "description": "The annual interest rate provided by the bank. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "years": {"type": "integer", "description": "The period for which the money is invested."}}, "required": ["deposit", "annual_interest_rate", "years"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_roi", "arguments": {"deposit": 1000, "annual_interest_rate": 0.03, "years": 1}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the highest grossing bank in the U.S for year 2020."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "highest_grossing_banks", "description": "Retrieve the highest grossing banks in a specified country and year.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"country": {"type": "string", "description": "The country to get the data from."}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The year to get the data from."}, "top_n": {"type": "integer", "description": "Top n banks in terms of grossing. Default is 5"}}, "required": ["country", "year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "highest_grossing_banks", "arguments": {"country": ["U.S", "United States", "USA", "U.S."], "year": 2020, "top_n": 1}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the balance of a mutual fund given a total investment of $50000 with a 5% annual yield after 3 years."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_mutual_fund_balance", "description": "Calculate the final balance of a mutual fund investment based on the total initial investment, annual yield rate and the time period.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"investment_amount": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial total amount invested in the fund."}, "annual_yield": {"type": "number", "description": "The annual yield rate of the fund. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "years": {"type": "integer", "description": "The period of time for the fund to mature."}}, "required": ["investment_amount", "annual_yield", "years"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_mutual_fund_balance", "arguments": {"investment_amount": 50000, "annual_yield": 0.05, "years": 3}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the compounded interest on an initial deposit of $5000 at an annual interest rate of 3% for 5 years, compounded quarterly."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_compounded_interest", "description": "Calculate the compounded interest for a given initial deposit, interest rate, time and number of times the interest is compounded per unit time.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"principal": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial amount of money that is being invested or loaned."}, "rate": {"type": "number", "description": "The annual interest rate. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "time": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of time periods the money is invested or loaned for."}, "n": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of times that interest is compounded per unit time."}}, "required": ["principal", "rate", "time", "n"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_compounded_interest", "arguments": {"principal": 5000, "rate": 0.03, "time": 5, "n": 4}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the Future Value of a $5000 investment made today for a term of 10 years at an annual interest rate of 5%"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_future_value", "description": "Calculates the future value of an investment based on the present value, interest rate, and time period.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"present_value": {"type": "integer", "description": "The present value or principal amount."}, "annual_interest_rate": {"type": "number", "description": "The annual interest rate in decimal form. Example, 5% is 0.05. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "years": {"type": "integer", "description": "The time period in years for which the investment is made."}, "compounds_per_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of times the interest is compounded per year. Default is 1 (annual compounding)."}}, "required": ["present_value", "annual_interest_rate", "years"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_future_value", "arguments": {"present_value": 5000, "annual_interest_rate": 0.05, "years": 10, "compounds_per_year": 1}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the future value of my investment of $1000 with an annual interest rate of 5% over 2 years."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_future_value", "description": "Calculate the future value of an investment given the initial amount, interest rate, and investment duration.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"initial_investment": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial investment amount."}, "interest_rate": {"type": "number", "description": "The annual interest rate in decimal form. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "duration": {"type": "integer", "description": "The investment duration in years."}, "compounded": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of times the interest is compounded per year. Default is 1 (annual compounding)."}}, "required": ["initial_investment", "interest_rate", "duration"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_future_value", "arguments": {"initial_investment": 1000, "interest_rate": 0.05, "duration": 2, "compounded": 1}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Look up details of a felony crime record for case number CA123456 in San Diego County"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "crime_record_get_record", "description": "Retrieve detailed felony crime records using a specific case number and location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"case_number": {"type": "string", "description": "The case number related to the crime."}, "county": {"type": "string", "description": "The county in which the crime occurred."}, "details": {"type": "boolean", "description": "To get a detailed report, set as true. Defaults to false."}}, "required": ["case_number", "county"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "crime_record_get_record", "arguments": {"case_number": "CA123456", "county": ["San Diego", "San Diego County"], "details": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find out if an individual John Doe with a birthday 01-01-1980 has any prior felony convictions in California."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "criminal_history_check_felonies", "description": "This function checks if an individual has any prior felony convictions based on their full name and birth date.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"full_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The full name of the individual."}, "birth_date": {"type": "string", "description": "The birth date of the individual. Must be in MM-DD-YYYY format."}, "state": {"type": "string", "description": "The state to search the criminal record in. Default to 'None', which the function will search across all states."}}, "required": ["full_name", "birth_date"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "criminal_history_check_felonies", "arguments": {"full_name": "John Doe", "birth_date": "01-01-1980", "state": ["California", "CA"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the information of criminal cases of Mr. X in New York between 2012 and 2015."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_criminal_records", "description": "Retrieve the criminal records of a specific person in a specific area during a certain time period.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the person."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city and state, e.g. New York, NY"}, "from_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The start year of the time frame."}, "to_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The end year of the time frame."}}, "required": ["name", "location", "from_year", "to_year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_criminal_records", "arguments": {"name": "Mr. X", "location": "New York, NY", "from_year": 2012, "to_year": 2015}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Give me the details of Criminal Law Amendment Act of 2013."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_act_details", "description": "Retrieve the details of a particular legal act based on its name and year of amendment if any.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"act_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the act."}, "amendment_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "Year of amendment if any. If not provided, the latest amendment year will be considered."}}, "required": ["act_name", "amendment_year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_act_details", "arguments": {"act_name": ["Criminal Law Amendment Act", "Criminal Law Amendment"], "amendment_year": 2013}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Who was the victim in the case docket numbered 2022/AL2562 in California?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_case_info", "description": "Retrieve case details using a specific case docket number and court location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"docket": {"type": "string", "description": "Docket number for the specific court case."}, "court": {"type": "string", "description": "Court in which the case was heard."}, "info_type": {"type": "string", "description": "Specify the information type needed for the case. i.e., victim, accused, verdict etc."}}, "required": ["docket", "court", "info_type"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_case_info", "arguments": {"docket": "2022/AL2562", "court": ["California", "CA"], "info_type": "victim"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find out the possible punishments for the crime of theft in California in detail."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "crime_statute_lookup", "description": "Look up the criminal statutes in a specific jurisdiction to find possible punishments for a specific crime.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"jurisdiction": {"type": "string", "description": "The jurisdiction to search in, usually a state or country."}, "crime": {"type": "string", "description": "The crime to search for."}, "detail_level": {"type": "string", "enum": ["basic", "detailed"], "description": "How detailed of a report to return. Optional, default is 'basic'."}}, "required": ["jurisdiction", "crime"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "crime_statute_lookup", "arguments": {"jurisdiction": ["California", "CA"], "crime": "theft", "detail_level": "detailed"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Generate a customized law contract between John and Alice for rental agreement in California."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "generate_law_contract", "description": "Generates a customized law contract given involved parties, contract type and location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"parties": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "Parties involved in the contract."}, "contract_type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of the contract."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "Location where the contract will be in effect."}}, "required": ["parties", "contract_type", "location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "generate_law_contract", "arguments": {"parties": [["John", "Alice"], ["John", "Alice"]], "contract_type": ["Rental Agreement", "rental agreement"], "location": ["California", "CA"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Provide me with the property records of my house located at 123 main street, with parcel number 1234567890 in Santa Clara county. Include owners information in the response."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "property_records_get", "description": "Fetch property records based on location, parcel number and county.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"address": {"type": "string", "description": "Address of the property."}, "parcel_number": {"type": "string", "description": "Parcel number of the property."}, "county": {"type": "string", "description": "County where the property is located."}, "include_owner": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Include owner's name in the property record. Default is false.", "default": false}}, "required": ["address", "parcel_number", "county"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "property_records_get", "arguments": {"address": "123 main street", "parcel_number": "1234567890", "county": "Santa Clara", "include_owner": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Provide me the official crime rate of violent crime in San Francisco in 2020."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_crime_rate", "description": "Retrieve the official crime rate of a city.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"city": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the city."}, "state": {"type": "string", "description": "The state where the city is located."}, "type": {"type": "string", "description": "Optional. The type of crime. Default is 'violent'"}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "Optional. The year for the crime rate data. Default is year 2001."}}, "required": ["city", "state"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_crime_rate", "arguments": {"city": "San Francisco", "state": ["California", "CA"], "type": "violent", "year": 2020}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Retrieve cases from 2020 about theft crimes in Los Angeles, California"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "civil_cases_retrieve", "description": "Retrieve civil cases based on given parameters, including year, crime type, and location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"year": {"type": "integer", "description": "Year of the cases"}, "crime_type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of the crime."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "Location of the case in the format of city name."}}, "required": ["year", "crime_type", "location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "civil_cases_retrieve", "arguments": {"year": 2020, "crime_type": "theft", "location": ["Los Angeles", "Los Angeles, California"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find a lawyer specializing in divorce cases and charge fee less than 400 dollars per hour in Chicago."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "lawyer_find_nearby", "description": "Locate nearby lawyers based on specific criteria like specialty, fee per hour and city.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"city": {"type": "string", "description": "The city and state, e.g. Chicago, IL."}, "specialty": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["Civil", "Divorce", "Immigration", "Business", "Criminal"]}, "description": "Specialization of the lawyer."}, "fee": {"type": "integer", "description": "Hourly fee charged by lawyer"}}, "required": ["city", "specialty", "fee"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "lawyer_find_nearby", "arguments": {"city": ["Chicago, IL.", "Chicago, IL"], "specialty": ["Divorce"], "fee": 400}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Retrieve the details of a Supreme Court case titled 'Roe v. Wade'.Include dissent information."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "law_civil_get_case_details", "description": "Retrieve the details of a Supreme Court case given its title.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"case_title": {"type": "string", "description": "Title of the Supreme Court case."}, "include_dissent": {"type": "boolean", "description": "If true, the output will include details of the dissenting opinion."}}, "required": ["case_title", "include_dissent"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "law_civil_get_case_details", "arguments": {"case_title": "Roe v. Wade", "include_dissent": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Search for ongoing lawsuits related to the company 'Google' filed after January 1, 2021 in California."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "lawsuit_search", "description": "Search for lawsuits related to a specific company within a specific date range and location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"company": {"type": "string", "description": "The company related to the lawsuit."}, "start_date": {"type": "string", "description": "Start of the date range for when the lawsuit was filed in the format of MM-DD-YYY."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "Location where the lawsuit was filed in the format of full state name."}, "status": {"type": "string", "enum": ["ongoing", "settled", "dismissed"], "description": "The status of the lawsuit. Default is 'ongoing'."}}, "required": ["company", "start_date", "location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "lawsuit_search", "arguments": {"company": ["Google", "GOOG"], "start_date": ["01-01-2021", "January 1, 2021"], "location": "California", "status": "ongoing"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the details of the court case identified by docket number 123456 in Texas. Don't return full text"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "court_case_search", "description": "Retrieves details about a court case using its docket number and location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"docket_number": {"type": "string", "description": "The docket number for the case."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location where the case is registered, in the format: state, e.g., Texas"}, "full_text": {"type": "boolean", "default": "false", "description": "Option to return the full text of the case ruling."}}, "required": ["docket_number", "location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "court_case_search", "arguments": {"docket_number": "123456", "location": "Texas", "full_text": false}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find a historical law case about fraud from 2010 to 2015."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "law_case_search_find_historical", "description": "Search for a historical law case based on specific criteria like the subject and year.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"subject": {"type": "string", "description": "The subject matter of the case, e.g., 'fraud'"}, "from_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The start year for the range of the case. The case should happen after this year."}, "to_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The end year for the range of the case. The case should happen before this year."}}, "required": ["subject", "from_year", "to_year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "law_case_search_find_historical", "arguments": {"subject": "fraud", "from_year": 2010, "to_year": 2015}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Fetch details of a law case with number 43403 in New York court for year 2018."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "fetch_law_case_details", "description": "Fetch details of a specific law case based on case number, year and court.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"case_number": {"type": "integer", "description": "The specific number of the law case."}, "court": {"type": "string", "description": "The city name where the court takes place"}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The year in which the law case took place."}}, "required": ["case_number", "court", "year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "fetch_law_case_details", "arguments": {"case_number": 43403, "court": "New York", "year": 2018}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "How to obtain the detailed case information of the 'R vs Adams' legal case?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "legal_case_fetch", "description": "Fetch detailed legal case information from database.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"case_id": {"type": "string", "description": "The ID of the legal case."}, "details": {"type": "boolean", "description": "True if need the detail info. "}}, "required": ["case_id", "details"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "legal_case_fetch", "arguments": {"case_id": "R vs Adams", "details": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find state law cases related to land disputes in the past 5 years from 2015 to 2021 in New York."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "law_case_search", "description": "Search and retrieve law cases based on the topic, timeline, and location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"topic": {"type": "string", "description": "The subject matter of the case."}, "year_range": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "The start and end year for searching cases."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location where the case is being heard."}, "judicial_system": {"type": "string", "description": "The specific judicial system in which to search (e.g. 'federal', 'state').", "default": "all"}}, "required": ["topic", "year_range", "location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "law_case_search", "arguments": {"topic": "land disputes", "year_range": [2015, 2021], "location": "New York", "judicial_system": "state"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get me the top 10 landmark cases in constitutional law in China."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_top_cases", "description": "Retrieve a list of the most influential or landmark cases in a specific field of law.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"field_of_law": {"type": "string", "description": "The specific field of law e.g., constitutional law, criminal law, etc."}, "top_number": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of top cases to retrieve."}, "country": {"type": "string", "description": "The country where the law cases should be retrieved from. Default is United States of America."}}, "required": ["field_of_law", "top_number"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_top_cases", "arguments": {"field_of_law": ["constitutional law", "constitutional"], "top_number": 10, "country": ["China", "CN"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "How many months of experience a Lawyer John Doe has on handling Bankruptcy cases."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "lawyer_get_experience", "description": "Retrieve months of experience of a Lawyer on handling certain type of law cases.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"name": {"type": "string", "description": "The full name of the Lawyer."}, "law_type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of law case. eg. Bankruptcy"}}, "required": ["name", "law_type"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "lawyer_get_experience", "arguments": {"name": "John Doe", "law_type": "Bankruptcy"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find details of patent lawsuits involving the company 'Apple Inc.' from the year 2010."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "lawsuit_details_find", "description": "Find details of lawsuits involving a specific company from a given year.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"company_name": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the company."}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "Year of the lawsuit."}, "case_type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of the lawsuit, e.g., 'IPR', 'Patent', 'Commercial', etc. Default is 'all'."}}, "required": ["company_name", "year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "lawsuit_details_find", "arguments": {"company_name": "Apple Inc.", "year": 2010, "case_type": ["Patent", "IPR"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find all Patent lawsuit cases of Facebook in 2018."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_lawsuit_cases", "description": "Retrieve all lawsuit cases related to a specific company during a particular year.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"company_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the company."}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The specific year to search for lawsuit cases."}, "status": {"type": "string", "enum": ["open", "closed", "all"], "description": "The status of the lawsuit cases to retrieve. If not specified, defaults to 'all'."}}, "required": ["company_name", "year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_lawsuit_cases", "arguments": {"company_name": "Facebook", "year": 2018, "status": "all"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find details about lawsuit case numbered 'LAX2019080202' in the Los Angeles court."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_lawsuit_details", "description": "Retrieve the detailed information about a lawsuit based on its case number and the court location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"case_number": {"type": "string", "description": "The case number of the lawsuit."}, "court_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location of the court where the case is filed."}, "additional_details": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["attorneys", "plaintiffs", "defendants", "charges", "court_updates"]}, "description": "Optional. Array containing additional details to be fetched. Default is all."}}, "required": ["case_number", "court_location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_lawsuit_details", "arguments": {"case_number": "LAX2019080202", "court_location": "Los Angeles", "additional_details": ["attorneys", "plaintiffs", "defendants", "charges", "court_updates"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the latest court case between Apple and Samsung occured in USA."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "find_latest_court_case", "description": "Find the latest court case between two companies.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"company1": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the first company."}, "company2": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the second company."}, "country": {"type": "string", "description": "The country in which the court case is located.", "default": "USA"}}, "required": ["company1", "company2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "find_latest_court_case", "arguments": {"company1": "Apple", "company2": "Samsung", "country": "USA"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the lawsuits filed against the company Google in California in the year 2020."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "lawsuits_search", "description": "Search for lawsuits against a specific company within a specific time and location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"company_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the company."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location where the lawsuit was filed."}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The year when the lawsuit was filed."}, "case_type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of the case. Options include: 'civil', 'criminal', 'small_claims', etc. Default is 'all'."}}, "required": ["company_name", "location", "year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "lawsuits_search", "arguments": {"company_name": "Google", "location": ["California", "CA"], "year": 2020, "case_type": "all"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get details of a lawsuit with case number '123456-ABC' filed in Los Angeles court with verdict"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_lawsuit_details", "description": "Retrieve details of a lawsuit based on its case number and court location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"case_number": {"type": "string", "description": "Case number of the lawsuit."}, "court_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location of the court where the lawsuit was filed."}, "with_verdict": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Flag to include verdict details if available. Default is False"}}, "required": ["case_number", "court_location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_lawsuit_details", "arguments": {"case_number": "123456-ABC", "court_location": "Los Angeles", "with_verdict": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Retrieve all the lawsuit details for case number XYZ123."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "lawsuit_info", "description": "Retrieves details of a lawsuit given a case number", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"case_number": {"type": "string", "description": "The unique identifier of the lawsuit case"}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The year in which the lawsuit case was initiated. Default is 2023 if not specified.", "optional": true, "default": 2023}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location or court jurisdiction where the case was filed. Default is 'all'.", "optional": true}}, "required": ["case_number"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "lawsuit_info", "arguments": {"case_number": "XYZ123", "year": 2023, "location": "all"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Search for current lawsuits filed against Apple in Santa Clara County."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "lawsuit_search", "description": "Retrieve all lawsuits involving a particular entity from specified jurisdiction.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"entity": {"type": "string", "description": "The entity involved in lawsuits."}, "county": {"type": "string", "description": "The jurisdiction for the lawsuit search for example Alameda county."}, "state": {"type": "string", "description": "The state for the lawsuit search. Default is California."}}, "required": ["entity", "county"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "lawsuit_search", "arguments": {"entity": "Apple", "county": ["Santa Clara County", "Santa Clara"], "state": "California"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "I need the details of the lawsuit case with case ID of 1234 and verify if it's already closed."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "lawsuit_check_case", "description": "Verify the details of a lawsuit case and check its status using case ID.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"case_id": {"type": "integer", "description": "The identification number of the lawsuit case."}, "closed_status": {"type": "boolean", "description": "The status of the lawsuit case to be verified."}}, "required": ["case_id", "closed_status"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "lawsuit_check_case", "arguments": {"case_id": 1234, "closed_status": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What will be the weather in New York in the next 72 hours including the precipitation?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "detailed_weather_forecast", "description": "Retrieve a detailed weather forecast for a specific location and duration including optional precipitation details.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city name that you want to get the weather for."}, "duration": {"type": "integer", "description": "Duration in hours for the detailed forecast."}, "include_precipitation": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Whether to include precipitation data in the forecast. Default is false."}}, "required": ["location", "duration"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "detailed_weather_forecast", "arguments": {"location": ["New York", "New York, USA"], "duration": 72, "include_precipitation": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the temperature in celsius and humidity level of Tokyo, Japan right now?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "current_weather_condition", "description": "Get the current weather conditions of a specific city including temperature and humidity.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"city": {"type": "string", "description": "The city that you want to get the current weather conditions for."}, "country": {"type": "string", "description": "The country of the city you specified."}, "measurement": {"type": "string", "description": "You can specify which unit to display the temperature in, 'c' for Celsius, 'f' for Fahrenheit. Default is 'c'."}}, "required": ["city", "country"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "current_weather_condition", "arguments": {"city": "Tokyo", "country": "Japan", "measurement": "c"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the current temperature and humidity in Seattle, Washington?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_current_weather", "description": "Retrieves the current temperature and humidity for a specific location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city name to get the weather for."}, "include_temperature": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Whether to include the temperature in the result. Default is true."}, "include_humidity": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Whether to include the humidity in the result. Default is true."}}, "required": ["location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_current_weather", "arguments": {"location": ["Seattle", "Seattle, Washington"], "include_temperature": true, "include_humidity": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the humidity level in Miami, Florida in the upcoming 7 days?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "weather_humidity_forecast", "description": "Retrieve a humidity forecast for a specific location and time frame.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city that you want to get the humidity for."}, "days": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of days for the forecast."}, "min_humidity": {"type": "integer", "description": "Minimum level of humidity (in percentage) to filter the result. Default is 0."}}, "required": ["location", "days"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "weather_humidity_forecast", "arguments": {"location": ["Miami", "Miami, Florida"], "days": 7, "min_humidity": 0}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get weather information for New York, USA for the next 3 days with details."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "weather_forecast_detailed", "description": "Retrieve a detailed weather forecast for a specific city like Boston and time frame.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city that you want to get the weather for."}, "days": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of days for the forecast."}, "details": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Provide detailed weather information or not.", "default": false}}, "required": ["location", "days"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "weather_forecast_detailed", "arguments": {"location": ["New York", "New York, USA"], "days": 3, "details": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the elevation and area of Yellowstone National Park?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "park_information", "description": "Retrieve the basic information such as elevation and area of a national park.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"park_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the national park."}, "information": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["Elevation", "Area", "Location", "Established Year"]}, "description": "The type of information you want about the park."}}, "required": ["park_name", "information"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "park_information", "arguments": {"park_name": ["Yellowstone", "Yellowstone National Park"], "information": [["Elevation", "Area"], ["Area", "Elevation"]]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find me the 5 tallest mountains within 50km of Denver, Colorado."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "locate_tallest_mountains", "description": "Find the tallest mountains within a specified radius of a location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city from which to calculate distance."}, "radius": {"type": "integer", "description": "The radius within which to find mountains, measured in kilometers."}, "amount": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of mountains to find, listed from tallest to smallest."}}, "required": ["location", "radius", "amount"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "locate_tallest_mountains", "arguments": {"location": ["Denver, Colorado", "Denver", "CO"], "radius": 50, "amount": 5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the slope gradient in degree between two points on a landscape with coordinates (40.7128, -74.0060) and (34.0522, -118.2437)."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_slope_gradient", "description": "Calculate the slope gradient between two geographical coordinates.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"point1": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "number"}, "description": "The geographic coordinates for the first point [Latitude, Longitude]."}, "point2": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "number"}, "description": "The geographic coordinates for the second point [Latitude, Longitude]."}, "unit": {"type": "string", "enum": ["degree", "percent", "ratio"], "description": "The unit for the slope gradient. Default is 'degree'."}}, "required": ["point1", "point2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_slope_gradient", "arguments": {"point1": [40.7128, -74.006], "point2": [34.0522, -118.2437], "unit": "degree"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the best local nurseries in Toronto with a good variety of annual plants."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "local_nursery_find", "description": "Locate local nurseries based on location and plant types availability.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city or locality where the nursery needs to be located."}, "plant_types": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["Annual", "Perennial", "Shrub", "Tree", "Herbs", "Fruits"]}, "description": "Type of plants the nursery should provide."}}, "required": ["location", "plant_types"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "local_nursery_find", "arguments": {"location": "Toronto", "plant_types": ["Annual"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What are the top three plants suitable for a hill slope in terms of erosion prevention?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_plants_for_slope", "description": "Retrieve the list of plants suitable for slope based on erosion control ability.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"slope_type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of slope like steep, moderate etc."}, "num_results": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of top results needed. Default is 5."}}, "required": ["slope_type", "num_results"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_plants_for_slope", "arguments": {"slope_type": ["hill", "steep", "moderate"], "num_results": 3}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the carbon footprint of my lifestyle, assuming I drive 20 miles a day, consume 3 meat meals a week, and produce 500 lbs of trash in a year."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_carbon_footprint", "description": "Calculate the estimated carbon footprint of a lifestyle based on factors such as daily driving distance, weekly meat consumption, and yearly trash production.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"daily_miles": {"type": "integer", "description": "The daily driving distance in miles."}, "meat_meals_per_week": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of meat-based meals consumed per week."}, "annual_trash_weight": {"type": "integer", "description": "The yearly weight of trash production in pounds."}, "flights_per_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of flights taken per year. Default is 0."}}, "required": ["daily_miles", "meat_meals_per_week", "annual_trash_weight"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_carbon_footprint", "arguments": {"daily_miles": 20, "meat_meals_per_week": 3, "annual_trash_weight": 500, "flights_per_year": 0}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the air quality index in London 2022/08/16?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "air_quality", "description": "Retrieve the air quality index for a specific location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city that you want to get the air quality index for."}, "date": {"type": "string", "description": "The date (month-day-year) you want to get the air quality index for."}}, "required": ["location", "date"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "air_quality", "arguments": {"location": "London", "date": "08-16-2022"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the air quality index in San Diego at 12pm."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_air_quality_index", "description": "Retrieve the air quality index at a specified location and time.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location to get the air quality index for."}, "time": {"type": "string", "description": "The specific time to check the air quality. Default is the current time."}}, "required": ["location", "time"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_air_quality_index", "arguments": {"location": "San Diego", "time": ["12pm", "12:00"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the required water daily intake for a person with weight 70 kg."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_daily_water_intake", "description": "Calculate the recommended daily water intake for a person based on their weight.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"weight": {"type": "integer", "description": "The weight of the person in kilograms."}, "activity_level": {"type": "string", "description": "The level of physical activity of the person. Default is 'moderate'."}, "climate": {"type": "string", "description": "The climate of the area where the person lives. Default is 'temperate'."}}, "required": ["weight"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_daily_water_intake", "arguments": {"weight": 70, "activity_level": "moderate", "climate": "temperate"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find air quality index in San Jose for next three days."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "environmental_data_air_quality_index", "description": "Retrieves Air Quality Index (AQI) for specified location over a number of days.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the city or town to retrieve air quality index for."}, "days": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of days for which to retrieve data. If not provided, default to today."}}, "required": ["location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "environmental_data_air_quality_index", "arguments": {"location": ["San Jose", "'San Jose'"], "days": 3}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "How much CO2 is produced annually by a gas-fueled car that travels 12,000 miles per year, with fuel efficiency of 25 MPG ?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_emissions", "description": "Calculates the annual carbon dioxide emissions produced by a vehicle based on the distance traveled, the fuel type and the fuel efficiency of the vehicle.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"distance": {"type": "integer", "description": "The distance travelled in miles."}, "fuel_type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of fuel used by the vehicle."}, "fuel_efficiency": {"type": "number", "description": "The vehicle's fuel efficiency in miles per gallon. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "efficiency_reduction": {"type": "integer", "description": "The percentage decrease in fuel efficiency per year (optional). Default is 0"}}, "required": ["distance", "fuel_type", "fuel_efficiency"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_emissions", "arguments": {"distance": 12000, "fuel_type": "gas", "fuel_efficiency": 25.0, "efficiency_reduction": 0}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Estimate the population of pandas in the wild in China."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "estimate_population", "description": "Estimate the population of a particular species in a given country.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"species": {"type": "string", "description": "The species for which population needs to be estimated."}, "country": {"type": "string", "description": "The country where the species lives."}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The year for which population estimate is sought. Default is the current year."}}, "required": ["species", "country"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "estimate_population", "arguments": {"species": ["panda", "pandas"], "country": ["China", "CN"], "year": 2024}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "How many greenhouse gas emissions would I save if I switched to renewable energy sources for 3 months in California?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_emission_savings", "description": "Calculate potential greenhouse gas emissions saved by switching to renewable energy sources.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"energy_type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of the renewable energy source."}, "usage_duration": {"type": "integer", "description": "Usage duration in months."}, "region": {"type": "string", "description": "The region where you use energy. Default is 'Texas'."}}, "required": ["energy_type", "usage_duration"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_emission_savings", "arguments": {"energy_type": "renewable", "usage_duration": 3, "region": ["California", "CA"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Can you find me the latest information about air quality index and pollution data for Chicago?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_air_quality", "description": "Retrieve real-time air quality and pollution data for a specific location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city that you want to get the air quality data for."}, "detail": {"type": "boolean", "description": "If true, additional data like PM2.5, PM10, ozone levels, and pollution sources will be retrieved. Default is false."}}, "required": ["location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_air_quality", "arguments": {"location": "Chicago", "detail": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find restaurants near me within 10 miles that offer Chinese cuisine in Seattle."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "restaurant_find_nearby", "description": "Locate nearby restaurants based on specific criteria like cuisine type.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city and state, e.g. Seattle, WA"}, "cuisine": {"type": "string", "description": "Preferred type of cuisine in restaurant."}, "max_distance": {"type": "integer", "description": "Maximum distance (in miles) within which to search for restaurants. Default is 5."}}, "required": ["location", "cuisine"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "restaurant_find_nearby", "arguments": {"location": ["Seattle", "Seattle, WA"], "cuisine": "Chinese", "max_distance": 10}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find out the current traffic situation from Boston driving to New York."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_traffic_info", "description": "Retrieve current traffic conditions for a specified route.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"start_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The starting point of the route."}, "end_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The destination of the route."}, "mode": {"type": "string", "enum": ["driving", "walking", "bicycling", "transit"], "description": "Preferred method of transportation, default to 'driving'."}}, "required": ["start_location", "end_location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_traffic_info", "arguments": {"start_location": "Boston", "end_location": ["New York", "NYC"], "mode": "driving"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the nearest park with a tennis court in London."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "parks_find_nearby", "description": "Locate nearby parks based on specific criteria like tennis court availability.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city and state, e.g. London, UK"}, "amenities": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["Tennis Court", "Picnic Area", "Playground", "Running Track"]}, "description": "Preferred amenities in park. Default is ['Running Track']"}}, "required": ["location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "parks_find_nearby", "arguments": {"location": ["London", "London, UK"], "amenities": ["Tennis Court"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get the shortest driving distance between New York, USA and Miami, USA."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_shortest_distance", "description": "Calculate the shortest driving distance between two locations.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"start_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The starting location for the drive."}, "end_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The destination location for the drive."}, "route_preference": {"type": "string", "enum": ["Shortest", "Scenic"], "description": "The preferred type of route."}}, "required": ["start_location", "end_location", "route_preference"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_shortest_distance", "arguments": {"start_location": ["New York, USA", "New York City", "New York City, NY", "NYC", "NY"], "end_location": ["Miami, USA", "Miami", "Miami, FL", "FL"], "route_preference": "Shortest"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get me the directions from New York to Los Angeles avoiding highways and toll roads."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "map_service_get_directions", "description": "Retrieve directions from a starting location to an ending location, including options for route preferences.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"start": {"type": "string", "description": "Starting location for the route."}, "end": {"type": "string", "description": "Ending location for the route."}, "avoid": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["tolls", "highways", "ferries"]}, "description": "Route features to avoid. Default is ['highways', 'ferries']"}}, "required": ["start", "end"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "map_service_get_directions", "arguments": {"start": ["New York", "NYC"], "end": ["Los Angeles", "LA"], "avoid": [["highways", "tolls"], ["tolls", "highways"]]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Locate the nearest public library in Boston, Massachusetts with English fiction section and free Wi-Fi."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "public_library_find_nearby", "description": "Locate nearby public libraries based on specific criteria like English fiction availability and Wi-Fi.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city and state, e.g. Boston, MA"}, "facilities": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["Wi-Fi", "Reading Room", "Fiction", "Children Section", "Cafe"]}, "description": "Facilities and sections in public library."}}, "required": ["location", "facilities"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "public_library_find_nearby", "arguments": {"location": ["Boston, MA", "Boston, Massachusetts"], "facilities": [["Fiction", "Wi-Fi"], ["Wi-Fi", "Fiction"]]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get 5 latest news on Bitcoin in US"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_news", "description": "Fetches the latest news on a specific topic.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"topic": {"type": "string", "description": "The subject for the news topic."}, "quantity": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of articles to fetch."}, "region": {"type": "string", "description": "The geographical region for the news. Default is 'US'."}}, "required": ["topic", "quantity"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_news", "arguments": {"topic": "Bitcoin", "quantity": 5, "region": "US"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Send an email to John Doe at john.doe@example.com with the subject 'Meeting' and body 'Let's meet at 10 AM tomorrow'."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "send_email", "description": "Send an email to the specified email address.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"to": {"type": "string", "description": "The email address to send to."}, "subject": {"type": "string", "description": "The subject of the email."}, "body": {"type": "string", "description": "The body content of the email."}, "cc": {"type": "string", "description": "The email address to carbon copy. Default is empty if not specified."}, "bcc": {"type": "string", "description": "The email address to blind carbon copy. Default is empty if not specified."}}, "required": ["to", "subject", "body"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "send_email", "arguments": {"to": "john.doe@example.com", "subject": "Meeting", "body": ["Let's meet at 10 AM tomorrow", "Let's meet at 10 AM tomorrow."], "cc": [], "bcc": []}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Give me detail information about stocks of Apple Inc."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_stock_info", "description": "Retrieves information about a specific stock based on company's name.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"company_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the company."}, "detail_level": {"type": "string", "description": "Level of detail for stock information. Can be 'summary' or 'detailed'."}, "market": {"type": "string", "description": "The stock market of interest. Default is 'NASDAQ'"}}, "required": ["company_name", "detail_level"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_stock_info", "arguments": {"company_name": "Apple Inc.", "detail_level": "detailed", "market": "NASDAQ"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Book a direct flight from San Francisco to London for 2022-04-27 afternoon"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "flight_book", "description": "Book a direct flight for a specific date and time from departure location to destination location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"departure_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location you are departing from."}, "destination_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location you are flying to."}, "date": {"type": "string", "description": "The date of the flight. Accepts standard date format e.g., 2022-04-28."}, "time": {"type": "string", "description": "Preferred time of flight. Default is 'morning'."}, "direct_flight": {"type": "boolean", "description": "If set to true, only direct flights will be searched. Default is false."}}, "required": ["departure_location", "destination_location", "date"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "flight_book", "arguments": {"departure_location": ["San Francisco", "SF"], "destination_location": "London", "date": ["2022-04-27", "04/27/2022", "Apr 27, 2022"], "time": "afternoon", "direct_flight": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Search for upcoming month rock concerts in New York."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "event_finder_find_upcoming", "description": "Find upcoming events of a specific genre in a given location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city and state where the search will take place, e.g. New York, NY."}, "genre": {"type": "string", "description": "The genre of events."}, "days_ahead": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of days from now to include in the search.", "default": 7}}, "required": ["location", "genre"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "event_finder_find_upcoming", "arguments": {"location": ["New York", "New York, NY", "NYC"], "genre": ["Rock", "rock"], "days_ahead": 30}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Give me a brief on movie 'Interstellar'"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "movie_details_brief", "description": "This function retrieves a brief about a specified movie.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"title": {"type": "string", "description": "Title of the movie"}, "extra_info": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Option to get additional information like Director, Cast, Awards etc.", "default": "false"}}, "required": ["title"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "movie_details_brief", "arguments": {"title": "Interstellar", "extra_info": false}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Analyze the sentiment of a customer review 'I love the food here! It's always fresh and delicious.'."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "sentiment_analysis", "description": "Perform sentiment analysis on a given piece of text.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"text": {"type": "string", "description": "The text on which to perform sentiment analysis."}, "language": {"type": "string", "description": "The language in which the text is written."}}, "required": ["text", "language"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "sentiment_analysis", "arguments": {"text": "I love the food here! It's always fresh and delicious.", "language": ["english", "English", "en"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Analyze my fMRI data in ~/data/myfMRI.nii from a multi-band sequence, that is smoothed at 6mm with an isotropic voxel size of 2mm."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "fMRI_analyze", "description": "This function takes in fMRI data to output analyzed data.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"data_source": {"type": "string", "description": "The path where the data is stored."}, "sequence_type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of fMRI sequence"}, "smooth": {"type": "integer", "description": "Spatial smoothing FWHM. In mm."}, "voxel_size": {"type": "integer", "description": "Size of isotropic voxels in mm.", "default": 3}}, "required": ["data_source", "sequence_type", "smooth"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "fMRI_analyze", "arguments": {"data_source": "~/data/myfMRI.nii", "sequence_type": "multi-band", "smooth": 6, "voxel_size": 2}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Given patient with id 546382, retrieve their brain MRI report with the status 'concluded'."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "patient_get_mri_report", "description": "Fetch the brain MRI report of the patient for a given status.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"patient_id": {"type": "string", "description": "The patient identifier."}, "mri_type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of the MRI. Default to be 'brain'.", "enum": ["brain", "spinal", "chest", "abdominal"]}, "status": {"type": "string", "description": "Status of the report, could be 'in progress', 'concluded' or 'draft'.", "enum": ["in progress", "concluded", "draft"]}}, "required": ["patient_id", "status"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "patient_get_mri_report", "arguments": {"patient_id": "546382", "mri_type": "brain", "status": "concluded"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What are the coordinates of the neuron in a rat's all part of the brain that produces GABA neurotransmitters?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_neuron_coordinates", "description": "Retrieve the coordinates of the specified neuron in the rat's brain.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"neuron_type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of neuron to find. For instance, GABA, Glutamate, etc."}, "brain_region": {"type": "string", "description": "The region of the brain to consider.", "default": "All"}}, "required": ["neuron_type", "brain_region"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_neuron_coordinates", "arguments": {"neuron_type": "GABA", "brain_region": ["All", "all part of the brain", "entire brain"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the neuronal activity based on synaptic input rate of 200 and weight 0.5 and decay rate of 0.1."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_neuronal_activity", "description": "Calculate the neuronal activity (rate of firing) based on a given input synaptic rate, weight of inputs, and decay rate. Higher input or weight increases firing rate and higher decay rate decreases it.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"input_synaptic_rate": {"type": "integer", "description": "The synaptic input rate, usually represented as number of inputs per second."}, "weight": {"type": "number", "description": "The weight of the input, denoting its influence on the neuron's state. Default is 1.0. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "decay_rate": {"type": "number", "description": "The rate at which the neuron's potential decays in the absence of inputs. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["input_synaptic_rate", "decay_rate"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_neuronal_activity", "arguments": {"input_synaptic_rate": 200, "weight": 0.5, "decay_rate": 0.1}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What will be the population growth in London over the next five years?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "population_growth_estimate", "description": "Estimate the future population growth of a specific location over a specified time period.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city that you want to estimate the population growth for."}, "years": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of years into the future for the estimate."}, "rate": {"type": "number", "description": "Expected annual growth rate in percentage. Default is 1.2. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["location", "years"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "population_growth_estimate", "arguments": {"location": "London", "years": 5, "rate": 1.2}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Can you calculate my Body Mass Index (BMI) given my weight is 70 kg and height is 180 cm?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_bmi", "description": "Calculate the Body Mass Index based on given weight and height.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"weight": {"type": "integer", "description": "The weight of a person in kilograms."}, "height": {"type": "integer", "description": "The height of a person in centimeters."}, "unit": {"type": "string", "description": "Optional. The measurement system to be used for the result. The default is 'metric'."}}, "required": ["weight", "height"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_bmi", "arguments": {"weight": 70, "height": 180, "unit": "metric"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find social behaviors and patterns in a group size of 50 with extroverted members being 15 and introverted members being 35."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "group_dynamics_pattern", "description": "Examine the social dynamics and interactions within a group based on the personality traits and group size.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"total": {"type": "integer", "description": "The total group size."}, "extroverts": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of extroverted members in the group."}, "introverts": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of introverted members in the group."}}, "required": ["total", "extroverts", "introverts"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "group_dynamics_pattern", "arguments": {"total": 50, "extroverts": 15, "introverts": 35}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the most followed person on twitter who tweets about psychology related to behaviour and group dynamics."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "social_media_analytics_most_followed", "description": "Find the most followed Twitter user related to certain topics.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"topic": {"type": "string", "description": "The main topic of interest."}, "sub_topics": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "Sub-topics related to main topic. Default is empty."}, "region": {"type": "string", "description": "Region of interest for twitter search. Default is 'all'."}}, "required": ["topic"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "social_media_analytics_most_followed", "arguments": {"topic": "psychology", "sub_topics": ["behaviour", "group dynamics"], "region": "all"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the percentage of population preferring digital reading over physical books?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "psych_research_get_preference", "description": "Gathers research data on public preference between two options, based on societal category.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"category": {"type": "string", "description": "The societal category the preference data is about. E.g. reading, transportation, food"}, "option_one": {"type": "string", "description": "The first option people could prefer."}, "option_two": {"type": "string", "description": "The second option people could prefer."}, "demographic": {"type": "string", "description": "Specific demographic of society to narrow down the research.", "default": "all"}}, "required": ["category", "option_one", "option_two"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "psych_research_get_preference", "arguments": {"category": "reading", "option_one": ["digital reading", "digital"], "option_two": ["physical book", "physical", "physical books"], "demographic": "all"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the compatibility score in percentage of Aries with Gemini."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_zodiac_compatibility", "description": "Retrieve the compatibility score between two Zodiac signs.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"sign1": {"type": "string", "description": "The first Zodiac sign."}, "sign2": {"type": "string", "description": "The second Zodiac sign."}, "scale": {"type": "string", "enum": ["percentage", "0-10 scale"], "description": "The scale on which compatibility should be shown. Default is 'percentage'."}}, "required": ["sign1", "sign2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_zodiac_compatibility", "arguments": {"sign1": "Aries", "sign2": "Gemini", "scale": "percentage"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get me strength and weakness traits for ENFJ personality type."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_personality_traits", "description": "Retrieve the personality traits for a specific personality type, including their strengths and weaknesses.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"type": {"type": "string", "description": "The personality type."}, "traits": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["strengths", "weaknesses"]}, "description": "List of traits to be retrieved, default is ['strengths']."}}, "required": ["type"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_personality_traits", "arguments": {"type": "ENFJ", "traits": ["strengths", "weaknesses"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find three personality traits of people who like jogging."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_personality_traits", "description": "Retrieve the common personality traits of people based on their hobbies or activities.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"hobby": {"type": "string", "description": "The hobby or activity of interest."}, "trait_count": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of top traits to return, default is 5"}}, "required": ["hobby"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_personality_traits", "arguments": {"hobby": "jogging", "trait_count": 3}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's my Big Five Personality trait scores given that I am efficient, organized, easy going and compassionate?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_bigfive_scores", "description": "Retrieve Big Five Personality trait scores based on individual's behavioural characteristics.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"characteristics": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "List of user's behavioural characteristics."}, "scale": {"type": "string", "enum": ["high", "medium", "low"], "description": "The scoring scale of traits (default is medium)."}}, "required": ["characteristics"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_bigfive_scores", "arguments": {"characteristics": ["efficient", "organized", "easy going", "compassionate"], "scale": "medium"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Who was the King of France in 1510?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "historic_leader_search", "description": "Retrieve information about a historical leader given a location and date.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The country or region in question."}, "date": {"type": "integer", "description": "The year being queried."}, "title": {"type": "string", "description": "The official title of the position. Default is 'King'."}}, "required": ["location", "date"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "historic_leader_search", "arguments": {"location": "France", "date": 1510, "title": "King"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Provide key war events in German history from 1871 to 1945."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "history_get_key_events", "description": "Retrieve key historical events within a specific period for a certain country.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"country": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the country for which history is queried."}, "start_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "Start year of the period for which history is queried."}, "end_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "End year of the period for which history is queried."}, "event_type": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["War", "Revolutions", "Diplomacy", "Economy"]}, "description": "Types of event. Default to 'all', which all types will be considered."}}, "required": ["country", "start_year", "end_year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "history_get_key_events", "arguments": {"country": ["Germany", "DE"], "start_year": 1871, "end_year": 1945, "event_type": ["War"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What was the full name king of England in 1800?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "monarch_getMonarchOfYear", "description": "Retrieve the monarch of a specific location during a specified year.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location (e.g., country) whose monarch needs to be found."}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The year to search the monarch."}, "fullName": {"type": "boolean", "default": false, "description": "If true, returns the full name and title of the monarch."}}, "required": ["location", "year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "monarch_getMonarchOfYear", "arguments": {"location": ["England", "ENG"], "year": 1800, "fullName": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "When did the Treaty of Tordesillas take place? Put it in the format of YYYY."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "european_history_get_event_date", "description": "Retrieve the date of a specific event in European history.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"event_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the event."}, "format": {"type": "string", "description": "Optional format of the returned date. Default is 'MM-DD-YYYY'."}}, "required": ["event_name"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "european_history_get_event_date", "arguments": {"event_name": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "format": "YYYY"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find important Wars in European history during the 19th century."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "history_eu_fetch_events", "description": "Fetches significant historical events within a specific time period in European history.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"century": {"type": "integer", "description": "The century you are interested in."}, "region": {"type": "string", "description": "The region of Europe you are interested in.", "enum": ["Northern", "Southern", "Eastern", "Western"]}, "category": {"type": "string", "description": "Category of the historical events. Default is 'Culture'.", "enum": ["Wars", "Culture", "Politics", "Scientific", "Others"]}}, "required": ["century", "region"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "history_eu_fetch_events", "arguments": {"century": 19, "region": ["Northern", "Southern", "Eastern", "Western"], "category": "Wars"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "When was the signing of the Treaty of Lisbon?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_event_date", "description": "Retrieve the date of a historical event.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"event": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the historical event."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "Location where the event took place. Default to global if not specified."}}, "required": ["event"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_event_date", "arguments": {"event": ["Treaty of Lisbon", "Signing of the Treaty of Lisbon", "The signing of the Treaty of Lisbon"], "location": ["Lisbon", "Lisbon, Portugal"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get start date on the American Civil War."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "us_history_get_event_info", "description": "Retrieve detailed information about a significant event in U.S. history.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"event_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the event."}, "specific_info": {"type": "string", "description": "Specific aspect of information related to event.", "enum": ["Start Date", "End Date", "Participants", "Result", "Notable Figures", "Importance in History"]}}, "required": ["event_name", "specific_info"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "us_history_get_event_info", "arguments": {"event_name": ["American Civil War", "Civil War"], "specific_info": "Start Date"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get historical GDP data for United States from 1960 to 2000."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_historical_GDP", "description": "Retrieve historical GDP data for a specific country and time range.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"country": {"type": "string", "description": "The country for which the historical GDP data is required."}, "start_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "Starting year of the period for which GDP data is required."}, "end_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "Ending year of the period for which GDP data is required."}}, "required": ["country", "start_year", "end_year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_historical_GDP", "arguments": {"country": ["United States", "US"], "start_year": 1960, "end_year": 2000}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Who was the president of the United States during the American Civil War?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "us_history_get_president", "description": "Retrieve the U.S. president during a specific event in American history.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"event": {"type": "string", "description": "The event in U.S. history."}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The specific year of the event."}}, "required": ["event", "year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "us_history_get_president", "arguments": {"event": "American Civil War", "year": [1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Who was the full name of the president of the United States in 1861?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "US_president_in_year", "description": "Retrieve the name of the U.S. president in a given year.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The year in question."}, "full_name": {"type": "boolean", "default": true, "description": "Option to return full name with middle initial, if applicable."}}, "required": ["year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "US_president_in_year", "arguments": {"year": 1861, "full_name": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Who was the President of the United States in 1940?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "history_api_get_president_by_year", "description": "Get the name of the U.S. President for a specified year.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The year you want to know the U.S. president of."}, "full_term_only": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Flag to determine if we should only return presidents that served a full term for the specified year.", "default": false}}, "required": ["year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "history_api_get_president_by_year", "arguments": {"year": 1940, "full_term_only": [true, false]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Who was the U.S. president during the Civil War?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "US_President_During_Event", "description": "Returns the U.S. president during a specified historical event.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"event": {"type": "string", "description": "The historical event."}, "country": {"type": "string", "description": "The country the president leads (optional parameter, defaults to 'USA' if not specified)."}}, "required": ["event"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "US_President_During_Event", "arguments": {"event": "Civil War", "country": "USA"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Who is the scientist that first proposed the theory of evolution?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_scientist_for_discovery", "description": "Retrieve the scientist's name who is credited for a specific scientific discovery or theory.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"discovery": {"type": "string", "description": "The scientific discovery or theory."}}, "required": ["discovery"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_scientist_for_discovery", "arguments": {"discovery": ["Theory of Evolution", "theory of evolution"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Who discovered the neutron? Give me detail information."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_discoverer", "description": "Get the person or team who made a particular scientific discovery", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"discovery": {"type": "string", "description": "The discovery for which the discoverer's information is needed."}, "detail": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Optional flag to get additional details about the discoverer, such as birth date and nationality. Defaults to false."}}, "required": ["discovery", "detail"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_discoverer", "arguments": {"discovery": "neutron", "detail": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What year was the law of universal gravitation published by Isaac Newton?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "publication_year_find", "description": "Fetches the year a particular scientific work was published.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"author": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the author of the work."}, "work_title": {"type": "string", "description": "Title of the scientific work."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "Place of the publication, if known. Default to 'all'."}}, "required": ["author", "work_title"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "publication_year_find", "arguments": {"author": "Isaac Newton", "work_title": ["Law of Universal Gravitation", "Universal Law of Gravitation", "The law of universal gravitation"], "location": "all"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Who discovered radium?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "discoverer_get", "description": "Retrieve the name of the discoverer of an element based on its name.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"element_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the element."}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "Optional parameter that refers to the year of discovery. It could be helpful in case an element was discovered more than once. Default to 0, which means not use it."}, "first": {"type": "boolean", "default": true, "description": "Optional parameter indicating if the first discoverer's name should be retrieved."}}, "required": ["element_name"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "discoverer_get", "arguments": {"element_name": ["'radium'", "\"radium\"", "radium"], "year": 0, "first": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Who discovered Gravity and what was the method used?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "science_history_get_discovery_details", "description": "Retrieve the details of a scientific discovery based on the discovery name.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"discovery": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the discovery, e.g. Gravity"}, "method_used": {"type": "string", "description": "The method used for the discovery, default value is 'default' which gives the most accepted method."}}, "required": ["discovery"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "science_history_get_discovery_details", "arguments": {"discovery": "Gravity", "method_used": "default"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What was Albert Einstein's contribution to science on March 17, 1915?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "historical_contrib_get_contrib", "description": "Retrieve historical contribution made by a scientist on a specific date.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"scientist": {"type": "string", "description": "The scientist whose contributions need to be searched."}, "date": {"type": "string", "description": "The date when the contribution was made in yyyy-mm-dd format."}, "category": {"type": "string", "description": "The field of the contribution, such as 'Physics' or 'Chemistry'. Default is 'all'."}}, "required": ["scientist", "date"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "historical_contrib_get_contrib", "arguments": {"scientist": "Albert Einstein", "date": ["1915-03-17", "03/17/1915", "Mar.17,1915"], "category": "all"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Who invented the theory of relativity and in which year?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "science_history_get_invention", "description": "Retrieve the inventor and year of invention based on the invention's name.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"invention_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the invention."}, "want_year": {"type": "boolean", "default": false, "description": "Return the year of invention if set to true."}}, "required": ["invention_name", "want_year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "science_history_get_invention", "arguments": {"invention_name": ["theory of relativity", "Theory of Relativity"], "want_year": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Tell me more about Christianity and its history till the 14th century"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "religion_history_info", "description": "Provides comprehensive historical details about a specified religion till a specified century.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"religion": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the religion for which historical details are needed."}, "till_century": {"type": "integer", "description": "The century till which historical details are needed."}, "include_people": {"type": "boolean", "description": "To include influential people related to the religion during that time period, default is False"}}, "required": ["religion", "till_century"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "religion_history_info", "arguments": {"religion": "Christianity", "till_century": 14, "include_people": false}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the time difference between San Francisco and Sydney?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_time_difference", "description": "Get the time difference between two places.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"place1": {"type": "string", "description": "The first place for time difference."}, "place2": {"type": "string", "description": "The second place for time difference."}}, "required": ["place1", "place2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_time_difference", "arguments": {"place1": ["San Francisco", "SF"], "place2": "Sydney"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the earliest reference of Jesus Christ in history from historical record?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_earliest_reference", "description": "Retrieve the earliest historical reference of a person.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the person."}, "source": {"type": "string", "enum": ["scriptures", "historical records"], "description": "Source to fetch the reference. Default is 'scriptures'"}}, "required": ["name"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_earliest_reference", "arguments": {"name": "Jesus Christ", "source": "historical records"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find ten major historical events related to Christianity in the 16th century sort by importance."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_religion_history", "description": "Retrieves significant religious events, including the details of the event, its historical context, and its impacts.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"religion": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the religion to be queried."}, "century": {"type": "integer", "description": "The century in which the event(s) took place."}, "sort_by": {"type": "string", "enum": ["importance", "chronological"], "default": "chronological", "description": "Order of sorting the events. Default is chronological."}, "count": {"type": "integer", "default": 5, "description": "Number of events to return. Default is 5."}}, "required": ["religion", "century"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_religion_history", "arguments": {"religion": "Christianity", "century": 16, "sort_by": "importance", "count": 10}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Retrieve the full historyof Buddhism"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "retrieve_religion_info", "description": "Retrieve the history and main beliefs of a religion.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"religion_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the religion."}, "detail_level": {"type": "string", "description": "Level of detail for the returned information, either 'summary' or 'full'.", "default": "summary"}}, "required": ["religion_name", "detail_level"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "retrieve_religion_info", "arguments": {"religion_name": "Buddhism", "detail_level": "full"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Retrieve the historic dates and facts related to Christianity between year 300 and 400."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_religion_history", "description": "Retrieves historic events and facts related to a specified religion for a given period.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"religion": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the religion."}, "start_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The starting year of the period."}, "end_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The end year of the period."}, "event_type": {"type": "string", "enum": ["all", "crusade", "schism", "reform"], "description": "Optional parameter specifying the type of event. Default is 'all'."}}, "required": ["religion", "start_year", "end_year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_religion_history", "arguments": {"religion": "Christianity", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 400, "event_type": "all"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get the biography and main contributions of Pope Innocent III."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "religious_history_get_papal_biography", "description": "Retrieve the biography and main religious and historical contributions of a Pope based on his papal name.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"papal_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The papal name of the Pope."}, "include_contributions": {"type": "boolean", "default": false, "description": "Include main contributions of the Pope in the response if true."}}, "required": ["papal_name", "include_contributions"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "religious_history_get_papal_biography", "arguments": {"papal_name": ["Innocent III", "Pope Innocent III"], "include_contributions": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Generate an image of a circle with a radius of 50 pixels and color 'Red'."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "generate_circle_image", "description": "Generates a circle image based on the given radius and color", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"radius": {"type": "integer", "description": "The radius of the circle in pixels."}, "color": {"type": "string", "description": "The color of the circle."}, "background": {"type": "string", "description": "Optional: The color of the background, default is white."}}, "required": ["radius", "color"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "generate_circle_image", "arguments": {"radius": 50, "color": "Red", "background": "white"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Can you help me identify the basic RGB value of Sea Green color?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "identify_color_rgb", "description": "This function identifies the RGB values of a named color.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"color_name": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the color."}, "standard": {"type": "string", "description": "The color standard (e.g. basic, pantone). Default is 'basic'"}}, "required": ["color_name"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "identify_color_rgb", "arguments": {"color_name": "Sea Green", "standard": "basic"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Mix yellow and blue colors and adjust the lightness level to 60 percent."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "mix_paint_color", "description": "Combine two primary paint colors and adjust the resulting color's lightness level.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"color1": {"type": "string", "description": "The first primary color to be mixed."}, "color2": {"type": "string", "description": "The second primary color to be mixed."}, "lightness": {"type": "integer", "description": "The desired lightness level of the resulting color in percentage. The default level is set to 50."}}, "required": ["color1", "color2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "mix_paint_color", "arguments": {"color1": "yellow", "color2": "blue", "lightness": 60}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the total quantity of paint needed to cover a wall of 30 feet by 12 feet using a specific brand that covers 400 square feet per gallon."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_paint_needed", "description": "Calculate the amount of paint needed to cover a surface area based on the coverage rate of a specific paint brand.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"coverage_rate": {"type": "integer", "description": "The area in square feet that one gallon of paint can cover."}, "length": {"type": "integer", "description": "Length of the wall to be painted in feet."}, "height": {"type": "integer", "description": "Height of the wall to be painted in feet."}}, "required": ["coverage_rate", "length", "height"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_paint_needed", "arguments": {"coverage_rate": 400, "length": 30, "height": 12}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate how many gallons of paint is required to paint a wall with width of 20ft and height of 12ft, assuming 1 gallon covers approximately 350 sq.ft. Don't include window area of 15 sq.ft."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "paint_requirement_calculate", "description": "Calculate the amount of paint required to paint a given area. Account for coverage efficiency of the paint and exclusions (like windows).", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"area": {"type": "object", "properties": {"width": {"type": "integer", "description": "The width of the area to be painted in feet."}, "height": {"type": "integer", "description": "The height of the area to be painted in feet."}}, "description": "The area to be painted."}, "paint_coverage": {"type": "integer", "description": "Coverage area per gallon of the paint in square feet.", "default": 350}, "exclusion": {"type": "object", "properties": {"type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of the exclusion e.g window, door etc."}, "area": {"type": "integer", "description": "The area of the exclusion in square feet."}}, "description": "Area not to be painted. Default to not use any exclusion if not specified."}}, "required": ["area", "paint_coverage"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "paint_requirement_calculate", "arguments": {"area": {"width": [20], "height": [12]}, "paint_coverage": 350, "exclusion": {"type": ["window"], "area": [15]}}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Draw a rectangle with a width of 20 units and height of 10 units in red."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "draw_rectangle", "description": "Draw a rectangle given its width and height.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"width": {"type": "integer", "description": "The width of the rectangle."}, "height": {"type": "integer", "description": "The height of the rectangle."}, "color": {"type": "string", "description": "The color of the rectangle. Default is 'black'."}}, "required": ["width", "height"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "draw_rectangle", "arguments": {"width": 20, "height": 10, "color": "red"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Change my painting's medium to oil and change size to 12x18 with red dominant color."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "modify_painting", "description": "Modify an existing painting's attributes such as size, medium, and color.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"size": {"type": "string", "description": "The size of the painting in inches, width by height."}, "medium": {"type": "string", "description": "The medium of the painting, such as oil, acrylic, etc."}, "dominant_color": {"type": "string", "description": "The dominant color of the painting. Default to 'black'."}}, "required": ["size", "medium"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "modify_painting", "arguments": {"size": "12x18", "medium": "oil", "dominant_color": "red"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find me the most recent art sculpture by James Plensa with detailed description."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_sculpture_info", "description": "Retrieves the most recent artwork by a specified artist with its detailed description.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"artist_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the artist."}, "detail": {"type": "boolean", "description": "If True, it provides detailed description of the sculpture. Defaults to False."}}, "required": ["artist_name"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_sculpture_info", "arguments": {"artist_name": "James Plensa", "detail": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the size of the sculpture with title 'David' by Michelangelo."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "sculpture_get_details", "description": "Retrieve details of a sculpture based on the artist and the title of the sculpture.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"artist": {"type": "string", "description": "The artist who made the sculpture."}, "title": {"type": "string", "description": "The title of the sculpture."}, "detail": {"type": "string", "description": "The specific detail wanted about the sculpture. Default is 'general information'."}}, "required": ["artist", "title"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "sculpture_get_details", "arguments": {"artist": "Michelangelo", "title": "David", "detail": "size"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find me sculptures near Chicago that were made in the 19th century."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "sculpture_search", "description": "Find sculptures based on location and a specific time frame.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city where the sculptures are located."}, "time_frame": {"type": "string", "description": "The time frame during which the sculptures were made."}, "material": {"type": "string", "description": "Optional material of the sculptures. Default is 'all'"}}, "required": ["location", "time_frame"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "sculpture_search", "arguments": {"location": ["Chicago", "Chicago, IL"], "time_frame": "19th century", "material": "all"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the value of the sculpture 'The Thinker' by Rodin?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_sculpture_value", "description": "Retrieve the current market value of a particular sculpture by a specific artist.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"sculpture": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the sculpture."}, "artist": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the artist who created the sculpture."}}, "required": ["sculpture", "artist"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_sculpture_value", "arguments": {"sculpture": "The Thinker", "artist": "Rodin"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the top rated modern sculpture exhibition happening in New York in the upcoming month."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "find_exhibition", "description": "Locate the most popular exhibitions based on criteria like location, time, art form, and user ratings.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city and state where the exhibition is held, e.g., New York City, NY."}, "art_form": {"type": "string", "description": "The form of art the exhibition is displaying e.g., sculpture."}, "month": {"type": "string", "description": "The month of exhibition. Default value will return upcoming events if not specified."}, "user_ratings": {"type": "string", "enum": ["low", "average", "high"], "description": "Select exhibitions with user rating threshold. Default is 'low'"}}, "required": ["location", "art_form"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "find_exhibition", "arguments": {"location": "New York City, NY", "art_form": ["sculpture", "modern sculpture"], "month": [], "user_ratings": "high"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find me the sculptures of Michelangelo with material Marble in Rome, Italy."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "sculpture_locator_find_by_artist", "description": "Locate the sculptures of specific artist by material and location", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"artist": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the Artist of the sculpture"}, "material": {"type": "string", "description": "Material of the sculpture."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location where you want to find the sculpture. Default is 'all' if not specified."}}, "required": ["artist", "material"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "sculpture_locator_find_by_artist", "arguments": {"artist": "Michelangelo", "material": "Marble", "location": ["Rome", "Rome, Italy"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the compound interest of an investment of $10,000 at an interest rate of 5% compounded yearly for 10 years."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_compound_interest", "description": "Calculates the compound interest of an investment over a given time period.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"principle": {"type": "integer", "description": "The initial amount of the investment."}, "interest_rate": {"type": "number", "description": "The yearly interest rate of the investment. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "time": {"type": "integer", "description": "The time, in years, the money is invested or borrowed for."}, "compounds_per_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of times the interest is compounded per year. Default is 1 (interest is compounded yearly)."}}, "required": ["principle", "interest_rate", "time"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_compound_interest", "arguments": {"principle": 10000, "interest_rate": 0.05, "time": 10, "compounds_per_year": 1}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Can you give me the height and width of Empire State building in feet?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "building_get_dimensions", "description": "Retrieve the dimensions of a specific building based on its name.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"building_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the building."}, "unit": {"type": "string", "description": "The unit in which you want the dimensions. Default is meter.", "enum": ["meter", "feet"]}}, "required": ["building_name", "unit"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "building_get_dimensions", "arguments": {"building_name": ["Empire State Building", "Empire State"], "unit": "feet"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the structural dynamic analysis of the building with building Id B1004 for 2nd, 3rd and 4th floors?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "analyze_structure", "description": "Analyze a structure of a building based on its Id and floor numbers.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"building_id": {"type": "string", "description": "The unique identification number of the building."}, "floors": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "Floor numbers to be analyzed."}, "mode": {"type": "string", "description": "Mode of analysis, e.g. 'static' or 'dynamic'. Default is 'static'."}}, "required": ["building_id", "floors"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "analyze_structure", "arguments": {"building_id": "B1004", "floors": [2, 3, 4], "mode": "dynamic"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the area and circumference of a circle with a radius of 5 units."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_circle_dimensions", "description": "Calculate the area and circumference of a circle based on the radius.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"radius": {"type": "integer", "description": "The radius of the circle."}}, "required": ["radius"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_circle_dimensions", "arguments": {"radius": 5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find out the open hours for the Louvre Museum in Paris."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "museum_get_hours", "description": "Retrieve the open hours for a museum based on its name and location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the museum."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city where the museum is located."}, "day": {"type": "string", "description": "Optional: Day of the week for specific open hours. Default 'Monday'."}}, "required": ["name", "location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "museum_get_hours", "arguments": {"name": "Louvre Museum", "location": ["Paris", "Paris, France"], "day": "Monday"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find information about the opening hours of the Metropolitan Museum of Art."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "museum_info", "description": "Retrieve information about the opening hours of a museum based on its name.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"museum_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the museum."}, "info_type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of information needed about the museum.", "default": "opening_hours"}}, "required": ["museum_name"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "museum_info", "arguments": {"museum_name": ["Metropolitan Museum of Art", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "Met Museum"], "info_type": "opening_hours"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get the list of top 5 popular artworks at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Please sort by popularity."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "metropolitan_museum_get_top_artworks", "description": "Fetches the list of popular artworks at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Results can be sorted based on popularity.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"number": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of artworks to fetch"}, "sort_by": {"type": "string", "description": "The criteria to sort the results on. Default is 'popularity'.", "enum": ["popularity", "chronological", "alphabetical"]}}, "required": ["number"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "metropolitan_museum_get_top_artworks", "arguments": {"number": 5, "sort_by": "popularity"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get the working hours of Louvre Museum in Paris."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "museum_working_hours_get", "description": "Get the working hours of a museum in a specific location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"museum": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the museum."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location of the museum."}, "day": {"type": "string", "description": "Specific day of the week. Default is 'Monday'"}}, "required": ["museum", "location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "museum_working_hours_get", "arguments": {"museum": ["Louvre Museum", "Louvre"], "location": ["Paris", "Paris, France"], "day": "Monday"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the working hours and ticket price of The British Museum for this weekend, Jun.20,2023."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "museum_info", "description": "Get information about a museum including its opening hours and ticket prices for a specific date range.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"museum": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the museum."}, "date": {"type": "string", "description": "The specific date for which information is needed, in the format of YYYY-MM-DD such as '2022-12-01'."}, "information": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["opening_hours", "ticket_price", "address"]}, "description": "The type of information needed from the museum. This is optional and defaults to 'all' if not specified.", "default": "all"}}, "required": ["museum", "date"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "museum_info", "arguments": {"museum": "The British Museum", "date": "2023-06-20", "information": [["opening_hours", "ticket_price"], ["ticket_price", "opening_hours"]]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find me the average price and ratings of piano from Yamaha."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_instrument_details", "description": "Retrieve the average price and ratings of an instrument from a particular manufacturer.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"instrument": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the instrument."}, "manufacturer": {"type": "string", "description": "The manufacturer of the instrument."}, "features": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["price", "rating"]}, "description": "The features to retrieve about the instrument. Default is 'price'"}}, "required": ["instrument", "manufacturer"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_instrument_details", "arguments": {"instrument": "piano", "manufacturer": "Yamaha", "features": ["price", "rating"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the retail price of a Fender American Professional II Stratocaster in Rosewood Finish?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "instrument_price_get", "description": "Retrieve the current retail price of a specific musical instrument.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"brand": {"type": "string", "description": "The brand of the instrument."}, "model": {"type": "string", "description": "The specific model of the instrument."}, "finish": {"type": "string", "description": "The color or type of finish on the instrument."}}, "required": ["brand", "model", "finish"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "instrument_price_get", "arguments": {"brand": "Fender", "model": "American Professional II Stratocaster", "finish": "Rosewood"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find an acoustic instrument within my budget of $1000."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "find_instrument", "description": "Search for a musical instrument within specified budget and of specific type.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"budget": {"type": "integer", "description": "Your budget for the instrument."}, "type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of the instrument"}, "make": {"type": "string", "description": "Maker of the instrument. Default to not use if not specified."}}, "required": ["budget", "type"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "find_instrument", "arguments": {"budget": 1000, "type": "acoustic", "make": []}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the details about the musical instrument 'Violin' from 'Stradivarius' maker, made in the year 1721."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_instrument_info", "description": "Retrieve the details about a specific musical instrument based on its name, maker, and manufacturing year.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the instrument."}, "maker": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the maker who created the instrument."}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The year the instrument was made."}}, "required": ["name", "maker", "year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_instrument_info", "arguments": {"name": "Violin", "maker": "Stradivarius", "year": 1721}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find a Yamaha flute with the specifications of open hole, C foot, and silver headjoint available for sale."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "find_flute", "description": "Locate a flute for sale based on specific requirements.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"brand": {"type": "string", "description": "The brand of the flute. Example, 'Yamaha'"}, "specs": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["open hole", "C foot", "silver headjoint"]}, "description": "The specifications of the flute desired."}}, "required": ["brand", "specs"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "find_flute", "arguments": {"brand": "Yamaha", "specs": ["open hole", "C foot", "silver headjoint"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the price of a used Gibson Les Paul guitar in excellent condition in the Chicago area."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "guitar_price_find", "description": "Retrieve the price of a specific used guitar model based on its condition and location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"model": {"type": "string", "description": "The model of the guitar."}, "condition": {"type": "string", "enum": ["Poor", "Good", "Excellent"], "description": "The condition of the guitar."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location where the guitar is being sold."}}, "required": ["model", "condition", "location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "guitar_price_find", "arguments": {"model": "Gibson Les Paul", "condition": "Excellent", "location": ["Chicago", "Chicago, IL", "Chicago, Illinois"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get information about the pop concerts in New York for next month."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "concert_info_get", "description": "Retrieve information about concerts based on specific genre, location and date.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city where the concert will take place."}, "date": {"type": "string", "description": "Time frame to get the concert for."}, "genre": {"type": "string", "description": "Genre of the concert.", "enum": ["Pop", "Rock", "Country", "Classical", "Electronic", "Hip-Hop"]}}, "required": ["location", "date", "genre"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "concert_info_get", "arguments": {"location": ["New York City, NY", "New York"], "date": ["next month", "2023-06-01", "06/01/2023", "Jun.1,2023", "June 2023"], "genre": "Pop"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find me a Rock concert in Chicago with ticket availability under $100."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "find_concert", "description": "Locate a concert in a specified location within a certain budget.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city where you are looking for a concert. In the format City, State."}, "price": {"type": "integer", "description": "Maximum ticket price."}, "genre": {"type": "string", "description": "Music genre of the concert. Default to 'Jazz'. ", "enum": ["Rock", "Pop", "Country", "Jazz", "Classical"]}}, "required": ["location", "price"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "find_concert", "arguments": {"location": ["Chicago, Illinois", "Chicago, IL"], "price": 100, "genre": "Rock"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get concert details for the artist Beyonce performing in San Diego next month (April 2022)."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "concert_get_details", "description": "Fetch the details for a particular concert based on the artist and location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"artist": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the artist/band who's performing."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "City where the concert is taking place."}, "date": {"type": "string", "description": "Date of the concert in 'mm-yyyy' format. Default is the current month if not specified."}}, "required": ["artist", "location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "concert_get_details", "arguments": {"artist": "Beyonce", "location": ["San Diego", "San Diego, California", "CA"], "date": ["04-2022", "April 2022"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find me a classical concert this weekend in Los Angeles with cheap tickets."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "concert_search", "description": "Locate a concert based on specific criteria like genre, location, and date.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"genre": {"type": "string", "description": "Genre of the concert."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "City of the concert."}, "date": {"type": "string", "description": "Date of the concert, e.g. this weekend, today, tomorrow.", "enum": ["this weekend", "next weekend", "this month", "next month", "today", "tomorrow", "the day after"]}, "price_range": {"type": "string", "enum": ["free", "cheap", "moderate", "expensive"], "description": "Expected price range of the concert tickets. Default is 'free'."}}, "required": ["genre", "location", "date"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "concert_search", "arguments": {"genre": "classical", "location": ["Los Angeles", "LA"], "date": "this weekend", "price_range": "cheap"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get me two tickets for next Eminem concert in New York City."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "concert_booking_book_ticket", "description": "Book concert tickets for a specific artist in a specified city.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"artist": {"type": "string", "description": "The artist you want to book tickets for."}, "city": {"type": "string", "description": "The city where the concert is."}, "num_tickets": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of tickets required. Default is 1."}}, "required": ["artist", "city"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "concert_booking_book_ticket", "arguments": {"artist": "Eminem", "city": ["New York City", "New York City, NY", "NYC"], "num_tickets": 2}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find concerts near me in Seattle that plays jazz music."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "concert_find_nearby", "description": "Locate nearby concerts based on specific criteria like genre.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city and state, e.g. Seattle, WA"}, "genre": {"type": "string", "description": "Genre of music to be played at the concert."}}, "required": ["location", "genre"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "concert_find_nearby", "arguments": {"location": ["Seattle", "Seattle, WA"], "genre": ["jazz", "Jazz"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the timing and location for The Weeknd's concert happening in December?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "concert_find_details", "description": "Finds details of a concert event.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"artist": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the artist performing."}, "month": {"type": "string", "description": "Month in which the concert is happening."}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "Year of the concert.", "default": 2022}}, "required": ["artist", "month"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "concert_find_details", "arguments": {"artist": "The Weeknd", "month": "December", "year": 2022}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Generate a melody in C major scale, starting with the note C4, 16 measures long, at 120 beats per minute."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "music_generator_generate_melody", "description": "Generate a melody based on certain musical parameters.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"key": {"type": "string", "description": "The key of the melody. E.g., 'C' for C major."}, "start_note": {"type": "string", "description": "The first note of the melody, specified in scientific pitch notation. E.g., 'C4'."}, "length": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of measures in the melody."}, "tempo": {"type": "integer", "description": "The tempo of the melody, in beats per minute. Optional parameter. If not specified, defaults to 120."}}, "required": ["key", "start_note", "length"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "music_generator_generate_melody", "arguments": {"key": "C", "start_note": "C4", "length": 16, "tempo": 120}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Compose a simple piano melody with a progression of C, F and G for 4 measures."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "compose_melody", "description": "Compose a melody using the specified chord progression for a certain number of measures on specified instrument.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"progression": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "The progression of chords."}, "measures": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of measures of the melody."}, "instrument": {"type": "string", "description": "The instrument for the composition. Default is 'Piano'."}}, "required": ["progression", "measures"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "compose_melody", "arguments": {"progression": ["C", "F", "G"], "measures": 4, "instrument": "Piano"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Create a mix track using notes of C major scale and duration of each note being quarter of a second with a duration of 3 minutes."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "music_composer_create_mix", "description": "Create a mix of a song based on a particular music scale and duration", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"scale": {"type": "string", "description": "The musical scale to be used. E.g: C Major, A Minor, etc."}, "note_duration": {"type": "string", "description": "Duration of each note. Options: 'whole', 'half', 'quarter', 'eighth', 'sixteenth'.", "enum": ["whole", "half", "quarter", "eighth", "sixteenth"]}, "track_length": {"type": "integer", "description": "Length of the mix track in seconds."}}, "required": ["scale", "note_duration", "track_length"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "music_composer_create_mix", "arguments": {"scale": "C Major", "note_duration": "quarter", "track_length": 180}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Generate a major chord progression in C key with four chords."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "music_generation_create_chord_progression", "description": "Create a chord progression in a specific key and number of chords.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"key": {"type": "string", "description": "The key for the chord progression."}, "chords": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of chords in the progression."}, "progression_type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of the chord progression. Optional parameter. Default is 'major'."}}, "required": ["key", "chords"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "music_generation_create_chord_progression", "arguments": {"key": "C", "chords": 4, "progression_type": "major"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the lyrics to the song 'Bohemian Rhapsody' by Queen."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_song_lyrics", "description": "Retrieve the lyrics of a song based on the artist's name and song title.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"song_title": {"type": "string", "description": "The title of the song."}, "artist_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the artist who performed the song."}, "lang": {"type": "string", "description": "The language of the lyrics. Default is English.", "enum": ["English", "French", "Spanish", "German", "Italian"]}}, "required": ["song_title", "artist_name"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_song_lyrics", "arguments": {"song_title": "Bohemian Rhapsody", "artist_name": "Queen", "lang": "English"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Generate a major C scale progression with tempo 80 BPM and duration 4 beats."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "music_generator_generate_scale_progression", "description": "Generate a music scale progression in a specific key with a given tempo and duration.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"key": {"type": "string", "description": "The key in which to generate the scale progression."}, "tempo": {"type": "integer", "description": "The tempo of the scale progression in BPM."}, "duration": {"type": "integer", "description": "The duration of each note in beats."}, "scale_type": {"type": "string", "default": "major", "description": "The type of scale to generate. Defaults to 'major'."}}, "required": ["key", "tempo", "duration"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "music_generator_generate_scale_progression", "arguments": {"key": "C", "tempo": 80, "duration": 4, "scale_type": "major"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "music.theory.chordProgression(progression=['I', 'V', 'vi', 'IV'])"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "music_theory_chordProgression", "description": "Identifies a potential key signature for the given chord progression.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"progression": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "The chord progression in Roman numerals. Eg: ['I', 'V', 'vi', 'IV']."}, "returnAllPossibleKeys": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Flag indicating if the function should return all possible key signatures that fit the chord progression. If false, the function will return the first valid key it finds. Default is false."}, "assumeMajor": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Assumption if the key signature is Major. If true, the function will assume the key signature to be major and otherwise minor. Default is true."}}, "required": ["progression"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "music_theory_chordProgression", "arguments": {"progression": ["I", "V", "vi", "IV"], "returnAllPossibleKeys": [true, false], "assumeMajor": [true, false]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What key signature does C# major have?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "music_theory_key_signature", "description": "Return the key signature of a major or minor scale.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"key": {"type": "string", "description": "The root of the scale, e.g., 'C', 'F#', 'Ab'."}, "scale_type": {"type": "string", "enum": ["major", "minor"], "description": "Type of the scale, either 'major' or 'minor'. Default is 'major'."}}, "required": ["key"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "music_theory_key_signature", "arguments": {"key": "C#", "scale_type": "major"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the musical scale associated with C sharp major?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "musical_scale", "description": "Get the musical scale of a specific key in music theory.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"key": {"type": "string", "description": "The musical key for which the scale will be found."}, "scale_type": {"type": "string", "default": "major", "description": "The type of musical scale."}}, "required": ["key"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "musical_scale", "arguments": {"key": ["C#", "C sharp"], "scale_type": "major"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the duration between two notes of 440Hz and 880Hz frequency based on harmonic rhythm."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "music_calculate_note_duration", "description": "Calculate the duration between two notes based on their frequencies and harmonic rhythm.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"first_note_frequency": {"type": "integer", "description": "The frequency of the first note in Hz."}, "second_note_frequency": {"type": "integer", "description": "The frequency of the second note in Hz."}, "tempo": {"type": "integer", "description": "The tempo of the music in beats per minute. Defaults to 120 beats per minute."}}, "required": ["first_note_frequency", "second_note_frequency"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "music_calculate_note_duration", "arguments": {"first_note_frequency": 440, "second_note_frequency": 880, "tempo": 120}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the third major chord in C major scale?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_third_chord", "description": "Calculate the third major chord in a given key.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"key": {"type": "string", "description": "The key of the scale."}, "type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of the scale, either major or minor. Default is 'major'."}}, "required": ["key"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_third_chord", "arguments": {"key": "C", "type": "major"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the batting average for a baseball player who has 180 hits and 600 at-bats. Round to 3 decimals."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_batting_average", "description": "Calculate the batting average for a baseball player based on their number of hits and at-bats.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"hits": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of hits."}, "at_bats": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of at-bats."}, "decimal_places": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of decimal places to return in the batting average. Default is 3."}}, "required": ["hits", "at_bats"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_batting_average", "arguments": {"hits": 180, "at_bats": 600, "decimal_places": 3}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get the player stats of Cristiano Ronaldo in the 2019-2020 season"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "soccer_stat_get_player_stats", "description": "Retrieve soccer player statistics for a given season.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"player_name": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the player."}, "season": {"type": "string", "description": "Soccer season, usually specified by two years."}, "league": {"type": "string", "description": "Optional - the soccer league, defaults to all leagues if not specified."}}, "required": ["player_name", "season"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "soccer_stat_get_player_stats", "arguments": {"player_name": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "season": "2019-2020", "league": []}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get point and rebound stats for player 'LeBron James' from last basketball game"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "player_stats_getLastGame", "description": "Get last game statistics for a specific player in basketball", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"player_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the basketball player."}, "team": {"type": "string", "description": "The team that player currently plays for."}, "metrics": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["Points", "Rebounds", "Assists", "Blocks"]}, "description": "Specific metrics to retrieve. If no value is specified, all available metrics will be returned by default."}}, "required": ["player_name", "team"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "player_stats_getLastGame", "arguments": {"player_name": "LeBron James", "team": ["Los Angeles Lakers", "LAL", "Lakers"], "metrics": ["Points", "Rebounds"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the overall goal and assist of soccer player Messi in La Liga 2020-2021 season"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "sports_stats_get_performance", "description": "Compute the performance score of a soccer player given his game stats for a specific tournament in a season.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"player_name": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the player."}, "tournament": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the soccer tournament."}, "season": {"type": "string", "description": "Specific season in format 'YYYY-YYYY'."}, "performance_indicator": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["Goals Scored", "Assists Made", "Saves Made", "Cards Received"]}, "description": "Array of performance indicators. Use as much as possible. Default to use all if not specified."}}, "required": ["player_name", "tournament", "season"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "sports_stats_get_performance", "arguments": {"player_name": ["Messi", "Lionel Messi"], "tournament": "La Liga", "season": "2020-2021", "performance_indicator": ["Goals Scored", "Assists Made"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find average batting score of a cricketer, Virat Kohli for past 10 matches"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "average_batting_score", "description": "Get the average batting score of a cricketer for specified past matches.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"player_name": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the cricket player."}, "matches": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of past matches to consider for average calculation."}, "match_format": {"type": "string", "description": "Format of the cricket matches considered (e.g., 'T20', 'ODI', 'Test'). Default is 'T20'."}}, "required": ["player_name", "matches"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "average_batting_score", "arguments": {"player_name": "Virat Kohli", "matches": 10, "match_format": "T20"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Who won the basketball game between Lakers and Clippers on Jan 28, 2021?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "game_result_get_winner", "description": "Get the winner of a specific basketball game.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"teams": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "List of two teams who played the game."}, "date": {"type": "string", "description": "The date of the game, formatted as YYYY-MM-DD."}, "venue": {"type": "string", "optional": true, "description": "Optional: The venue of the game. Default is 'home'."}}, "required": ["teams", "date"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "game_result_get_winner", "arguments": {"teams": [["Lakers", "Clippers"], ["Clippers", "Lakers"]], "date": ["2021-01-28", "01/28/2021", "Jan.28,2021"], "venue": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What are the next five matches for Manchester United and who are they playing against in the English Premier League?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "sports_match_schedule", "description": "Retrieve the match schedule for a specific sports team.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"team_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the sports team."}, "num_matches": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of upcoming matches you want to get."}, "league": {"type": "string", "description": "The sports league of the team. This is an optional parameter. Default is 'English Premier League'."}}, "required": ["team_name", "num_matches"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "sports_match_schedule", "arguments": {"team_name": ["Manchester United", "Man United", "Man U", "MUFC"], "num_matches": 5, "league": "English Premier League"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find me the record of Tom Brady in the 2020 NFL season."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "nfl_data_player_record", "description": "Retrieve the record of an NFL player in a specified season.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"player_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the NFL player."}, "season_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The year of the NFL season."}, "team": {"type": "string", "description": "The NFL team that the player played for in that season. Default is all teams if not specified."}}, "required": ["player_name", "season_year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "nfl_data_player_record", "arguments": {"player_name": "Tom Brady", "season_year": 2020, "team": "Tampa Bay Buccaneers"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What are the career stats of basketball player LeBron James?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_career_stats", "description": "Retrieve the career statistics of a basketball player based on the player's name.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"player_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the basketball player."}, "team": {"type": "string", "description": "The team that the player currently plays for or has played for (Optional). Default to use all teams if not specified."}}, "required": ["player_name"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_career_stats", "arguments": {"player_name": "LeBron James", "team": []}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find me the detailed profile of basketball player Lebron James"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "sports_db_find_athlete", "description": "Find the profile information of a sports athlete based on their full name.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"name": {"type": "string", "description": "The full name of the athlete."}, "team": {"type": "string", "description": "The team the athlete belongs to. Default to all teams if not specified."}, "sport": {"type": "string", "description": "The sport that athlete plays.", "enum": ["Basketball", "Baseball", "Football", "Soccer"]}}, "required": ["name", "sport"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "sports_db_find_athlete", "arguments": {"name": "Lebron James", "sport": "Basketball", "team": []}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What are the statistics of Ronaldo's matches in 2021?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "player_statistic", "description": "Retrieves detailed player's statistics for a specific year.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"player_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The player's name."}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "Year for which the statistics will be displayed."}, "team_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the team(optional). Default to not use it if not specified."}}, "required": ["player_name", "year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "player_statistic", "arguments": {"player_name": ["Ronaldo", "Cristiano Ronaldo"], "year": 2021, "team_name": []}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the total worth in euro of Messi according to latest data?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "celebrity_net_worth_get", "description": "Get the total net worth of a sports celebrity based on most recent data.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"name": {"type": "string", "description": "The full name of the sports celebrity."}, "currency": {"type": "string", "description": "The currency in which the net worth will be returned. Default is 'USD'."}}, "required": ["name", "currency"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "celebrity_net_worth_get", "arguments": {"name": ["Lionel Messi", "Messi"], "currency": ["EUR", "euro"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find all the major achievements of the footballer Lionel Messi."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "sports_celebrity_get_major_achievements", "description": "Returns a list of major achievements of a particular sports celebrity.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"celebrity_name": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the sports celebrity."}, "sports": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of sports the celebrity involved in. Default is Football."}, "team": {"type": "string", "description": "Optional. Team where celebrity currently plays. Default is 'all'"}}, "required": ["celebrity_name"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "sports_celebrity_get_major_achievements", "arguments": {"celebrity_name": ["Lionel Messi", "Messi"], "sports": ["Football", "Soccer"], "team": "all"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get the NBA team's ranking with the best defence in the 2021 season."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_defense_ranking", "description": "Retrieve the defence ranking of NBA teams in a specified season.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"season": {"type": "integer", "description": "The NBA season to get defence ranking from."}, "top": {"type": "integer", "default": 1, "description": "Number of top teams in defence ranking to fetch."}}, "required": ["season"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_defense_ranking", "arguments": {"season": 2021, "top": 1}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the current world rank of a Tennis player, Serena Williams."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_sport_ranking", "description": "Retrieve the current world ranking of a sportsperson based on the sport and player's name.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"sport": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the sport."}, "player_name": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the player."}, "gender": {"type": "string", "description": "Gender of the player. This is optional. The possible values are male or female.", "default": "all"}}, "required": ["sport", "player_name"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_sport_ranking", "arguments": {"sport": "Tennis", "player_name": "Serena Williams", "gender": ["all", "female"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the ranking of LA Lakers in the NBA 2021 regular season."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_team_rank", "description": "Get the team ranking in a sports league based on season and type.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"team_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the sports team."}, "league": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the league in which the team competes."}, "season": {"type": "string", "description": "The season for which the team's ranking is sought."}, "type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of the season: regular or playoff.", "enum": ["regular", "playoff"]}}, "required": ["team_name", "league", "season", "type"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_team_rank", "arguments": {"team_name": "LA Lakers", "league": "NBA", "season": "2021", "type": "regular"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the FIFA ranking of Germany's men soccer team for the year 2021?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_team_ranking", "description": "Retrieve the FIFA ranking of a specific soccer team for a certain year.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"team_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the soccer team."}, "year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The year for which the ranking is to be retrieved."}, "gender": {"type": "string", "description": "The gender of the team. It can be either 'men' or 'women'. Default is 'men'."}}, "required": ["team_name", "year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_team_ranking", "arguments": {"team_name": "Germany", "year": 2021, "gender": "men"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the ranking of Manchester United in Premier League?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "sports_ranking", "description": "Fetch the ranking of a specific sports team in a specific league", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"team": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the team."}, "league": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the league."}, "season": {"type": "integer", "description": "Optional parameter to specify the season, default is the current season '2023' if not specified."}}, "required": ["team", "league"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "sports_ranking", "arguments": {"team": ["Manchester United", "Man United", "Man U", "MUFC"], "league": "Premier League", "season": 2023}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Fetch the basketball league standings, where Golden State Warriors stand in current 2022-2023 season with details"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "sports_ranking_get_team_position", "description": "Retrieve a team's position and stats in the basketball league for a given season.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"team": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the team."}, "season": {"type": "string", "description": "The season for which data should be fetched."}, "detailed": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Flag to retrieve detailed stats or just the position.", "default": false}}, "required": ["team", "season"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "sports_ranking_get_team_position", "arguments": {"team": ["Golden State Warriors", "GSW"], "season": "2022-2023", "detailed": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the ranking of Barcelona in the 2021 La Liga season?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "sports_ranking", "description": "Get the ranking of a team in a given sports league and season.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"team": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the team."}, "league": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the sports league."}, "season": {"type": "string", "description": "The season for which ranking needs to be obtained."}}, "required": ["team", "league", "season"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "sports_ranking", "arguments": {"team": ["Barcelona", "FC Barcelona"], "league": "La Liga", "season": "2021"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get the current ranking for Liverpool Football Club in the Premier League."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "sports_ranking_get_current", "description": "Retrieve the current ranking of a specific team in a particular league.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"team": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the team whose ranking is sought."}, "league": {"type": "string", "description": "The league in which the team participates."}, "season": {"type": "string", "description": "The season for which the ranking is sought. Defaults to the current season '2023-2024' if not provided."}}, "required": ["team", "league"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "sports_ranking_get_current", "arguments": {"team": ["Liverpool Football Club", "Liverpool", "LFC"], "league": ["Premier League", "EPL", "English Premier League"], "season": "2023-2024"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Who is ranked as the top player in woman tennis?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "sports_ranking_get_top_player", "description": "Get the top player in a specific sport.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"sport": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of sport."}, "gender": {"type": "string", "description": "The gender of the sport category. Optional.", "default": "men"}}, "required": ["sport"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "sports_ranking_get_top_player", "arguments": {"sport": "tennis", "gender": "women"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the score of last game for Los Angeles Lakers including its opponent name."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "team_score_get_latest", "description": "Retrieve the score of the most recent game for a specified sports team.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"team": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the sports team."}, "include_opponent": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Include the name of the opponent team in the return.", "default": false}}, "required": ["team"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "team_score_get_latest", "arguments": {"team": ["Los Angeles Lakers", "Lakers"], "include_opponent": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Who won the last match between Chicago Bulls and Los Angeles Lakers?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "sports_match_results", "description": "Returns the results of a given match between two teams.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"team1": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the first team."}, "team2": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the second team."}, "season": {"type": "string", "description": "The season when the match happened. Default is the current season."}}, "required": ["team1", "team2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "sports_match_results", "arguments": {"team1": "Chicago Bulls", "team2": "Los Angeles Lakers", "season": []}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get the latest game score and statistics for Los Angeles Lakers in NBA."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_team_score", "description": "Retrieves the latest game score, individual player stats, and team stats for a specified sports team.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"team_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the sports team."}, "league": {"type": "string", "description": "The league that the team is part of."}, "include_player_stats": {"type": "boolean", "default": false, "description": "Indicates if individual player statistics should be included in the result. Default is false."}}, "required": ["team_name", "league"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_team_score", "arguments": {"team_name": ["Los Angeles Lakers", "Lakers"], "league": "NBA", "include_player_stats": [true, false]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Give me the schedule of Manchester United for the next 6 games in Premier League."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "sports_team_get_schedule", "description": "Fetches the schedule of the specified sports team for the specified number of games in the given league.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"team_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the sports team."}, "num_of_games": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of games for which to fetch the schedule."}, "league": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the sports league. If not provided, the function will fetch the schedule for all games, regardless of the league."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "Optional. The city or venue where games are to be held. If not provided, default that all venues will be considered."}}, "required": ["team_name", "num_of_games", "league"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "sports_team_get_schedule", "arguments": {"team_name": ["Manchester United", "Man United", "Man U", "MUFC"], "num_of_games": 6, "league": "Premier League", "location": []}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the rating and player count of the board game 'Ticket to Ride'."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "boardgame_get_info", "description": "Retrieve detailed information of a board game.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"name": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the board game."}, "parameters": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["player count", "playing time", "age", "mechanics", "rating"]}, "description": "Game characteristics interested."}, "language": {"type": "string", "description": "The preferred language for the game information, default is English"}}, "required": ["name", "parameters"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "boardgame_get_info", "arguments": {"name": "Ticket to Ride", "parameters": [["rating", "player count"], ["player count", "rating"]], "language": "English"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the odds of rolling a 7 with two dice in the board game Monopoly."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "monopoly_odds_calculator", "description": "Calculates the probability of rolling a certain sum with two dice, commonly used in board game like Monopoly.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"number": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number for which the odds are calculated."}, "dice_number": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of dice involved in the roll."}, "dice_faces": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of faces on a single die. Default is 6 for standard six-faced die."}}, "required": ["number", "dice_number"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "monopoly_odds_calculator", "arguments": {"number": 7, "dice_number": 2, "dice_faces": 6}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the average review rating and the age range for the board game 'Catan'?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "board_game_info", "description": "Get the information about a board game from a database. ", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"game_name": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the board game."}, "info_required": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["average_review_rating", "age_range", "number_of_players", "playing_time", "genre"]}, "description": "Array of information requested for the game."}}, "required": ["game_name", "info_required"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "board_game_info", "arguments": {"game_name": "Catan", "info_required": ["average_review_rating", "age_range"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the top chess players in New York with a rating above 2300."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "board_game_chess_get_top_players", "description": "Find top chess players in a location based on rating.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city you want to find the players from."}, "minimum_rating": {"type": "integer", "description": "Minimum rating to filter the players."}, "number_of_players": {"type": "integer", "default": 10, "description": "Number of players you want to retrieve, default value is 10"}}, "required": ["location", "minimum_rating"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "board_game_chess_get_top_players", "arguments": {"location": ["New York", "New York City", "New York City, NY", "NYC"], "minimum_rating": 2300, "number_of_players": 10}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the chess classical rating of Magnus Carlsen?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "chess_rating", "description": "Fetches the current chess rating of a given player", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"player_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The full name of the chess player."}, "variant": {"type": "string", "description": "The variant of chess for which rating is requested (e.g., 'classical', 'blitz', 'bullet'). Default is 'classical'."}}, "required": ["player_name"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "chess_rating", "arguments": {"player_name": "Magnus Carlsen", "variant": "classical"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the high and low temperatures, humidity, and precipitation for London, United Kingdom for the next 3 days."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "detailed_weather_forecast", "description": "Retrieve a detailed weather forecast for a specific location and time frame, including high/low temperatures, humidity, and precipitation.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city that you want to get the weather for."}, "days": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of days for the forecast."}, "details": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["high_low_temperature", "humidity", "precipitation"]}, "description": "Specific weather details required in the forecast."}}, "required": ["location", "days", "details"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "detailed_weather_forecast", "arguments": {"location": ["London, United Kingdom", "London"], "days": 3, "details": ["high_low_temperature", "humidity", "precipitation"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Check who is the winner in a game of blackjack given player having A and 10, dealer having 10 and 9. The Ace is considered 1."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "blackjack_check_winner", "description": "Checks and determines the winner in a game of blackjack.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"player_cards": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "Cards held by the player."}, "dealer_cards": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "Cards held by the dealer."}, "ace_value": {"type": "integer", "description": "The value considered for the ace card, can be either 1 or 11.", "default": 11}}, "required": ["player_cards", "dealer_cards"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "blackjack_check_winner", "arguments": {"player_cards": ["A", "10"], "dealer_cards": ["10", "9"], "ace_value": 1}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find a Card of rank 'Queen' and suit 'Hearts' in the deck."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "find_card_in_deck", "description": "Locate a particular card in a deck based on rank and suit.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"rank": {"type": "string", "description": "Rank of the card (e.g. Ace, Two, King)."}, "suit": {"type": "string", "description": "Suit of the card (e.g. Hearts, Spades, Diamonds, Clubs)."}, "deck": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "object", "properties": {"rank": {"type": "string"}, "suit": {"type": "string"}}}, "description": "Deck of cards. If not provided, the deck will be a standard 52 card deck"}}, "required": ["rank", "suit"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "find_card_in_deck", "arguments": {"rank": "Queen", "suit": "Hearts", "deck": []}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Shuffle a deck of cards, and draw 3 cards from the top."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "cards_shuffle_and_draw", "description": "Shuffle a standard deck of 52 cards and draw a specified number of cards from the top.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"num_cards": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of cards to be drawn. The default is 1 if no value is provided."}}, "required": ["num_cards"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "cards_shuffle_and_draw", "arguments": {"num_cards": 3}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "In a texas holdem game, Who won in the poker game with players Alex, Sam, Robert and Steve given the cards Alex':['A of spades', 'K of spades'], 'Sam': ['2 of diamonds', '3 of clubs'], 'Robert': ['Q of hearts', '10 of hearts'], 'Steve': ['4 of spades', '5 of spades']?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "poker_game_winner", "description": "Identify the winner in a poker game based on the cards.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"players": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "Names of the players in a list."}, "cards": {"type": "object", "description": "An object containing the player name as key and the cards as values in a list."}, "type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of poker game. Defaults to 'Texas Holdem'"}}, "required": ["players", "cards"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "poker_game_winner", "arguments": {"players": ["Alex", "Sam", "Robert", "Steve"], "cards": {"Alex": [["A of spades", "K of spades"]], "Sam": [["2 of diamonds", "3 of clubs"]], "Robert": [["Q of hearts", "10 of hearts"]], "Steve": [["4 of spades", "5 of spades"]]}, "type": "Texas Holdem"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the probability of drawing a heart card from a deck of 52 cards?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "card_game_probability_calculate", "description": "Calculate the probability of drawing a certain card or suit from a deck of cards.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"total_cards": {"type": "integer", "description": "Total number of cards in the deck."}, "desired_cards": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of cards in the deck that satisfy the conditions."}, "cards_drawn": {"type": "integer", "default": 1, "description": "Number of cards drawn from the deck."}}, "required": ["total_cards", "desired_cards"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "card_game_probability_calculate", "arguments": {"total_cards": 52, "desired_cards": 13, "cards_drawn": 1}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the probability of getting a full house in poker?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "poker_probability_full_house", "description": "Calculate the probability of getting a full house in a poker game.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"deck_size": {"type": "integer", "description": "The size of the deck. Default is 52."}, "hand_size": {"type": "integer", "description": "The size of the hand. Default is 5."}}, "required": ["deck_size", "hand_size"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "poker_probability_full_house", "arguments": {"deck_size": 52, "hand_size": 5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Determine the winner in a Poker game with John having a Hand of 8\u2665, 10\u2665, J\u2665, Q\u2665, K\u2665 and Mike having 9\u2660, J\u2660, 10\u2660, Q\u2660, K\u2660."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "card_games_poker_determine_winner", "description": "Determines the winner in a game of Poker based on the cards in each players' hands.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"player1": {"type": "string", "description": "The first player's name."}, "hand1": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "The list of cards (as strings) in first player's hand. E.g ['10\u2660', 'J\u2660']"}, "player2": {"type": "string", "description": "The second player's name."}, "hand2": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "The list of cards (as strings) in second player's hand. E.g ['9\u2665', '10\u2665']"}}, "required": ["player1", "hand1", "player2", "hand2"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "card_games_poker_determine_winner", "arguments": {"player1": "John", "hand1": ["8\u2665", "10\u2665", "J\u2665", "Q\u2665", "K\u2665"], "player2": "Mike", "hand2": ["9\u2660", "J\u2660", "10\u2660", "Q\u2660", "K\u2660"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What are the odds of drawing a heart card from a deck without joker?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "deck_of_cards_odds", "description": "Compute the probability of drawing a specific suit from a given deck of cards.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"suit": {"type": "string", "description": "The card suit. Valid values include: 'spades', 'clubs', 'hearts', 'diamonds'."}, "deck_type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of deck, normal deck includes joker, and without_joker deck excludes joker.", "default": "normal"}}, "required": ["suit", "deck_type"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "deck_of_cards_odds", "arguments": {"suit": "hearts", "deck_type": ["without_joker", "normal"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find all multi-player games released in 2019 with an ESRB rating of 'Everyone'"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "game_list_get_games", "description": "Get a list of video games based on release year, multiplayer functionality and ESRB rating", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"release_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The year the game was released."}, "multiplayer": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Whether the game has multiplayer functionality."}, "ESRB_rating": {"type": "string", "description": "The ESRB rating of the game."}}, "required": ["release_year", "multiplayer", "ESRB_rating"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "game_list_get_games", "arguments": {"release_year": 2019, "multiplayer": true, "ESRB_rating": "Everyone"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Fetch player statistics of 'Zelda' on Switch for user 'Sam'."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "game_stats_fetch_player_statistics", "description": "Fetch player statistics for a specific video game for a given user.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"game": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the video game."}, "username": {"type": "string", "description": "The username of the player."}, "platform": {"type": "string", "description": "The platform user is playing on.", "default": "PC"}}, "required": ["game", "username"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "game_stats_fetch_player_statistics", "arguments": {"game": "Zelda", "username": "Sam", "platform": "Switch"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the power rating for the Weapon 'Guardian Sword+' in the game 'Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild'?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_game_item_stats", "description": "Retrieve the statistics of a specific item in a specific video game.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"game": {"type": "string", "description": "The game to retrieve information from."}, "item": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the item in the game."}, "stat": {"type": "string", "description": "Specific statistic required."}}, "required": ["game", "item", "stat"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_game_item_stats", "arguments": {"game": "Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild", "item": "Guardian Sword+", "stat": ["Power", "power", "power rating"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the value of a vintage Super Mario Bros. game from 1985 like new."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "game_valuation", "description": "Get the current market value of a vintage video game.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"game_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the game."}, "release_year": {"type": "integer", "description": "The year the game was released."}, "condition": {"type": "string", "enum": ["New", "Like New", "Used", "Fair", "Poor"], "description": "The condition of the game. Default is 'Used'."}}, "required": ["game_name", "release_year"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "game_valuation", "arguments": {"game_name": "Super Mario Bros.", "release_year": 1985, "condition": ["Like New", "New"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get all collectable items from the game 'Animal Crossing: New Horizons' during the Spring season."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_collectables_in_season", "description": "Retrieve a list of collectable items in a specific game during a specified season.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"game_name": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the game."}, "season": {"type": "string", "description": "The season for which to retrieve the collectable items."}, "item_type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of item to search for. Default is 'all'. Possible values: 'all', 'bug', 'fish', 'sea creatures', etc."}}, "required": ["game_name", "season"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_collectables_in_season", "arguments": {"game_name": "Animal Crossing: New Horizons", "season": "Spring", "item_type": "all"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get me the details of the last game played by Liverpool F.C. Include its statistics."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "soccer_get_last_match", "description": "Retrieve the details of the last match played by a specified soccer club.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"team_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the soccer club."}, "include_stats": {"type": "boolean", "description": "If true, include match statistics like possession, shots on target etc. Default is false."}}, "required": ["team_name"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "soccer_get_last_match", "arguments": {"team_name": ["Liverpool F.C.", "Liverpool"], "include_stats": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Create a new player profile for the game with name 'StarPlayer' and character class 'Mage', set the starting level to 5."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "create_player_profile", "description": "Create a new player profile with character name, class and starting level.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"player_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The desired name of the player."}, "_class": {"type": "string", "description": "The character class for the player"}, "starting_level": {"type": "integer", "description": "The starting level for the player", "default": 1}}, "required": ["player_name", "_class"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "create_player_profile", "arguments": {"player_name": "StarPlayer", "_class": "Mage", "starting_level": 5}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the highest score achieved by any player in the online game 'Overwatch' on PC globally."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "game_score_highest", "description": "Retrieve the highest score achieved by any player in a specific game.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"game": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the online game."}, "platform": {"type": "string", "description": "The platform where the game is played, e.g. PC, Xbox, Playstation"}, "region": {"type": "string", "description": "The geographic region of the player. Defaults to 'Global'"}}, "required": ["game", "platform"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "game_score_highest", "arguments": {"game": "Overwatch", "platform": "PC", "region": "Global"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get the highest scoring player of game 'Valorant' in 2022 season."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_highest_scoring_player", "description": "Retrieve the highest scoring player in a specific game and season.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"game": {"type": "string", "description": "The game in which you want to find the highest scoring player."}, "season": {"type": "string", "description": "The season during which the high score was achieved."}}, "required": ["game", "season"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_highest_scoring_player", "arguments": {"game": "Valorant", "season": ["2022", "2022 season"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find me a multiplayer game with rating above 4.5 and compatible with Windows 10."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "multiplayer_game_finder", "description": "Locate multiplayer games that match specific criteria such as rating, platform compatibility, genre, etc.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"platform": {"type": "string", "description": "The platform you want the game to be compatible with, e.g. Windows 10, PS5."}, "rating": {"type": "number", "description": "Desired minimum game rating on a 5.0 scale. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "genre": {"type": "string", "description": "Desired game genre, e.g. Action, Adventure, Racing. Default is 'Action'.", "enum": ["Action", "Adventure", "Racing", "Strategy", "Simulation"]}}, "required": ["platform", "rating"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "multiplayer_game_finder", "arguments": {"platform": "Windows 10", "rating": 4.5, "genre": "Action"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get the average user score for the game 'The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild' from GameSpot."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "gamespot_getAverageUserScore", "description": "Retrieve the average user score of a game from GameSpot.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"game_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the game."}, "platform": {"type": "string", "description": "The platform the game was released on (e.g., Nintendo Switch, PS5, etc.)", "default": "all platforms"}}, "required": ["game_name", "platform"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "gamespot_getAverageUserScore", "arguments": {"game_name": "The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild", "platform": ["Nintendo Switch", "all platforms"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What are some gluten-free recipes for dinner?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "find_recipes", "description": "Find recipes based on dietary restrictions, meal type, and preferred ingredients.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"diet": {"type": "string", "description": "The dietary restrictions, e.g., 'vegan', 'gluten-free'."}, "meal_type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of meal, e.g., 'dinner', 'breakfast'."}, "ingredients": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "The preferred ingredients. If left blank, it will default to return general recipes."}}, "required": ["diet", "meal_type"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "find_recipes", "arguments": {"diet": "gluten-free", "meal_type": "dinner", "ingredients": []}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find a vegan soup recipe that takes under 30 minutes to make."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_vegan_recipe", "description": "Retrieve a vegan soup recipe based on the provided cooking time.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"dish_type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of dish, e.g. soup, dessert, etc.", "enum": ["soup", "main dish", "dessert", "salad"]}, "cooking_time": {"type": "integer", "description": "The maximum cooking time for the recipe in minutes."}, "ingredient_preference": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "Preferred ingredients to be included in the recipe, if any. Default to not use it if not provided."}}, "required": ["dish_type", "cooking_time"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_vegan_recipe", "arguments": {"dish_type": "soup", "cooking_time": 30, "ingredient_preference": []}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "How many calories in the Beef Lasagna Recipe from Foodnetwork.com?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "recipe_info_get_calories", "description": "Retrieve the amount of calories from a specific recipe in a food website.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"website": {"type": "string", "description": "The food website that has the recipe."}, "recipe": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the recipe."}, "optional_meal_time": {"type": "string", "description": "Specific meal time of the day for the recipe (optional, could be 'Breakfast', 'Lunch', 'Dinner'). Default is all if not specified."}}, "required": ["website", "recipe"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "recipe_info_get_calories", "arguments": {"website": "Foodnetwork.com", "recipe": "Beef Lasagna", "optional_meal_time": []}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find me a recipe that serves 2 people, is vegan, and takes under 30 minutes to prepare."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "recipe_finder_find", "description": "Find a recipe based on dietary preferences, number of servings, and preparation time.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"servings": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of people that the recipe should serve."}, "diet": {"type": "string", "description": "Any dietary restrictions like 'vegan', 'vegetarian', 'gluten-free' etc."}, "prep_time": {"type": "integer", "description": "The maximum amount of time (in minutes) the preparation should take. Default is 60 minutes."}}, "required": ["servings", "diet"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "recipe_finder_find", "arguments": {"servings": 2, "diet": "vegan", "prep_time": 30}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get the recipe for vegan chocolate cake including the steps for preparation."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_recipe", "description": "Fetch the recipe for a specific dish along with preparation steps.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"dish_name": {"type": "string", "description": "Name of the dish whose recipe needs to be fetched."}, "diet_preference": {"type": "string", "description": "Preferred dietary consideration like vegan, vegetarian, gluten-free etc. Default is none.", "default": "none"}}, "required": ["dish_name"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_recipe", "arguments": {"dish_name": ["chocolate cake", "vegan chocolate cake"], "diet_preference": "vegan"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find a gluten-free cookie recipe that takes less than 30 minutes to prepare."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "recipe_search", "description": "Search for a cooking recipe based on specific dietary needs and time constraint.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"diet": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["Gluten Free", "Dairy Free", "Vegan", "Vegetarian"]}, "description": "Specific dietary need."}, "time_limit": {"type": "integer", "description": "The maximum time to prepare the recipe in minutes. Default is 60 minutes."}, "dish": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the dish to search for. Default is not use if not specified."}}, "required": ["dish", "diet"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "recipe_search", "arguments": {"diet": [["Gluten Free"], ["GF"], ["gluten free"]], "time_limit": 30, "dish": "cookie"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Give me a recipe for a vegetarian pasta with cheese for 2 servings."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "recipe_search", "description": "Search for a recipe given dietary restriction, ingredients, and number of servings.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"dietary_restriction": {"type": "string", "description": "The dietary restriction, e.g., 'Vegetarian'."}, "ingredients": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "The list of ingredients."}, "servings": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of servings the recipe should make"}}, "required": ["dietary_restriction", "ingredients", "servings"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "recipe_search", "arguments": {"dietary_restriction": "Vegetarian", "ingredients": ["pasta", "cheese"], "servings": 2}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find a recipe for pasta carbonara which contains only less than 500 calories."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "find_recipe", "description": "Locate a recipe based on name and its calorie content", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"recipeName": {"type": "string", "description": "The recipe's name."}, "maxCalories": {"type": "integer", "description": "The maximum calorie content of the recipe.", "default": 1000}}, "required": ["recipeName"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "find_recipe", "arguments": {"recipeName": "pasta carbonara", "maxCalories": 500}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find Italian restaurants near New York city that serves gluten-free options."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "restaurant_finder", "description": "Locate restaurants based on certain criteria such as cuisine, city, and dietary preferences.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"city": {"type": "string", "description": "City where you are looking for the restaurant."}, "cuisine": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of cuisine you are interested in."}, "diet": {"type": "string", "description": "Dietary preferences. e.g. 'Vegetarian', 'Gluten-free', etc. Default 'Vegetarian'."}}, "required": ["city", "cuisine"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "restaurant_finder", "arguments": {"city": ["New York City", "New York City, NY", "NYC", "New York"], "cuisine": "Italian", "diet": "Gluten-free"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What are the top five sushi restaurants with high reviews i.e. above 4/5 in Tokyo?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_best_sushi_places", "description": "Returns the best sushi places given the city, review_rate and top number.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"city": {"type": "string", "description": "The city in which to look for the sushi places."}, "top": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of top sushi places to be returned."}, "review_rate": {"type": "number", "description": "The review rating to filter the sushi places. Places with review ratings above this value will be returned. Default 0.00. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["city", "top"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_best_sushi_places", "arguments": {"city": "Tokyo", "top": 5, "review_rate": 4.0}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the closest sushi restaurant with a patio in Boston."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "restaurant_search_find_closest", "description": "Locate the closest sushi restaurant based on certain criteria, such as the presence of a patio.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city, for instance Boston, MA"}, "cuisine": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of food like Sushi."}, "amenities": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["Patio", "Wi-Fi", "Happy Hour", "Wheelchair Accessible"]}, "description": "Preferred amenities in the restaurant. Default 'Wi-Fi'."}}, "required": ["location", "cuisine"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "find_closest", "arguments": {"location": ["Boston", "Boston, MA"], "cuisine": ["Sushi", "sushi"], "amenities": ["Patio"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Can I find an Italian restaurant with Gluten-free options near Brooklyn?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "find_restaurant", "description": "Locate nearby restaurants based on user defined criteria", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location where user wants to search for a restaurant."}, "type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of the cuisine/restaurant."}, "diet_option": {"type": "string", "description": "Special dietary preferences."}}, "required": ["location", "type", "diet_option"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "find_restaurant", "arguments": {"location": ["Brooklyn", "Brooklyn, NY"], "type": "Italian", "diet_option": "Gluten-free"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "How many ounces in 2 pounds of butter?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "cooking_conversion_convert", "description": "Convert cooking measurements from one unit to another.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"quantity": {"type": "integer", "description": "The quantity to be converted."}, "from_unit": {"type": "string", "description": "The unit to convert from."}, "to_unit": {"type": "string", "description": "The unit to convert to."}, "item": {"type": "string", "description": "The item to be converted."}}, "required": ["quantity", "from_unit", "to_unit", "item"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "cooking_conversion_convert", "arguments": {"quantity": 2, "from_unit": ["pound", "pounds", "lb", "lbs"], "to_unit": ["ounce", "ounces", "oz"], "item": "butter"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "How many teaspoons are in 2 tablespoons for measurement in my recipe?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "recipe_unit_conversion", "description": "Convert a value from one kitchen unit to another for cooking purposes.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"value": {"type": "integer", "description": "The value to be converted."}, "from_unit": {"type": "string", "description": "The unit to convert from. Supports 'teaspoon', 'tablespoon', 'cup', etc."}, "to_unit": {"type": "string", "description": "The unit to convert to. Supports 'teaspoon', 'tablespoon', 'cup', etc."}, "precision": {"type": "integer", "description": "The precision to round the output to, in case of a non-integer result. Optional, default is 1."}}, "required": ["value", "from_unit", "to_unit"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "recipe_unit_conversion", "arguments": {"value": 2, "from_unit": ["tablespoon", "tbsp"], "to_unit": ["teaspoon", "tsp"], "precision": 1}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find me a vegan recipe for brownies which prep time is under 30 minutes."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "find_recipe", "description": "Find a recipe based on the dietary restrictions, recipe type, and time constraints.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"dietary_restrictions": {"type": "string", "description": "Dietary restrictions e.g. vegan, vegetarian, gluten free, dairy free."}, "recipe_type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of the recipe. E.g. dessert, main course, breakfast."}, "time": {"type": "integer", "description": "Time limit in minutes to prep the meal."}}, "required": ["dietary_restrictions", "recipe_type", "time"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "find_recipe", "arguments": {"dietary_restrictions": "vegan", "recipe_type": "dessert", "time": 30}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "How much time will it take to cook a roast chicken of 1.5 kg?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "calculate_cooking_time", "description": "Calculate the cooking time for a roast chicken.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"weight_kg": {"type": "number", "description": "The weight of the chicken in kilograms. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}, "cooking_method": {"type": "string", "description": "The method of cooking, defaults to 'roast'."}, "temp_celsius": {"type": "integer", "description": "The cooking temperature in degrees celsius, defaults to 180."}}, "required": ["weight_kg"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "calculate_cooking_time", "arguments": {"weight_kg": 1.5, "cooking_method": "roast", "temp_celsius": 180}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find a grocery store near me with organic fruits and vegetables in Houston."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "grocery_store_find_nearby", "description": "Locate nearby grocery stores based on specific criteria like organic fruits and vegetables.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city and state, e.g. Houston, TX"}, "categories": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["Organic", "Vegetables", "Fruits", "Dairy", "Seafood", "Bakery"]}, "description": "Categories of items to be found in the grocery store. Default is all if not specified."}}, "required": ["location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "grocery_store_find_nearby", "arguments": {"location": ["Houston", "Houston, TX"], "categories": [["Organic", "Vegetables", "Fruits"], ["Organic", "Fruits", "Vegetables"], ["Vegetables", "Fruits", "Organic"], ["Fruits", "Vegetables", "Organic"], ["Fruits", "Organic", "Vegetables"], ["Vegetables", "Organic", "Fruits"]]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Order three bottles of olive oil and a five pound bag of rice from Safeway in Palo Alto."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "safeway_order", "description": "Order specified items from a Safeway location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location of the Safeway store, e.g. Palo Alto, CA."}, "items": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "List of items to order."}, "quantity": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "Quantity of each item in the order list."}}, "required": ["location", "items", "quantity"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "safeway_order", "arguments": {"location": ["Palo Alto", "Palo Alto, CA"], "items": [["olive oil", "rice"], ["olive oil", "bag of rice"]], "quantity": [3, 1]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Check the price of tomatoes and lettuce at the Whole Foods in Los Angeles."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "whole_foods_check_price", "description": "Check the price of items at a specific Whole Foods location.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "Location of the Whole Foods store."}, "items": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "List of items for which the price needs to be checked."}}, "required": ["location", "items"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "whole_foods_check_price", "arguments": {"location": ["Los Angeles", "LA"], "items": ["tomatoes", "lettuce"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the top five organic bananas brands on the basis of rating from Whole Foods store."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "whole_foods_find_top_brands", "description": "Get top brands based on a specific product from Whole Foods", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"product": {"type": "string", "description": "The product for which the top brands should be fetched."}, "number": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of top brands to be fetched. Default is 5"}, "organic": {"type": "boolean", "description": "If the product should be organic. Default is false"}}, "required": ["product"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "whole_foods_find_top_brands", "arguments": {"product": "bananas", "number": 5, "organic": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "I want to buy apples, rice, and 12 pack of bottled water from a Walmart near San Jose. Show me the product information and stock availability."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "walmart_purchase", "description": "Retrieve information of items from Walmart including stock availability.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"loc": {"type": "string", "description": "Location of the nearest Walmart."}, "product_list": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "Items to be purchased listed in an array."}, "pack_size": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "Size of the product pack if applicable. The size of the array should be equal to product_list. Default is not use it if not specified."}}, "required": ["loc", "product_list"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "walmart_purchase", "arguments": {"loc": ["San Jose", "San Jose, CA"], "product_list": [["apples", "rice", "bottled water"], ["apples", "rice", "water"]], "pack_size": [1, 1, 12]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Check the amount of protein, calories and carbs in an avocado from Walmart."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "grocery_info_nutritional_info", "description": "Retrieve nutritional information for a given food item from a particular store", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"store": {"type": "string", "description": "The store where the item is available"}, "food": {"type": "string", "description": "Food item for which information is needed."}, "information": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["Protein", "Calories", "Carbohydrates", "Fat", "Fiber"]}, "description": "Nutritional details required."}}, "required": ["store", "food", "information"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "grocery_info_nutritional_info", "arguments": {"store": "Walmart", "food": ["avocado", "Avocado"], "information": ["Protein", "Calories", "Carbohydrates"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Check the total price for three pumpkins and two dozen eggs at Walmart."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "walmart_check_price", "description": "Calculate total price for given items and their quantities at Walmart.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"items": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}, "description": "List of items to be priced."}, "quantities": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "integer"}, "description": "Quantity of each item corresponding to the items list."}, "store_location": {"type": "string", "description": "The store location for specific pricing (optional). Default to all if not specified."}}, "required": ["items", "quantities"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "walmart_check_price", "arguments": {"items": [["pumpkins", "eggs"], ["pumpkin", "dozen eggs"]], "quantities": [[3, 24], [3, 2]], "store_location": []}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What time is it currently in London, UK in 24 hour format?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "time_zone_converter", "description": "Retrieve the current time of a specific city.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"city": {"type": "string", "description": "The city you want to know the current time for."}, "country": {"type": "string", "description": "The country where the city is located."}, "display_format": {"type": "string", "description": "The time display format: '12h' or '24h'. Default is '24h'."}}, "required": ["city", "country"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "time_zone_converter", "arguments": {"city": "London", "country": ["UK", "United Kingdom"], "display_format": ["24h", "24 hour"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the current time in Sydney, Australia?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_current_time", "description": "Retrieve the current time for a specified city and country.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"city": {"type": "string", "description": "The city for which the current time is to be retrieved."}, "country": {"type": "string", "description": "The country where the city is located."}, "format": {"type": "string", "description": "The format in which the time is to be displayed, optional (defaults to 'HH:MM:SS')."}}, "required": ["city", "country"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_current_time", "arguments": {"city": "Sydney", "country": "Australia", "format": "HH:MM:SS"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Convert time 3pm from New York time zone to London time zone."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "timezone_convert", "description": "Convert time from one time zone to another.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"time": {"type": "string", "description": "The local time you want to convert, e.g. 3pm"}, "from_timezone": {"type": "string", "description": "The time zone you want to convert from."}, "to_timezone": {"type": "string", "description": "The time zone you want to convert to."}}, "required": ["time", "from_timezone", "to_timezone"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "timezone_convert", "arguments": {"time": "3pm", "from_timezone": ["America/New_York", "New York", "NYC", "New York City"], "to_timezone": ["Europe/London", "London"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the current time in Sydney, Australia?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_current_time", "description": "Retrieve the current time in a specific time zone.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the city."}, "country": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the country."}, "timezone": {"type": "string", "description": "The optional timezone to get current time. Default "}}, "required": ["location", "country"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_current_time", "arguments": {"location": "Sydney", "country": ["Australia", "Australia/Sydney"], "timezone": []}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Book a single room at a pet friendly hotel near Manhattan, New York for 3 nights starting from March 10th, 2023."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "hotel_booking", "description": "Books a hotel room given the location, room type, stay duration and any additional preferences.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city where you want to book the hotel."}, "room_type": {"type": "string", "description": "Type of the room required. Options: 'single', 'double', 'deluxe', etc."}, "duration": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of nights you want to book the hotel for."}, "start_date": {"type": "string", "description": "The date when your stay begins."}, "preferences": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["pet_friendly", "gym", "swimming_pool", "free_breakfast", "parking"]}, "description": "Optional preferences of stay at the hotel. Default to use all if not specified."}}, "required": ["location", "room_type", "duration", "start_date"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "hotel_booking", "arguments": {"location": ["Manhattan, New York", "Manhattan, NY", "NYC", "New York City"], "room_type": "single", "duration": 3, "start_date": ["2023-03-10", "03/10/2023", "Mar.10,2023", "March 10th, 2023", "March 10th,2023", "March10th, 2023", "March10th,2023"], "preferences": ["pet_friendly"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Check if any Hilton Hotel is available for two adults in Paris from 2023 April 4th to April 8th?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "hilton_hotel_check_availability", "description": "Check hotel availability for a specific location and time frame.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city where you want to check hotel availability."}, "check_in_date": {"type": "string", "description": "The check-in date in the format YYYY-MM-DD."}, "check_out_date": {"type": "string", "description": "The check-out date in the format YYYY-MM-DD."}, "no_of_adults": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of adults for the hotel booking."}, "hotel_chain": {"type": "string", "description": "The hotel chain where you want to book the hotel.", "default": "Hilton"}}, "required": ["location", "check_in_date", "check_out_date", "no_of_adults"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "hilton_hotel_check_availability", "arguments": {"location": "Paris", "check_in_date": "2023-04-04", "check_out_date": "2023-04-08", "no_of_adults": 2, "hotel_chain": "Hilton"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Book a single room for two nights at the Hilton Hotel in Chicago, starting from 10th December 2022."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "book_hotel", "description": "Book a room of specified type for a particular number of nights at a specific hotel, starting from a specified date.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"hotel_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the hotel."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city in which the hotel is located."}, "room_type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of room to be booked."}, "start_date": {"type": "string", "description": "The start date for the booking."}, "nights": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of nights for which the booking is to be made."}}, "required": ["hotel_name", "location", "room_type", "start_date", "nights"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "book_hotel", "arguments": {"hotel_name": ["Hilton Hotel", "Hilton"], "location": "Chicago", "room_type": "single", "start_date": ["2022-12-10", "10/12/2022", "Dec 10, 2022", "December 10, 2022"], "nights": 2}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "I would like to book a single room for two nights at The Plaza hotel."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "book_room", "description": "Book a room in a specified hotel.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"hotel_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the hotel."}, "room_type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of room to be booked."}, "num_nights": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of nights to book the room for."}}, "required": ["hotel_name", "room_type", "num_nights"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "book_room", "arguments": {"hotel_name": "The Plaza", "room_type": ["Single", "single"], "num_nights": 2}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Book a hotel room for two adults and one child in Paris, France from July 10, 2022 to July 20, 2022."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "hotel_booking_book", "description": "Book a hotel room given the city, date, and the number of adults and children.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"city": {"type": "string", "description": "The city where the hotel is located."}, "from_date": {"type": "string", "description": "The start date of the booking. The format is MM-DD-YYYY."}, "to_date": {"type": "string", "description": "The end date of the booking. The format is MM-DD-YYYY."}, "adults": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of adults for the booking."}, "children": {"type": "integer", "description": "The number of children for the booking."}, "room_type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of the room, default is 'Standard'. Options are 'Standard', 'Deluxe', 'Suite'.", "default": "Standard"}}, "required": ["city", "from_date", "to_date", "adults", "children"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "hotel_booking_book", "arguments": {"city": ["Paris", "Paris, France"], "from_date": ["07-10-2022", "2022-07-10", "10/07/2022", "Jul.10,2022"], "to_date": ["07-20-2022", "2022-07-20", "20/07/2022", "Jul.20,2022"], "adults": 2, "children": 1, "room_type": "Standard"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Book a hotel room with king size bed in Los Angeles for 2 nights starting from 15th October,2023."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "hotel_bookings_book_room", "description": "Book a hotel room based on specific criteria like location, room type, and check-in and check-out dates.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city and state where you want to book the hotel, e.g. Los Angeles, CA"}, "room_type": {"type": "string", "description": "Preferred type of room in the hotel, e.g. king size, queen size, deluxe, suite etc."}, "check_in_date": {"type": "string", "description": "Check-in date for the hotel. Format - DD-MM-YYYY."}, "no_of_nights": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of nights for the stay."}, "no_of_rooms": {"type": "integer", "description": "Number of rooms to book. Default is 1.", "default": 1}}, "required": ["location", "room_type", "check_in_date", "no_of_nights"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "hotel_bookings_book_room", "arguments": {"location": ["Los Angeles", "Los Angeles, CA", "LA"], "room_type": ["King Size", "king size"], "check_in_date": ["15-10-2023", "15th October", "2023-10-15", "10/15/2023", "Oct.15,2023"], "no_of_nights": 2, "no_of_rooms": 1}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Book a luxury room in Hotel Paradise, Las Vegas, with a city view for 3 days starting from May 12, 2022."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "book_hotel", "description": "Book a room in a specific hotel with particular preferences", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"hotel_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the hotel."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "The location of the hotel."}, "room_type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of room preferred."}, "start_date": {"type": "string", "description": "The starting date of the stay in format MM-DD-YYYY."}, "stay_duration": {"type": "integer", "description": "The duration of the stay in days."}, "view": {"type": "string", "description": "The preferred view from the room, can be ignored if no preference. If none provided, assumes no preference.", "default": "No preference"}}, "required": ["hotel_name", "location", "room_type", "start_date", "stay_duration"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "book_hotel", "arguments": {"hotel_name": "Hotel Paradise", "location": ["Las Vegas", "LV"], "room_type": ["luxury", "Luxury"], "start_date": ["05-12-2022", "2022-05-12", "12/05/2022", "May.12,2022", "May 12, 2022"], "stay_duration": 3, "view": ["city view", "city"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Book a hotel room at the Plaza Hotel in New York for 3 nights starting from 1st June 2022"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "hotel_booking", "description": "Books a hotel room for a specific date range.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"hotel_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the hotel."}, "location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city and state, e.g. New York, NY."}, "start_date": {"type": "string", "description": "The start date of the reservation. Use format 'YYYY-MM-DD'."}, "end_date": {"type": "string", "description": "The end date of the reservation. Use format 'YYYY-MM-DD'."}, "rooms": {"type": "integer", "default": 1, "description": "The number of rooms to reserve."}}, "required": ["hotel_name", "location", "start_date", "end_date"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "hotel_booking", "arguments": {"hotel_name": "Plaza Hotel", "location": ["New York City, NY", "New York, NY"], "start_date": ["2022-06-01", "06/01/2022", "Jun.1,2022"], "end_date": ["2022-06-04", "06/04/2022", "Jun.4,2022"], "rooms": 1}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "How many Canadian dollars can I get for 500 US dollars?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "currency_exchange_convert", "description": "Convert an amount from a base currency to a target currency based on the current exchange rate.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"base_currency": {"type": "string", "description": "The currency to convert from."}, "target_currency": {"type": "string", "description": "The currency to convert to."}, "amount": {"type": "integer", "description": "The amount in base currency to convert"}}, "required": ["base_currency", "target_currency", "amount"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "currency_exchange_convert", "arguments": {"base_currency": "USD", "target_currency": "CAD", "amount": 500}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Calculate the current cost in British Pounds if I need to convert 200 US dollars."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "currency_converter", "description": "Calculates the current cost in target currency given the amount in base currency and exchange rate", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"base_currency": {"type": "string", "description": "The currency to convert from."}, "target_currency": {"type": "string", "description": "The currency to convert to."}, "amount": {"type": "number", "description": "The amount in base currency This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["base_currency", "target_currency", "amount"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "currency_converter", "arguments": {"base_currency": "USD", "target_currency": "GBP", "amount": 200.0}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Convert 150 Euros to Canadian dollars."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "currency_conversion_convert", "description": "Convert a value from one currency to another.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"amount": {"type": "integer", "description": "The amount to be converted."}, "from_currency": {"type": "string", "description": "The currency to convert from."}, "to_currency": {"type": "string", "description": "The currency to convert to."}}, "required": ["amount", "from_currency", "to_currency"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "currency_conversion_convert", "arguments": {"amount": 150, "from_currency": ["EUR", "Euros"], "to_currency": ["CAD", "Canadian dollars"]}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get the exchange rate from British pounds to Japanese yen with the fee 0.02 included."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_exchange_rate_with_fee", "description": "Retrieve the exchange rate between two currencies including transaction fee.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"base_currency": {"type": "string", "description": "The base currency."}, "target_currency": {"type": "string", "description": "The target currency."}, "fee": {"type": "number", "description": "The transaction fee in percentage. Default is 0%. This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["base_currency", "target_currency", "fee"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_exchange_rate_with_fee", "arguments": {"base_currency": "GBP", "target_currency": "JPY", "fee": 0.02}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get me the latest exchange rate from British Pounds to Japanese Yen."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "latest_exchange_rate", "description": "Retrieve the latest exchange rate between two specified currencies.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"source_currency": {"type": "string", "description": "The currency you are converting from."}, "target_currency": {"type": "string", "description": "The currency you are converting to."}, "amount": {"type": "number", "description": "The amount to be converted. If omitted, default to exchange rate of 1 unit source currency This is a float type value.", "format": "float"}}, "required": ["source_currency", "target_currency"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "latest_exchange_rate", "arguments": {"source_currency": ["GBP", "British Pounds", "Pounds Sterling"], "target_currency": ["JPY", "Japanese Yen"], "amount": 1.0}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "How much will 20000 Japanese Yen be in United States Dollar?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "convert_currency", "description": "Converts an amount from a particular currency to another currency.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"base_currency": {"type": "string", "description": "The base currency in which the original amount is present."}, "target_currency": {"type": "string", "description": "The currency to which you want to convert."}, "amount": {"type": "integer", "description": "The amount you want to convert."}}, "required": ["base_currency", "target_currency", "amount"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "convert_currency", "arguments": {"base_currency": "JPY", "target_currency": "USD", "amount": 20000}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Get me the travel distance and duration from the Eiffel Tower to the Louvre Museum"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "maps_get_distance_duration", "description": "Retrieve the travel distance and estimated travel time from one location to another via car", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"start_location": {"type": "string", "description": "Starting point of the journey"}, "end_location": {"type": "string", "description": "Ending point of the journey"}, "traffic": {"type": "boolean", "description": "If true, considers current traffic. Default is false."}}, "required": ["start_location", "end_location"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "maps_get_distance_duration", "arguments": {"start_location": "Eiffel Tower", "end_location": "Louvre Museum", "traffic": false}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the nearest parking lot within 2 miles of Central Park in New York."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "parking_lot_find_nearest", "description": "Locate the nearest parking lot based on a specific location and radius.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The reference location e.g. Central Park, NY"}, "radius": {"type": "integer", "description": "The maximum distance from the location in miles. Default is 5 miles"}, "type": {"type": "string", "description": "The type of parking lot. Default is 'public'."}}, "required": ["location", "radius"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "parking_lot_find_nearest", "arguments": {"location": "Central Park, NY", "radius": 2, "type": "public"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find a hospital within 5 km radius around Denver, Colorado with pediatrics department."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "hospital_locate", "description": "Locate nearby hospitals based on location and radius. Options to include specific departments are available.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city and state, e.g. Denver, CO"}, "radius": {"type": "integer", "description": "The radius within which you want to find the hospital in kms."}, "department": {"type": "string", "description": "Specific department within the hospital. Default is 'General Medicine'.", "enum": ["General Medicine", "Emergency", "Pediatrics", "Cardiology", "Orthopedics"]}}, "required": ["location", "radius"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "hospital_locate", "arguments": {"location": ["Denver, Colorado", "Denver, CO"], "radius": 5, "department": "Pediatrics"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find the distance between New York and Boston, accounting for terrain."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "distance_calculator_calculate", "description": "Calculate the distance between two locations, considering terrain.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"origin": {"type": "string", "description": "Starting location of the distance measurement."}, "destination": {"type": "string", "description": "Destination location of the distance measurement."}, "consider_terrain": {"type": "boolean", "description": "Whether to account for terrain in distance calculation, defaults to false."}}, "required": ["origin", "destination"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "distance_calculator_calculate", "arguments": {"origin": ["New York", "New York City", "New York City, NY", "New York, NY", "NYC"], "destination": "Boston", "consider_terrain": true}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What are the opening hours of the Metropolitan Museum of Art on Saturday?"}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "get_museum_hours", "description": "Retrieve opening hours of a specified museum for the specified day.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"museum_name": {"type": "string", "description": "The name of the museum."}, "day": {"type": "string", "description": "Day of the week.", "enum": ["Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday", "Sunday"]}}, "required": ["museum_name", "day"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "get_museum_hours", "arguments": {"museum_name": ["Metropolitan Museum of Art", "The Met"], "day": "Saturday"}}}]}
{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Find me the best Italian restaurants in New York City with average customer ratings of more than 4 and accepts credit cards."}], "tools": [{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "restaurant_search", "description": "Locates top rated restaurants based on specific criteria such as type of cuisine, ratings, and facilities.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"location": {"type": "string", "description": "The city and state, e.g. New York City, NY"}, "cuisine": {"type": "string", "description": "Preferred type of cuisine e.g., Italian, Indian, American, etc."}, "rating": {"type": "integer", "description": "Minimum average customer rating out of 5"}, "accepts_credit_cards": {"type": "boolean", "description": "If the restaurant should accept credit cards."}}, "required": ["location", "cuisine", "rating", "accepts_credit_cards"]}}}], "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": "restaurant_search", "arguments": {"location": ["New York City", "New York City, NY", "NYC"], "cuisine": "Italian", "rating": 4, "accepts_credit_cards": true}}}]}

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{"prompt": "When was the war of Spanish Succession? The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "1714", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Drugs made between which years had to be tested before going to market? The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA received authority to regulate advertising of prescription drugs and to establish good manufacturing practices. The law required that all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective. An FDA - National Academy of Sciences collaborative study showed that nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective. A similarly comprehensive study of over-the-counter products began ten years later. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "1938 and 1962", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What do all students at BYU agree to abstain from consuming? Students attending BYU are required to follow an honor code, which mandates behavior in line with LDS teachings such as academic honesty, adherence to dress and grooming standards, and abstinence from extramarital sex and from the consumption of drugs and alcohol. Many students (88 percent of men, 33 percent of women) either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries. (Men typically serve for two-years, while women serve for 18 months.) An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities, since \"a significant portion\" of the cost of operating the university is subsidized by the church's tithing funds. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "drugs and alcohol", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What is the name of the commission who concluded the financial crisis was avoidable? Many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested, with varying weight assigned by experts. The U.S. Senate's Levin\u2013Coburn Report concluded that the crisis was the result of \"high risk, complex financial products; undisclosed conflicts of interest; the failure of regulators, the credit rating agencies, and the market itself to rein in the excesses of Wall Street.\" The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission concluded that the financial crisis was avoidable and was caused by \"widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision\", \"dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions\", \"a combination of excessive borrowing, risky investments, and lack of transparency\" by financial institutions, ill preparation and inconsistent action by government that \"added to the uncertainty and panic\", a \"systemic breakdown in accountability and ethics\", \"collapsing mortgage-lending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline\", deregulation of over-the-counter derivatives, especially credit default swaps, and \"the failures of credit rating agencies\" to correctly price risk. The 1999 repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act effectively removed the separation between investment banks and depository banks in the United States. Critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage-related financial products, and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st-century financial markets. Research into the causes of the financial crisis has also focused on the role of interest rate spreads. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Which system had electrical tracking? However, the problem of deflection settings \u2014 'aim-off' \u2014 required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the operator entered the target range and had displays at guns; it was used with their 75 mm. The British Wilson-Dalby gun director used a pair of trackers and mechanical tachymetry; the operator entered the fuse length, and deflection angles were read from the instruments. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "French Brocq", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Hyderabad's largest zoo is known as India's first to have what two kinds of animals in a safari park setting? Hyderabad's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance, which are preserved in the form of national parks, zoos, mini-zoos and a wildlife sanctuary. Nehru Zoological Park, the city's one large zoo, is the first in India to have a lion and tiger safari park. Hyderabad has three national parks (Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park), and the Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary is about 50 km (31 mi) from the city. Hyderabad's other environmental reserves are: Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens, Shamirpet Lake, Hussain Sagar, Fox Sagar Lake, Mir Alam Tank and Patancheru Lake, which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal migratory birds from different parts of the world. Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the Telangana Forest Department, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the Animal Welfare Board of India, the Blue Cross of Hyderabad and the University of Hyderabad. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "lion and tiger", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "How much energy does an HVAC system use in commercial locations? In the United States, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ/yr) of the energy used in residential buildings. Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this energy. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "30% (4.65 EJ/yr)", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What did Nasser pursue for Palestinians? Nasser mediated discussions between the pro-Western, pro-Soviet, and neutralist conference factions over the composition of the \"Final Communique\" addressing colonialism in Africa and Asia and the fostering of global peace amid the Cold War between the West and the Soviet Union. At Bandung Nasser sought a proclamation for the avoidance of international defense alliances, support for the independence of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from French rule, support for the Palestinian right of return, and the implementation of UN resolutions regarding the Arab\u2013Israeli conflict. He succeeded in lobbying the attendees to pass resolutions on each of these issues, notably securing the strong support of China and India. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "right of return", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What is a core beliefe that was recognized as important by orthodox Jews? Modern Orthodoxy, as a stream of Orthodox Judaism represented by institutions such as the U.S. National Council for Young Israel, is pro-Zionist and thus places a high national, as well as religious, significance on the State of Israel, and its affiliates are, typically, Zionist in orientation. It also practices involvement with non-Orthodox Jews that extends beyond \"outreach (Kiruv)\" to continued institutional relations and cooperation; see further under Torah Umadda. Other \"core beliefs\" are a recognition of the value and importance of secular studies, a commitment to equality of education for both men and women, and a full acceptance of the importance of being able to financially support oneself and one's family. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "secular studies", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What event caused major changes in Bermuda? The end of the war, however, was to cause profound change in Bermuda, though some of those changes would take decades to crystallise. Following the war, with the buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda, the primary leg of the Bermudian economy became defence infrastructure. Even after tourism began later in the 19th century, Bermuda remained, in the eyes of London, a base more than a colony. The Crown strengthened its political and economic ties to Bermuda, and the colony's independence on the world stage was diminished. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "end of the war", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "How many official languages does Switzerland have? Switzerland has four official languages: principally German (63.5% total population share, with foreign residents, in 2013); French (22.5%) in the west; and Italian (8.1%) in the south. The fourth official language, Romansh (0.5%), is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of Graub\u00fcnden, and is designated by Article 4 of the Federal Constitution as a national language along with German, French, and Italian, and in Article 70 as an official language if the authorities communicate with persons who speak Romansh. However, federal laws and other official acts do not need to be decreed in Romansh. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "four", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "From when was it taught that the little flock would not be the only people to survive Armageddon? From 1932, it was taught that the \"little flock\" of 144,000 would not be the only people to survive Armageddon. Rutherford explained that in addition to the 144,000 \"anointed\" who would be resurrected\u2014or transferred at death\u2014to live in heaven to rule over earth with Christ, a separate class of members, the \"great multitude,\" would live in a paradise restored on earth; from 1935, new converts to the movement were considered part of that class. By the mid-1930s, the timing of the beginning of Christ's presence (Greek: parous\u00eda), his enthronement as king, and the start of the \"last days\" were each moved to 1914. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "1932", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "The VC operated in what geographic area? Fighting on one side was a coalition of forces including the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam or the \"RVN\"), the United States, supplemented by South Korea, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines. The allies fought against the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) as well as the National Liberation Front (NLF, also known as Viet communists Viet Cong), or \"VC\", a guerrilla force within South Vietnam. The NVA received substantial military and economic aid from the Soviet Union and China, turning Vietnam into a proxy war. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "South Vietnam", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What different options did the desktop version have? Exceptions to the restrictions faced by Windows Store apps are given to web browsers. The user's default browser can distribute a Metro-style web browser in same package as the desktop version, which has access to functionality unavailable to other apps, such as being able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code instead of WinRT (allowing for code to be re-used with the desktop version, while still taking advantage of features available to Windows Store apps, such as charms). Microsoft advertises this exception privilege \"New experience enabled\" (formerly \"Metro-style enabled\"). Answer: ", "ideal_response": "able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Who wrote The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music? At the age of 19, he wrote a report on his work and sent it to philologist Alexander Ellis, a colleague of his father (who would later be portrayed as Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion). Ellis immediately wrote back indicating that the experiments were similar to existing work in Germany, and also lent Bell a copy of Hermann von Helmholtz's work, The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Hermann von Helmholtz", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Did Athanasius want to be the Patriarch of Alexandria? T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: On the death of Alexander, five months after the termination of the Council of Nice, Athanasius was unanimously elected to fill the vacant see. He was most unwilling to accept the dignity, for he clearly foresaw the difficulties in which it would involve him. The clergy and people were determined to have him as their bishop, Patriarch of Alexandria, and refused to accept any excuses. He at length consented to accept a responsibility that he sought in vain to escape, and was consecrated in 326, when he was about thirty years of age. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "He was most unwilling to accept", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What court held singer-lutenists after the Norman conquest? Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the Norman conquest of the island from the Muslims, and the lute is depicted extensively in the ceiling paintings in the Palermo\u2019s royal Cappella Palatina, dedicated by the Norman King Roger II of Sicily in 1140. His Hohenstaufen grandson Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1194 - 1250) continued integrating Muslims into his court, including Moorish musicians. By the 14th century, lutes had disseminated throughout Italy and, probably because of the cultural influence of the Hohenstaufen kings and emperor, based in Palermo, the lute had also made significant inroads into the German-speaking lands. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Palermo", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "After Planck's findings, what was determined could not take on an arbitrary value? Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the \"quantum of action\", now called the Planck constant. Classical physics cannot explain this fact. In many cases, such as for monochromatic light or for atoms, this quantum of action also implies that only certain energy levels are allowed, and values in between are forbidden. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "physical action", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What list did Beyonc\u00e9 make in 2013? In The New Yorker music critic Jody Rosen described Beyonc\u00e9 as \"the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty-first century..... the result, the logical end point, of a century-plus of pop.\" When The Guardian named her Artist of the Decade, Llewyn-Smith wrote, \"Why Beyonc\u00e9? [...] Because she made not one but two of the decade's greatest singles, with Crazy in Love and Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It), not to mention her hits with Destiny's Child; and this was the decade when singles \u2013 particularly R&B singles \u2013 regained their status as pop's favourite medium. [...] [She] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years.\" In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 made the Time 100 list, Baz Luhrmann writing \"no one has that voice, no one moves the way she moves, no one can hold an audience the way she does... When Beyonc\u00e9 does an album, when Beyonc\u00e9 sings a song, when Beyonc\u00e9 does anything, it's an event, and it's broadly influential. Right now, she is the heir-apparent diva of the USA \u2014 the reigning national voice.\" In 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 was listed again on the Time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Time 100 list", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Who had already held a large amount of magisterial offices? Shortly before 312 BCE, the Plebeian Council enacted the Plebiscitum Ovinium. During the early republic, only consuls could appoint new senators. This initiative, however, transferred this power to the censors. It also required the censor to appoint any newly elected magistrate to the senate. By this point, plebeians were already holding a significant number of magisterial offices. Thus, the number of plebeian senators probably increased quickly. However, it remained difficult for a plebeian to enter the senate if he was not from a well-known political family, as a new patrician-like plebeian aristocracy emerged. The old nobility existed through the force of law, because only patricians were allowed to stand for high office. The new nobility existed due to the organization of society. As such, only a revolution could overthrow this new structure. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "plebeians", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Who is the leader of the station design team? On 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, was shipped to the South Pole from Belgium by the end of 2008 to monitor the health of the polar regions. Belgian polar explorer Alain Hubert stated: \"This base will be the first of its kind to produce zero emissions, making it a unique model of how energy should be used in the Antarctic.\" Johan Berte is the leader of the station design team and manager of the project which conducts research in climatology, glaciology and microbiology. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Johan Berte", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Whas was Nasser's position at the military academy in 1943? In 1941, Nasser was posted to Khartoum, Sudan, which was part of Egypt at the time. Nasser returned to Sudan in September 1942 after a brief stay in Egypt, then secured a position as an instructor in the Cairo Royal Military Academy in May 1943. In 1942, the British Ambassador Miles Lampson marched into King Farouk's palace and ordered him to dismiss Prime Minister Hussein Sirri Pasha for having pro-Axis sympathies. Nasser saw the incident as a blatant violation of Egyptian sovereignty and wrote, \"I am ashamed that our army has not reacted against this attack\", and wished for \"calamity\" to overtake the British. Nasser was accepted into the General Staff College later that year. He began to form a group of young military officers with strong nationalist sentiments who supported some form of revolution. Nasser stayed in touch with the group's members primarily through Amer, who continued to seek out interested officers within the Egyptian Armed Force's various branches and presented Nasser with a complete file on each of them. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "instructor", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Who owned the Desperados trademarks? On January 6, 2016, the league took over \"ownership and operational control\" of the Portland Thunder from its previous owners. The AFL stated this move was made after months of trying work out an arrangement \"to provide financial and operational support.\" On February 3, 2016, it was announced that the franchise will start from scratch and no longer be called the \"Thunder\" as the name and trademarks belong to former franchise owner Terry Emmert (similar to the Jerry Jones move with the Desperados). AFL commissioner Scott Butera announced that a new identity will be announced at a later date. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Jerry Jones", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "The uniqueness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is due to its high level of what type of molecule? The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a small, aerobic, nonmotile bacillus. The high lipid content of this pathogen accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics. It divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour. Mycobacteria have an outer membrane lipid bilayer. If a Gram stain is performed, MTB either stains very weakly \"Gram-positive\" or does not retain dye as a result of the high lipid and mycolic acid content of its cell wall. MTB can withstand weak disinfectants and survive in a dry state for weeks. In nature, the bacterium can grow only within the cells of a host organism, but M. tuberculosis can be cultured in the laboratory. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "lipid", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What type of dielectric layer is used in electrolytic capacitors? Electrolytic capacitors use an aluminum or tantalum plate with an oxide dielectric layer. The second electrode is a liquid electrolyte, connected to the circuit by another foil plate. Electrolytic capacitors offer very high capacitance but suffer from poor tolerances, high instability, gradual loss of capacitance especially when subjected to heat, and high leakage current. Poor quality capacitors may leak electrolyte, which is harmful to printed circuit boards. The conductivity of the electrolyte drops at low temperatures, which increases equivalent series resistance. While widely used for power-supply conditioning, poor high-frequency characteristics make them unsuitable for many applications. Electrolytic capacitors will self-degrade if unused for a period (around a year), and when full power is applied may short circuit, permanently damaging the capacitor and usually blowing a fuse or causing failure of rectifier diodes (for instance, in older equipment, arcing in rectifier tubes). They can be restored before use (and damage) by gradually applying the operating voltage, often done on antique vacuum tube equipment over a period of 30 minutes by using a variable transformer to supply AC power. Unfortunately, the use of this technique may be less satisfactory for some solid state equipment, which may be damaged by operation below its normal power range, requiring that the power supply first be isolated from the consuming circuits. Such remedies may not be applicable to modern high-frequency power supplies as these produce full output voltage even with reduced input. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "an oxide dielectric layer", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "In what city did Dominic establish a school? Dominic's education at Palencia gave him the knowledge he needed to overcome the Manicheans. With charity, the other concept that most defines the work and spirituality of the order, study became the method most used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against the perils that hounded it, and also of enlarging its authority over larger areas of the known world. In Dominic's thinking, it was impossible for men to preach what they did not or could not understand. When the brethren left Prouille, then, to begin their apostolic work, Dominic sent Matthew of Paris to establish a school near the University of Paris. This was the first of many Dominican schools established by the brethren, some near large universities throughout Europe. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Paris", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "USB keyboards and mice may communicate using what? USB mice and keyboards can usually be used with older computers that have PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter. For mice and keyboards with dual-protocol support, an adaptor that contains no logic circuitry may be used: the hardware in the USB keyboard or mouse is designed to detect whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port, and communicate using the appropriate protocol. Converters also exist that connect PS/2 keyboards and mice (usually one of each) to a USB port. These devices present two HID endpoints to the system and use a microcontroller to perform bidirectional data translation between the two standards. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "appropriate protocol", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What does USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip eliminate? USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0 that eliminates the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB. It was adopted as a standard by the USB Implementers Forum in 2007. The HSIC physical layer uses about 50% less power and 75% less board area compared to traditional USB 2.0. HSIC uses two signals at 1.2 V and has a throughput of 480 Mbit/s. Maximum PCB trace length for HSIC is 10 cm. It does not have low enough latency to support RAM memory sharing between two chips. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of? The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as \"Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan\", and \"Younger Avestan\". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its \"old\" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Zoroastrianism", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "2000 of what group fought directly for Tito? Despite conflicts with the rival monarchic Chetnik movement, Tito's Partisans succeeded in liberating territory, notably the \"Republic of U\u017eice\". During this period, Tito held talks with Chetnik leader Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107 on 19 September and 27 October 1941. It is said that Tito ordered his forces to assist escaping Jews, and that more than 2,000 Jews fought directly for Tito. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Jews", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Along with Lucius Clay, who advised Eisenhower on cabinet appointments? Due to a complete estrangement between the two as a result of campaigning, Truman and Eisenhower had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations. After selecting his budget director, Joseph M. Dodge, Eisenhower asked Herbert Brownell and Lucius Clay to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments. He accepted their recommendations without exception; they included John Foster Dulles and George M. Humphrey with whom he developed his closest relationships, and one woman, Oveta Culp Hobby. Eisenhower's cabinet, consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, \"Eight millionaires and a plumber.\" The cabinet was notable for its lack of personal friends, office seekers, or experienced government administrators. He also upgraded the role of the National Security Council in planning all phases of the Cold War. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Herbert Brownell", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "The Treaty of Locarno guarantees each signatory against what from another signatory? A multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries. The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party. Multilateral treaties are often regional.[citation needed] Treaties of \"mutual guarantee\" are international compacts, e.g., the Treaty of Locarno which guarantees each signatory against attack from another. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "attack", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "In which direction did the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway want to expand? The town was the subject of an attempt by a separate company, the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway, to open another rail route to the North in the 1880s and some building work, including a surviving embankment, was undertaken in the Hill Lane area. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "North", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "In addition to Yale Reparatory Theatre, what are two additional major theatre houses located in New Haven? The city hosts numerous theatres and production houses, including the Yale Repertory Theatre, the Long Wharf Theatre, and the Shubert Theatre. There is also theatre activity from the Yale School of Drama, which works through the Yale University Theatre and the student-run Yale Cabaret. Southern Connecticut State University hosts the Lyman Center for the Performing Arts. The shuttered Palace Theatre (opposite the Shubert Theatre) is being renovated and will reopen as the College Street Music Hall in May, 2015. Smaller theatres include the Little Theater on Lincoln Street. Cooperative Arts and Humanities High School also boasts a state-of-the-art theatre on College Street. The theatre is used for student productions as well as the home to weekly services to a local non-denominational church, the City Church New Haven. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Long Wharf Theatre, and the Shubert Theatre", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Which years were plagued by the Black Death? In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this went way beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "1348 and 1349", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "How did Boganda die? In the Ubangi-Shari Territorial Assembly election in 1957, MESAN captured 347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes, and won every legislative seat, which led to Boganda being elected president of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa and vice-president of the Ubangi-Shari Government Council. Within a year, he declared the establishment of the Central African Republic and served as the country's first prime minister. MESAN continued to exist, but its role was limited. After Boganda's death in a plane crash on 29 March 1959, his cousin, David Dacko, took control of MESAN and became the country's first president after the CAR had formally received independence from France. Dacko threw out his political rivals, including former Prime Minister and Mouvement d'\u00e9volution d\u00e9mocratique de l'Afrique centrale (MEDAC), leader Abel Goumba, whom he forced into exile in France. With all opposition parties suppressed by November 1962, Dacko declared MESAN as the official party of the state. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "a plane crash", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What is the life style of the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest? Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "hunter-gatherer", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Placing red and green next to each other causes their color to be what? Matisse was also one of the first 20th-century artists to make color the central element of the painting, chosen to evoke emotions. \"A certain blue penetrates your soul\", he wrote. \"A certain red affects your blood pressure.\" He also was familiar with the way that complementary colors, such as red and green, strengthened each other when they were placed next to each other. He wrote, \"My choice of colors is not based on scientific theory; it is based on observation, upon feelings, upon the real nature of each experience ... I just try to find a color which corresponds to my feelings.\" Answer: ", "ideal_response": "strengthened", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Which is less expensive, the ReWritable Audio CD or a CD-RW? The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA). The ReWritable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-RW due to (a) lower volume and (b) a 3% AHRA royalty used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "CD-RW", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Who pioneered parsimony? The first half of the 14th century saw much important scientific work being done, largely within the framework of scholastic commentaries on Aristotle's scientific writings. William of Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony: natural philosophers should not postulate unnecessary entities, so that motion is not a distinct thing but is only the moving object and an intermediary \"sensible species\" is not needed to transmit an image of an object to the eye. Scholars such as Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme started to reinterpret elements of Aristotle's mechanics. In particular, Buridan developed the theory that impetus was the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was a first step towards the modern concept of inertia. The Oxford Calculators began to mathematically analyze the kinematics of motion, making this analysis without considering the causes of motion. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "William of Ockham", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What statement does Stark make about the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses? Sociologist Rodney Stark states that Jehovah's Witness leaders are \"not always very democratic\" and that members \"are expected to conform to rather strict standards,\" but adds that \"enforcement tends to be very informal, sustained by the close bonds of friendship within the group\", and that Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as \"part of the power structure rather than subject to it.\" Sociologist Andrew Holden states that most members who join millenarian movements such as Jehovah's Witnesses have made an informed choice. However, he also states that defectors \"are seldom allowed a dignified exit\", and describes the administration as autocratic. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "\"not always very democratic\"", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What was the result of the victory for the Austrians? The war was continuing indecisively when on 14 October Marshal Daun's Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the Battle of Hochkirch in Saxony. Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order, helped by dense woods. The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough. After a thwarted attempt to take Dresden, Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter, so that Saxony remained under Prussian occupation. At the same time, the Russians failed in an attempt to take Kolberg in Pomerania (now Ko\u0142obrzeg, Poland) from the Prussians. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "When was John appointed the Lord of Ireland? John, the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, was at first not expected to inherit significant lands. Following the failed rebellion of his elder brothers between 1173 and 1174, however, John became Henry's favourite child. He was appointed the Lord of Ireland in 1177 and given lands in England and on the continent. John's elder brothers William, Henry and Geoffrey died young; by the time Richard I became king in 1189, John was a potential heir to the throne. John unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's royal administrators whilst his brother was participating in the Third Crusade. Despite this, after Richard died in 1199, John was proclaimed King of England, and came to an agreement with Philip II of France to recognise John's possession of the continental Angevin lands at the peace treaty of Le Goulet in 1200. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "1177", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What were the Manchus originally named? The Qing dynasty (1644\u20131911) was founded after the fall of the Ming, the last Han Chinese dynasty, by the Manchus. The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchens. When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels in 1644, the Chongzhen Emperor, the last Ming emperor, committed suicide. The Manchus then allied with former Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing, which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty. The Mancus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule of China proper. Schoppa, the editor of The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History argues, \"A date around 1780 as the beginning of modern China is thus closer to what we know today as historical 'reality'. It also allows us to have a better baseline to understand the precipitous decline of the Chinese polity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.\" Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Jurchens", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What is the name of the modern art museum located in new Delhi? New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art, National Museum of Natural History, National Rail Museum, National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, National Philatelic Museum, Nehru Planetarium, Shankar's International Dolls Museum. and Supreme Court of India Museum. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "National Gallery of Modern Art", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Who rejected the idea of sending the princesses away? In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War, which lasted until 1945. During the war, many of London's children were evacuated to avoid the frequent aerial bombing. The suggestion by senior politician Lord Hailsham that the two princesses should be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth's mother, who declared, \"The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave.\" Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk. From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years. At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments. In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities. She stated: \"We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well.\" Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Elizabeth's mother", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "After World War II what did the American, English and Soviet allies want to capture? At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Germany's rocket engineers", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Although he was not the creator of the concept, who popularized the idea of nutritionism? Nutritionism is the view that excessive reliance on food science and the study of nutrition can lead to poor nutrition and to ill health. It was originally credited to Gyorgy Scrinis, and was popularized by Michael Pollan. Since nutrients are invisible, policy makers rely on nutrition experts to advise on food choices. Because science has an incomplete understanding of how food affects the human body, Pollan argues, nutritionism can be blamed for many of the health problems relating to diet in the Western World today. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Michael Pollan", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "after the act of 1707 what was the second cross added to the Canton for great britian From the period of 1600, the canton consisted of a St George's Cross representing the Kingdom of England. With the Acts of Union 1707, the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag\u2014consisting of an English St George's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew's cross\u2014representing the Kingdom of Great Britain. After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom, the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "St Andrew's cross", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "On what date did the Indian Army take control of Hyderabad? After India gained independence, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the Indian Union. The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India, began agitating against Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession, which made him the Rajpramukh (Princely Governor) of the state until 31 October 1956. Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region. The Constitution of India, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital. In his 1955 report Thoughts on Linguistic States, B. R. Ambedkar, then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic central location. Since 1956, the Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad has been the second official residence and business office of the President of India; the President stays once a year in winter and conducts official business particularly relating to Southern India. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "1948. On 17 September", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What aspect of the treaties that indigenous people signed with Europeans did the indigenous people typically not understand? Treaties formed an important part of European colonization and, in many parts of the world, Europeans attempted to legitimize their sovereignty by signing treaties with indigenous peoples. In most cases these treaties were in extremely disadvantageous terms to the native people, who often did not appreciate the implications of what they were signing. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "the implications", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Where are purpose-built pubs typically located? Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created, those already in existence were allowed to continue and many did not close until nearly the end of the 19th century. A very small number remained into the 21st century. The vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs. These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns, seemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home based Beer House brewers under the 1830 Act. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "corners or road junctions", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Aristotle thought what would fill any rarity that might give rise to a void? Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract concept of a featureless void faced considerable skepticism: it could not be apprehended by the senses, it could not, itself, provide additional explanatory power beyond the physical volume with which it was commensurate and, by definition, it was quite literally nothing at all, which cannot rightly be said to exist. Aristotle believed that no void could occur naturally, because the denser surrounding material continuum would immediately fill any incipient rarity that might give rise to a void. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "denser surrounding material continuum", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "How did the English order hope to gain knowledge of Christ? The center of all mystical experience is, of course, Christ. English Dominicans sought to gain a full knowledge of Christ through an imitation of His life. English mystics of all types tended to focus on the moral values that the events in Christ's life exemplified. This led to a \"progressive understanding of the meanings of Scripture--literal, moral, allegorical, and anagogical\"\u2014that was contained within the mystical journey itself. From these considerations of Scripture comes the simplest way to imitate Christ: an emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry becomes the most significant way to feel and have knowledge of God. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "through an imitation of His life", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "How is Corinthian bronze made? The gates of the Temple of Jerusalem used Corinthian bronze made by depletion gilding. It was most prevalent in Alexandria, where alchemy is thought to have begun. In ancient India, copper was used in the holistic medical science Ayurveda for surgical instruments and other medical equipment. Ancient Egyptians (~2400 BC) used copper for sterilizing wounds and drinking water, and later on for headaches, burns, and itching. The Baghdad Battery, with copper cylinders soldered to lead, dates back to 248 BC to AD 226 and resembles a galvanic cell, leading people to believe this was the first battery; the claim has not been verified. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "depletion gilding", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What type of satellites does the American GPS system use? Unlike the American GPS, Russian GLONASS, and European Galileo systems, which use medium Earth orbit satellites, BeiDou-1 uses satellites in geostationary orbit. This means that the system does not require a large constellation of satellites, but it also limits the coverage to areas on Earth where the satellites are visible. The area that can be serviced is from longitude 70\u00b0E to 140\u00b0E and from latitude 5\u00b0N to 55\u00b0N. A frequency of the system is 2491.75 MHz. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "medium Earth orbit satellites", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "In what country was the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals? The rugby union team The Rock is the Eastern Canadian entry in the Americas Rugby Championship. The Rock play their home games at Swilers Rugby Park, as did the Rugby Canada Super League champions for 2005 and 2006, the Newfoundland Rock. The city hosted a Rugby World Cup qualifying match between Canada and the USA on 12 August 2006, where the Canadians heavily defeated the USA 56\u20137 to qualify for the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals in France. The 2007 age-grade Rugby Canada National Championship Festival was held in the city. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "France", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on? On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "evolutionary biology", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Along with the Mariana Islands, on what island were there more Japanese settlers than indigenous inhabitants? The German Empire had primarily economic interests in Micronesia. The Japanese interests were in land. Despite the Marshalls' small area and few resources, the absorption of the territory by Japan would to some extent alleviate Japan's problem of an increasing population with a diminishing amount of available land to house it. During its years of colonial rule, Japan moved more than 1,000 Japanese to the Marshall Islands although they never outnumbered the indigenous peoples as they did in the Mariana Islands and Palau. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Palau", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What is the name of the prohibition against eating grains and legumes during Passover? Jewish historians also note that certain customs of today's Orthodox are not continuations of past practice, but instead represent innovations that would have been unknown to prior generations. For example, the now-widespread haredi tradition of cutting a boy's hair for the first time on his third birthday (upshirin or upsheerin, Yiddish for \"haircut\") \"originated as an Arab custom that parents cut a newborn boy's hair and burned it in a fire as a sacrifice,\" and \"Jews in Palestine learned this custom from Arabs and adapted it to a special Jewish context.\" The Ashkenazi prohibition against eating kitniyot (grains and legumes such as rice, corn, beans, and peanuts) during Passover was explicitly rejected in the Talmud, has no known precedent before the 12th century and represented a minority position for hundreds of years thereafter, but nonetheless has remained a mandatory prohibition among Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews due to their historic adherence to the ReMA's rulings in the Shulchan Aruch. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Ashkenazi", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Which countries use the term chancellor to denote the head of government? The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government \"prime minister\" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as \"president\" in both the Persian and English languages. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Germany and Austria", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What branch of government are the administrative courts a part of? Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "executive", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Along with dogcatcher, what political job did Eisenhower specifically not want to be considered for? In June 1943 a visiting politician had suggested to Eisenhower that he might become President of the United States after the war. Believing that a general should not participate in politics, one author later wrote that \"figuratively speaking, [Eisenhower] kicked his political-minded visitor out of his office\". As others asked him about his political future, Eisenhower told one that he could not imagine wanting to be considered for any political job \"from dogcatcher to Grand High Supreme King of the Universe\", and another that he could not serve as Army Chief of Staff if others believed he had political ambitions. In 1945 Truman told Eisenhower during the Potsdam Conference that if desired, the president would help the general win the 1948 election, and in 1947 he offered to run as Eisenhower's running mate on the Democratic ticket if MacArthur won the Republican nomination. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Grand High Supreme King of the Universe", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What was the origination of the Imperial Roman Style? At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire, where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, the Regency style in Britain, and the Napoleonstil in Sweden. According to the art historian Hugh Honour \"so far from being, as is sometimes supposed, the culmination of the Neo-classical movement, the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival, drained of all the high-minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces\". Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Napoleon I", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Why can outdoor activities take place all year in Miami? Miami's tropical weather allows for year-round outdoors activities. The city has numerous marinas, rivers, bays, canals, and the Atlantic Ocean, which make boating, sailing, and fishing popular outdoors activities. Biscayne Bay has numerous coral reefs which make snorkeling and scuba diving popular. There are over 80 parks and gardens in the city. The largest and most popular parks are Bayfront Park and Bicentennial Park (located in the heart of Downtown and the location of the American Airlines Arena and Bayside Marketplace), Tropical Park, Peacock Park, Morningside Park, Virginia Key, and Watson Island. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "tropical weather", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "The officials in Mexico reduced the price of what food from six cents to two cents per pound? The officials in Mexico City reduced the price of corn from six cents to two cents a pound. The northern portion of the state continued to decline economically which led to another revolt led by G. Casavantes in August 1879; Governor Tr\u00edas was accused of misappropriation of funds and inefficient administration of the state. Casavantes took the state capital and occupied it briefly; he was also successful in forcing Governor Tr\u00edas to exile. Shortly afterwards, the federal government sent an entourage led by Trevi\u00f1o; Casavantes was immediately ordered to resign his position. Casavantes declared political victory as he was able to publicly accuse and depose Governor Tr\u00edas. At the same time the states of Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over territorial claims and water rights; this altercation between the state required additional federal troops to stabilize the area. Later a dispute ensued again among the states of Coahuila, Durango, and Chihuahua over the mountain range area known as Sierra Mojada, when large deposits of gold ore was discovered. The state of Chihuahua officially submitted a declaration of protest in May 1880 that shortly after was amicably settled. Despite the difficulties at the beginning, D\u00edaz was able to secure and stabilize the state, which earned the confidence and support of the people. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "corn", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Why is glass annealed? New chemical glass compositions or new treatment techniques can be initially investigated in small-scale laboratory experiments. The raw materials for laboratory-scale glass melts are often different from those used in mass production because the cost factor has a low priority. In the laboratory mostly pure chemicals are used. Care must be taken that the raw materials have not reacted with moisture or other chemicals in the environment (such as alkali or alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides, or boron oxide), or that the impurities are quantified (loss on ignition). Evaporation losses during glass melting should be considered during the selection of the raw materials, e.g., sodium selenite may be preferred over easily evaporating SeO2. Also, more readily reacting raw materials may be preferred over relatively inert ones, such as Al(OH)3 over Al2O3. Usually, the melts are carried out in platinum crucibles to reduce contamination from the crucible material. Glass homogeneity is achieved by homogenizing the raw materials mixture (glass batch), by stirring the melt, and by crushing and re-melting the first melt. The obtained glass is usually annealed to prevent breakage during processing. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "to prevent breakage", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "How much did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for? Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "15 million dollars", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What happened since 1997? In modern times, a process of devolution in the United Kingdom has decentralised power once again. Since the 1997 referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland, three of the four constituent countries of the UK now have some level of autonomy. Government has been devolved to the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Assembly. England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament. In 1998 a set of eight unelected Regional assemblies, or chambers, was created to support the English Regional Development Agencies, but these were abolished between 2008 and 2010. The Regions of England continue to be used in certain governmental administrative functions. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What is the former Cameroon pavilion? The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple, near Lake Daumesnil in the Bois de Vincennes, is the former Cameroon pavilion from the 1931 Paris Colonial Exposition. It hosts several different schools of Buddhism, and does not have a single leader. It shelters the biggest Buddha statue in Europe, more than nine metres high. There are two other small temples located in the Asian community in the 13th arrondissement. A Hindu temple, dedicated to Ganesh, on Rue Pajol in the 18th arrondissement, opened in 1985. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "By 2013, how many did Madonna's Raising Malawi organization built? By 2013, Madonna's Raising Malawi organization built ten schools to educate 4,000 children in Malawi at a value of $400,000. When Madonna visited the schools in April 2013, President of Malawi Joyce Banda expressed criticism of the star and her charity, accusing her of exaggerating her charity's contribution. Madonna responded by releasing a statement saying she was saddened that Banda had chosen to act negatively about her endeavors. \"I have no intention of being distracted by these ridiculous allegations,\" she added. Later, it was confirmed that Banda had not approved the statement released written by her press team and was \"incandescent with anger\" over the mix-up. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "ten schools", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What interstate is the West side west of? A combination of urban and suburban development, the West Side is generally defined as the area west of I-10. Western Tucson encompasses the banks of the Santa Cruz River and the foothills of the Tucson Mountains, and includes the International Wildlife Museum, Sentinel Peak, and the Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa, located in the wealthy enclave known as Starr Pass. Moving past the Tucson Mountains, travelers find themselves in the area commonly referred to as \"west of\" Tucson or \"Old West Tucson\". A large undulating plain extending south into the Altar Valley, rural residential development predominates, but here you will also find major attractions including Saguaro National Park West, the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, and the Old Tucson Studios movie set/theme park. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "I-10", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against? Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What sort of customers did Selfridges most often cater to? Selfridges was established in 1909 by American-born Harry Gordon Selfridge on Oxford Street. The company's innovative marketing promoted the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity and its techniques were adopted by modern department stores the world over. The store was extensively promoted through paid advertising. The shop floors were structured so that goods could be made more accessible to customers. There were elegant restaurants with modest prices, a library, reading and writing rooms, special reception rooms for French, German, American and \"Colonial\" customers, a First Aid Room, and a Silence Room, with soft lights, deep chairs, and double-glazing, all intended to keep customers in the store as long as possible. Staff members were taught to be on hand to assist customers, but not too aggressively, and to sell the merchandise. Selfridge attracted shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits; \u2013 in 1909, Louis Bl\u00e9riot's monoplane was exhibited at Selfridges (Bl\u00e9riot was the first to fly over the English Channel), and the first public demonstration of television by John Logie Baird took place in the department store in 1925. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Which individual had a duty to maintain the imperial stables? Ranked below the Three Councillors of State were the Nine Ministers, who each headed a specialized ministry. The Minister of Ceremonies was the chief official in charge of religious rites, rituals, prayers and the maintenance of ancestral temples and altars. The Minister of the Household was in charge of the emperor's security within the palace grounds, external imperial parks and wherever the emperor made an outing by chariot. The Minister of the Guards was responsible for securing and patrolling the walls, towers, and gates of the imperial palaces. The Minister Coachman was responsible for the maintenance of imperial stables, horses, carriages and coach-houses for the emperor and his palace attendants, as well as the supply of horses for the armed forces. The Minister of Justice was the chief official in charge of upholding, administering, and interpreting the law. The Minister Herald was the chief official in charge of receiving honored guests at the imperial court, such as nobles and foreign ambassadors. The Minister of the Imperial Clan oversaw the imperial court's interactions with the empire's nobility and extended imperial family, such as granting fiefs and titles. The Minister of Finance was the treasurer for the official bureaucracy and the armed forces who handled tax revenues and set standards for units of measurement. The Minister Steward served the emperor exclusively, providing him with entertainment and amusements, proper food and clothing, medicine and physical care, valuables and equipment. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "The Minister Coachman", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Up to how many AFL matches are played each week in Melbourne? Australian rules football and cricket are the most popular sports in Melbourne. It is considered the spiritual home of the two sports in Australia. The first official Test cricket match was played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in March 1877. The origins of Australian rules football can be traced to matches played next to the MCG in 1858. The Australian Football League is headquartered at Docklands Stadium. Nine of the League's teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area: Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Hawthorn, Melbourne, North Melbourne, Richmond, St Kilda, and Western Bulldogs. Up to five AFL matches are played each week in Melbourne, attracting an average 40,000 people per game. Additionally, the city annually hosts the AFL Grand Final. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "five", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What institutional structures still exist from medieval times? The architectural history of Estonia mainly reflects its contemporary development in northern Europe. Worth mentioning is especially the architectural ensemble that makes out the medieval old town of Tallinn, which is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In addition, the country has several unique, more or less preserved hill forts dating from pre-Christian times, a large number of still intact medieval castles and churches, while the countryside is still shaped by the presence of a vast number of manor houses from earlier centuries. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "castles and churches", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Why did Cj clark shoes leave the area Towns such as Castle Cary and Frome grew around the medieval weaving industry. Street developed as a centre for the production of woollen slippers and, later, boots and shoes, with C. & J. Clark establishing its headquarters in the town. C&J Clark's shoes are no longer manufactured there as the work was transferred to lower-wage areas, such as China and Asia. Instead, in 1993, redundant factory buildings were converted to form Clarks Village, the first purpose-built factory outlet in the UK. C&J Clark also had shoe factories, at one time at Bridgwater, Minehead, Westfield and Weston super Mare to provide employment outside the main summer tourist season, but those satellite sites were closed in the late 1980s, before the main site at Street. Dr. Martens shoes were also made in Somerset, by the Northampton-based R. Griggs Group, using redundant skilled shoemakers from C&J Clark; that work has also been transferred to Asia. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "the work was transferred to lower-wage areas, such as China and Asia", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "When was Detroit's charter approved? The city is governed pursuant to the Home Rule Charter of the City of Detroit. The city government is run by a mayor and a nine-member city council and clerk elected on an at-large nonpartisan ballot. Since voters approved the city's charter in 1974, Detroit has had a \"strong mayoral\" system, with the mayor approving departmental appointments. The council approves budgets but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking. City ordinances and substantially large contracts must be approved by the council. The Detroit City Code is the codification of Detroit's local ordinances. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "1974", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "By which year did Darwin have the basic premise of his natural selection theory? Darwin had his basic theory of natural selection \"by which to work\" by December 1838, yet almost twenty years later, when Wallace's letter arrived on 18 June 1858, Darwin was still not ready to publish his theory. It was long thought that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons. Reasons suggested have included fear of religious persecution or social disgrace if his views were revealed, and concern about upsetting his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma. Charles Darwin's illness caused repeated delays. His paper on Glen Roy had proved embarrassingly wrong, and he may have wanted to be sure he was correct. David Quammen has suggested all these factors may have contributed, and notes Darwin's large output of books and busy family life during that time. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "1838", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "For what did Canadian natives use asphalt as a waterproofing material? Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudson\u2019s Bay Company, who was the first recorded European to see it. However, it wasn't until 1787 that fur trader and explorer Alexander MacKenzie saw the Athabasca oil sands and said, \"At about 24 miles from the fork (of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers) are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 20 feet long may be inserted without the least resistance.\" Answer: ", "ideal_response": "canoes", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Why was Jens Galschi\u00f8t made to leave Hong Kong? The Color Orange democracy group, led by Danish sculptor Jens Galschi\u00f8t, originally planned to join the Hong Kong Alliance relay and paint the \"Pillar of Shame\", a structure he built in Hong Kong to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. However, Galschi\u00f8t and two other people were denied entry to Hong Kong on April 26, 2008 due to \"immigration reasons\" and were forced to leave Hong Kong. In response, Lee Cheuk Yan, vice chairman of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, said, \"It's outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of Hong Kong because of the torch relay.\" Hollywood actress Mia Farrow was also briefly questioned at the Hong Kong airport though officials allowed her to enter. She later gave a speech criticizing China's relations with Sudan in Hong Kong, as there was also a small minority of people protesting about China's role in the crisis of Darfur. Legislator Cheung Man Kwong have also said the government's decision allowing Farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to Hong Kong's one country, two systems policy. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "immigration reasons", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What is the usual masculine suffix? In gender inflection, the most notable feature is (compared to Portuguese, Spanish or Italian), the loss of the typical masculine suffix -o. Thus, the alternance of -o/-a, has been replaced by \u00f8/-a. There are only a few exceptions, like minso/minsa (\"scarce\"). Many not completely predictable morphological alternations may occur, such as: Answer: ", "ideal_response": "-o", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Who came up with 'radical empiricism'? Around the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842\u20131910) coined the term \"radical empiricism\" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism \u2013 though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectures. James maintained that the empirically observed \"directly apprehended universe needs ... no extraneous trans-empirical connective support\", by which he meant to rule out the perception that there can be any value added by seeking supernatural explanations for natural phenomena. James's \"radical empiricism\" is thus not radical in the context of the term \"empiricism\", but is instead fairly consistent with the modern use of the term \"empirical\". (His method of argument in arriving at this view, however, still readily encounters debate within philosophy even today.) Answer: ", "ideal_response": "William James", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "How many enterprises have been made completely private since the agreement? Mali underwent economic reform, beginning in 1988 by signing agreements with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. During 1988 to 1996, Mali's government largely reformed public enterprises. Since the agreement, sixteen enterprises were privatized, 12 partially privatized, and 20 liquidated. In 2005, the Malian government conceded a railroad company to the Savage Corporation. Two major companies, Societ\u00e9 de Telecommunications du Mali (SOTELMA) and the Cotton Ginning Company (CMDT), were expected to be privatized in 2008. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "sixteen enterprises", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What is intelligence at 53 more closely related to? Intelligence is an important factor in how the individual responds to education. Those who have higher intelligence tend to perform better at school and go on to higher levels of education. This effect is also observable in the opposite direction, in that education increases measurable intelligence. Studies have shown that while educational attainment is important in predicting intelligence in later life, intelligence at 53 is more closely correlated to intelligence at 8 years old than to educational attainment. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "intelligence at 8", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What company owns XHDTV-TV and XHAS-TV? Due to the ratio of U.S. and Mexican-licensed stations, San Diego is the largest media market in the United States that is legally unable to support a television station duopoly between two full-power stations under FCC regulations, which disallow duopolies in metropolitan areas with fewer than nine full-power television stations and require that there must be eight unique station owners that remain once a duopoly is formed (there are only seven full-power stations on the California side of the San Diego-Tijuana market).[citation needed] Though the E. W. Scripps Company owns KGTV and KZSD-LP, they are not considered a duopoly under the FCC's legal definition as common ownership between full-power and low-power television stations in the same market is permitted regardless to the number of stations licensed to the area. As a whole, the Mexico side of the San Diego-Tijuana market has two duopolies and one triopoly (Entravision Communications owns both XHAS-TV and XHDTV-TV, Azteca owns XHJK-TV and XHTIT-TV, and Grupo Televisa owns XHUAA-TV and XHWT-TV along with being the license holder for XETV-TV, which is run by California-based subsidiary Bay City Television). Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Entravision Communications", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "Besides logic and epistemology, what else did Principia Mathematica connect? The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt G\u00f6del's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, G\u00f6del could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "metaphysics", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "What types of tools did early farmers use for crops? Neolithic people were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments, including projectile points, beads, and statuettes. But what allowed forest clearance on a large scale was the polished stone axe above all other tools. Together with the adze, fashioning wood for shelter, structures and canoes for example, this enabled them to exploit their newly won farmland. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "sickle blades and grinding stones", "category": "default", "source": ""}
{"prompt": "People of what ethnicity were thrown out of Shusha? Gorbachev refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. He instead sacked the Communist Party Leaders in both Republics \u2013 on May 21, 1988, Kamran Baghirov was replaced by Abdulrahman Vezirov as First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party. From July 23 to September 1988, a group of Azerbaijani intellectuals began working for a new organization called the Popular Front of Azerbaijan, loosely based on the Estonian Popular Front. On September 17, when gun battles broke out between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis near Stepanakert, two soldiers were killed and more than two dozen injured. This led to almost tit-for-tat ethnic polarization in Nagorno-Karabakh's two main towns: The Azerbaijani minority was expelled from Stepanakert, and the Armenian minority was expelled from Shusha. On November 17, 1988, in response to the exodus of tens of thousands of Azerbaijanis from Armenia, a series of mass demonstrations began in Baku's Lenin Square, lasting 18 days and attracting half a million demonstrators. On December 5, 1988, the Soviet militia finally moved in, cleared the square by force, and imposed a curfew that lasted ten months. Answer: ", "ideal_response": "Armenian", "category": "default", "source": ""}

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{"prompt": "What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue? Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darb\u00e2r (\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term \"Dari\" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term \"Pahlavi\" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and \"P\u00e2rsi\" (\"Persian\" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, \"Khuzi\", associated with the western province of Khuzestan. Answer: ", "completion": "Dari"}
{"prompt": "Who designed the Gold State Coach? Adjacent to the palace is the Royal Mews, also designed by Nash, where the royal carriages, including the Gold State Coach, are housed. This rococo gilt coach, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1760, has painted panels by G. B. Cipriani. It was first used for the State Opening of Parliament by George III in 1762 and has been used by the monarch for every coronation since George IV. It was last used for the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Also housed in the mews are the coach horses used at royal ceremonial processions. Answer: ", "completion": "Sir William Chambers"}
{"prompt": "What happened to the Jews during the crusades? By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture, including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language. Upon assimilating into German culture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish. However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries, with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language. Answer: ", "completion": "forcefully expelled from Germany"}
{"prompt": " When Napoleon suggested to the 5th Regiment that they kill him, how did they respond? The 5th Regiment was sent to intercept him and made contact just south of Grenoble on March 7, 1815. Napoleon approached the regiment alone, dismounted his horse and, when he was within gunshot range, shouted to the soldiers, \"Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish.\" The soldiers quickly responded with, \"Vive L'Empereur!\" Ney, who had boasted to the restored Bourbon king, Louis XVIII, that he would bring Napoleon to Paris in an iron cage, affectionately kissed his former emperor and forgot his oath of allegiance to the Bourbon monarch. The two then marched together towards Paris with a growing army. The unpopular Louis XVIII fled to Belgium after realizing he had little political support. On March 13, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw. Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule. Answer: ", "completion": "\"Vive L'Empereur!\""}
{"prompt": "What did the Romans use as a means of expanding their rule throughout the empire? In the wake of the Republic's collapse, state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors. Augustus, the first Roman emperor, justified the novelty of one-man rule with a vast program of religious revivalism and reform. Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at the wellbeing of the emperor. So-called \"emperor worship\" expanded on a grand scale the traditional Roman veneration of the ancestral dead and of the Genius, the divine tutelary of every individual. Imperial cult became one of the major ways in which Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity and loyalty throughout the Empire. Rejection of the state religion was tantamount to treason. This was the context for Rome's conflict with Christianity, which Romans variously regarded as a form of atheism and novel superstitio. Answer: ", "completion": "Imperial cult"}
{"prompt": "Who founded what came to be known Hyderabad? According to John Everett-Heath, the author of Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names, Hyderabad means \"Haydar's city\" or \"lion city\", from haydar (lion) and \u0101b\u0101d (city). It was named to honour the Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, who was also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battles. Andrew Petersen, a scholar of Islamic architecture, says the city was originally called Baghnagar (city of gardens). One popular theory suggests that Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the founder of the city, named it \"Bhagyanagar\" or \"Bh\u0101gnagar\" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl with whom he had fallen in love. She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal. The city was renamed Hyderabad in her honour. According to another source, the city was named after Haidar, the son of Quli Qutb Shah. Answer: ", "completion": "Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah"}
{"prompt": "What organization said some countries might be spending as much as $150 billion each year on TB? Slow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria \u2013 Mark Dybul: \"we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it.\" Several international organizations are pushing for more transparency in treatment, and more countries are implementing mandatory reporting of cases to the government, although adherence is often sketchy. Commercial treatment-providers may at times overprescribe second-line drugs as well as supplementary treatment, promoting demands for further regulations. The government of Brazil provides universal TB-care, which reduces this problem. Conversely, falling rates of TB-infection may not relate to the number of programs directed at reducing infection rates, but may be tied to increased level of education, income and health of the population. Costs of the disease, as calculated by the World Bank in 2009 may exceed 150 billion USD per year in \"high burden\" countries. Lack of progress eradicating the disease may also be due to lack of patient follow-up \u2013 as among the 250M rural migrants in China. Answer: ", "completion": "World Bank"}
{"prompt": "When is the annual Houston Pride Parade held? Many annual events celebrate the diverse cultures of Houston. The largest and longest running is the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, held over 20 days from early to late March, is the largest annual livestock show and rodeo in the world. Another large celebration is the annual night-time Houston Pride Parade, held at the end of June. Other annual events include the Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival, which is considered to be one of the top five art festivals in the United States. Answer: ", "completion": "the end of June"}
{"prompt": "What censuses did he study? In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790\u20131810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years. Answer: ", "completion": "from 1790\u20131810"}
{"prompt": "How does the cold resistance of tungsten filament lamps compare to the hot resistance? The actual resistance of the filament is temperature dependent. The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance when the lamp is operating. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp has a resistance of 144 ohms when lit, but the cold resistance is much lower (about 9.5 ohms). Since incandescent lamps are resistive loads, simple phase-control TRIAC dimmers can be used to control brightness. Electrical contacts may carry a \"T\" rating symbol indicating that they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps. For a 100-watt, 120-volt general-service lamp, the current stabilizes in about 0.10 seconds, and the lamp reaches 90% of its full brightness after about 0.13 seconds. Answer: ", "completion": "The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance"}
{"prompt": "When did Australia have a banking crisis? A brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during this time ended in the early 1890s with a severe depression of the city's economy, sending the local finance and property industries into a period of chaos during which 16 small \"land banks\" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies went into liquidation. The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor in the Australian economic depression of the 1890s and the Australian banking crisis of 1893. The effects of the depression on the city were profound, with virtually no new construction until the late 1890s. Answer: ", "completion": "1893."}
{"prompt": "How long did the Peninsular War last? Hoping to extend the Continental System, Napoleon invaded Iberia and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, noted for its brutal guerrilla warfare, and culminated in an Allied victory. Fighting also erupted in Central Europe, as the Austrians launched another attack against the French in 1809. Napoleon defeated them at the Battle of Wagram, dissolving the Fifth Coalition formed against France. By 1811, Napoleon ruled over 70 million people across an empire that had domination in Europe, which had not witnessed this level of political consolidation since the days of the Roman Empire. He maintained his strategic status through a series of alliances and family appointments. He created a new aristocracy in France while allowing the return of nobles who had been forced into exile by the Revolution. Answer: ", "completion": "six years"}
{"prompt": "Who discovered the idea of true north? There are many notable contributors to the field of Chinese science throughout the ages. One of the best examples would be Shen Kuo (1031\u20131095), a polymath scientist and statesman who was the first to describe the magnetic-needle compass used for navigation, discovered the concept of true north, improved the design of the astronomical gnomon, armillary sphere, sight tube, and clepsydra, and described the use of drydocks to repair boats. After observing the natural process of the inundation of silt and the find of marine fossils in the Taihang Mountains (hundreds of miles from the Pacific Ocean), Shen Kuo devised a theory of land formation, or geomorphology. He also adopted a theory of gradual climate change in regions over time, after observing petrified bamboo found underground at Yan'an, Shaanxi province. If not for Shen Kuo's writing, the architectural works of Yu Hao would be little known, along with the inventor of movable type printing, Bi Sheng (990-1051). Shen's contemporary Su Song (1020\u20131101) was also a brilliant polymath, an astronomer who created a celestial atlas of star maps, wrote a pharmaceutical treatise with related subjects of botany, zoology, mineralogy, and metallurgy, and had erected a large astronomical clocktower in Kaifeng city in 1088. To operate the crowning armillary sphere, his clocktower featured an escapement mechanism and the world's oldest known use of an endless power-transmitting chain drive. Answer: ", "completion": "Shen Kuo"}
{"prompt": "What made power distribution economically viable in Edison's lamp? In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp, historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. They conclude that Edison's version was able to outstrip the others because of a combination of three factors: an effective incandescent material, a higher vacuum than others were able to achieve (by use of the Sprengel pump) and a high resistance that made power distribution from a centralized source economically viable. Answer: ", "completion": "high resistance"}
{"prompt": "Who founded the Spoleto Festival USA? Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines. The Spoleto Festival is internationally recognized as America's premier performing arts festival. The annual Piccolo Spoleto festival takes place at the same time and features local performers and artists, with hundreds of performances throughout the city. Other festivals and events include Historic Charleston Foundation's Festival of Houses and Gardens and Charleston Antiques Show, the Taste of Charleston, The Lowcountry Oyster Festival, the Cooper River Bridge Run, The Charleston Marathon, Southeastern Wildlife Exposition (SEWE), Charleston Food and Wine Festival, Charleston Fashion Week, the MOJA Arts Festival, and the Holiday Festival of Lights (at James Island County Park), and the Charleston International Film Festival. Answer: ", "completion": "Gian Carlo Menotti"}
{"prompt": "What is the last opus number that Chopin used? The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66\u201373), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition. Answer: ", "completion": "65"}
{"prompt": "What military thread did the CAF protect against in Europe? During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. Answer: ", "completion": "the Soviet military threat"}
{"prompt": "What effect did the raid have strategically? From November 1940 \u2013 February 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted its strategy and attacked other industrial cities. In particular, the West Midlands were targeted. On the night of 13/14 November, 77 He 111s of Kampfgeschwader 26 (26th Bomber Wing, or KG 26) bombed London while 63 from KG 55 hit Birmingham. The next night, a large force hit Coventry. \"Pathfinders\" from 12 Kampfgruppe 100 (Bomb Group 100 or KGr 100) led 437 bombers from KG 1, KG 3, KG 26, KG 27, KG 55 and Lehrgeschwader 1 (1st Training Wing, or LG 1) which dropped 394 short tons (357 t) of high explosive, 56 short tons (51 t) of incendiaries, and 127 parachute mines. Other sources say 449 bombers and a total of 530 short tons (480 t) of bombs were dropped. The raid against Coventry was particularly devastating, and led to widespread use of the phrase \"to conventrate\". Over 10,000 incendiaries were dropped. Around 21 factories were seriously damaged in Coventry, and loss of public utilities stopped work at nine others, disrupting industrial output for several months. Only one bomber was lost, to anti-aircraft fire, despite the RAF flying 125 night sorties. No follow up raids were made, as OKL underestimated the British power of recovery (as Bomber Command would do over Germany from 1943\u20131945). The Germans were surprised by the success of the attack. The concentration had been achieved by accident. The strategic effect of the raid was a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production. Answer: ", "completion": "a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production"}
{"prompt": "Radar was supplemented by what in the 1980s? Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain created an integrated system for ADGB that linked the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command, although field-deployed air defence relied on less sophisticated arrangements. NATO later called these arrangements an \"air defence ground environment\", defined as \"the network of ground radar sites and command and control centres within a specific theatre of operations which are used for the tactical control of air defence operations\". Answer: ", "completion": "optronics"}
{"prompt": "What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana? Praj\u00f1\u0101 (Sanskrit) or pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101 (P\u0101li) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Praj\u00f1\u0101 is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirv\u0101\u1e47a, through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha (unsatisfactoriness), anicca (impermanence) and anatta (not-self). Praj\u00f1\u0101 is also listed as the sixth of the six p\u0101ramit\u0101s of the Mahayana. Answer: ", "completion": "Praj\u00f1\u0101"}
{"prompt": "What was the cause of Lady Flora's death in July? At the start of her reign Victoria was popular, but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy. Victoria believed the rumours. She hated Conroy, and despised \"that odious Lady Flora\", because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess of Kent in the Kensington System. At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to a naked medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually agreed, and was found to be a virgin. Conroy, the Hastings family and the opposition Tories organised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora. When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen. At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as \"Mrs. Melbourne\". Answer: ", "completion": "large tumour on her liver"}
{"prompt": "Who lost the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina? During the American Revolutionary War, Fort Watauga at Sycamore Shoals (in present-day Elizabethton) was attacked (1776) by Dragging Canoe and his warring faction of Cherokee who were aligned with the British Loyalists. These renegade Cherokee were referred to by settlers as the Chickamauga. They opposed North Carolina's annexation of the Washington District and the concurrent settling of the Transylvania Colony further north and west. The lives of many settlers were spared from the initial warrior attacks through the warnings of Dragging Canoe's cousin, Nancy Ward. The frontier fort on the banks of the Watauga River later served as a 1780 staging area for the Overmountain Men in preparation to trek over the Appalachian Mountains, to engage, and to later defeat the British Army at the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina. Answer: ", "completion": "the British Army"}
{"prompt": "What online retail giant has operations at the Cork Airport Business Park? The city is also home to the Heineken Brewery that brews Murphy's Irish Stout and the nearby Beamish and Crawford brewery (taken over by Heineken in 2008) which have been in the city for generations. 45% of the world's Tic Tac sweets are manufactured at the city's Ferrero factory. For many years, Cork was the home to Ford Motor Company, which manufactured cars in the docklands area before the plant was closed in 1984. Henry Ford's grandfather was from West Cork, which was one of the main reasons for opening up the manufacturing facility in Cork. But technology has replaced the old manufacturing businesses of the 1970s and 1980s, with people now working in the many I.T. centres of the city \u2013 such as Amazon.com, the online retailer, which has set up in Cork Airport Business Park. Answer: ", "completion": "Amazon.com"}
{"prompt": "How long can it take to reach the equilibrium ratio? Even interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is usually given). Hydrogen detonation parameters, such as critical detonation pressure and temperature, strongly depend on the container geometry. Answer: ", "completion": "days or weeks"}
{"prompt": "Where did John contract dysentery? In September 1216 John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled north to relieve the rebel siege at Lincoln and back east to King's Lynn, probably to order further supplies from the continent.[nb 17] In King's Lynn, John contracted dysentery, which would ultimately prove fatal. Meanwhile, Alexander II invaded northern England again, taking Carlisle in August and then marching south to give homage to Prince Louis for his English possessions; John narrowly missed intercepting Alexander along the way. Tensions between Louis and the English barons began to increase, prompting a wave of desertions, including William Marshal's son William and William Longesp\u00e9e, who both returned to John's faction. Answer: ", "completion": "King's Lynn"}
{"prompt": "How are batteries typically grouped? Batteries are usually grouped into battalions or equivalent. In the field army a light gun or SHORAD battalion is often assigned to a manoeuvre division. Heavier guns and long-range missiles may be in air-defence brigades and come under corps or higher command. Homeland air defence may have a full military structure. For example, the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command, commanded by a full British Army general was part of ADGB. At its peak in 1941\u201342 it comprised three AA corps with 12 AA divisions between them. Answer: ", "completion": "into battalions"}
{"prompt": "With what is cotton often blended to make a new style of fabric? Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth for highly absorbent bath towels and robes; denim for blue jeans; cambric, popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from which we get the term \"blue-collar\"); and corduroy, seersucker, and cotton twill. Socks, underwear, and most T-shirts are made from cotton. Bed sheets often are made from cotton. Cotton also is used to make yarn used in crochet and knitting. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester. It can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a stretchier thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans. Answer: ", "completion": "synthetic fibers"}
{"prompt": "Who was annoyed that Victoria was welcomed at each of her visits to central England? In 1830, the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses along the way. Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops. William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heiress presumptive. Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest. She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy, and forced Victoria to continue the tours. At Ramsgate in October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence. While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy her private secretary. As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff. Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household. Answer: ", "completion": "William"}
{"prompt": "What is the name of the song that Jessica Sanchez released first after American Idol? Phillips released \"Home\" as his coronation song, while Sanchez released \"Change Nothing\". Phillips' \"Home\" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs. Answer: ", "completion": "Change Nothing"}
{"prompt": "what was the name of Blake Baxter's 1987 hit recording? Kevin Saunderson's company KMS Records contributed many releases that were as much house music as they were techno. These tracks were well received in Chicago and played on Chicago radio and in clubs.[citation needed] Blake Baxter's 1986 recording, \"When we Used to Play / Work your Body\", 1987's \"Bounce Your Body to the Box\" and \"Force Field\", \"The Sound / How to Play our Music\" and \"the Groove that Won't Stop\" and a remix of \"Grooving Without a Doubt\". In 1988, as house music became more popular among general audiences, Kevin Saunderson's group Inner City with Paris Gray released the 1988 hits \"Big Fun\" and \"Good Life\", which eventually were picked up by Virgin Records. Each EP / 12 inch single sported remixes by Mike \"Hitman\" Wilson and Steve \"Silk\" Hurley of Chicago and Derrick \"Mayday\" May and Juan Atkins of Detroit. In 1989, KMS had another hit release of \"Rock to the Beat\" which was a theme in Chicago dance clubs.[citation needed] Answer: ", "completion": "\"Bounce Your Body to the Box\""}
{"prompt": "Which company became invovled in a political controversy? New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associated transportation programs. This policy-stimulus combination represents the largest federal commitment in U.S. history for renewables, advanced transportation, and energy conservation initiatives. Based on these new rules, many more utilities strengthened their clean-energy programs. Clean Edge suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will help countries around the world deal with the current economic malaise. Once-promising solar energy company, Solyndra, became involved in a political controversy involving U.S. President Barack Obama's administration's authorization of a $535 million loan guarantee to the Corporation in 2009 as part of a program to promote alternative energy growth. The company ceased all business activity, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and laid-off nearly all of its employees in early September 2011. Answer: ", "completion": "Solyndra"}
{"prompt": "What is the purpose of Kathmandu being divided into 35 wards? Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors: the Central Sector, the East Sector, the North Sector, the City Core and the West Sector. For civic administration, the city is further divided into 35 administrative wards. The Council administers the Metropolitan area of Kathmandu city through its 177 elected representatives and 20 nominated members. It holds biannual meetings to review, process and approve the annual budget and make major policy decisions. The ward's profile documents for the 35 wards prepared by the Kathmandu Metropolitan Council is detailed and provides information for each ward on population, the structure and condition of houses, the type of roads, educational, health and financial institutions, entertainment facilities, parking space, security provisions, etc. It also includes lists of development projects completed, on-going and planned, along with informative data about the cultural heritage, festivals, historical sites and the local inhabitants. Ward 16 is the largest, with an area of 437.4 ha; ward 26 is the smallest, with an area of 4 ha. Answer: ", "completion": "civic administration"}
{"prompt": "How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine? Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines\u2014monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages. Answer: ", "completion": "hundreds of pages"}
{"prompt": "Who formerly lived at 58 West? 40\u00b048\u203227\u2033N 73\u00b057\u203218\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.8076\u00b0N 73.9549\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.8076; -73.9549 120th Street traverses the neighborhoods of Morningside Heights, Harlem, and Spanish Harlem. It begins on Riverside Drive at the Interchurch Center. It then runs east between the campuses of Barnard College and the Union Theological Seminary, then crosses Broadway and runs between the campuses of Columbia University and Teacher's College. The street is interrupted by Morningside Park. It then continues east, eventually running along the southern edge of Marcus Garvey Park, passing by 58 West, the former residence of Maya Angelou. It then continues through Spanish Harlem; when it crosses Pleasant Avenue it becomes a two\u2011way street and continues nearly to the East River, where for automobiles, it turns north and becomes Paladino Avenue, and for pedestrians, continues as a bridge across FDR Drive. Answer: ", "completion": "Maya Angelou"}
{"prompt": "How much of the Swiss population live in urban areas? Between two thirds and three quarters of the population live in urban areas. Switzerland has gone from a largely rural country to an urban one in just 70 years. Since 1935 urban development has claimed as much of the Swiss landscape as it did during the previous 2,000 years. This urban sprawl does not only affect the plateau but also the Jura and the Alpine foothills and there are growing concerns about land use. However, from the beginning of the 21st century, the population growth in urban areas is higher than in the countryside. Answer: ", "completion": "Between two thirds and three quarters"}
{"prompt": "In 2010, Beyonce worked with which other famous singer? At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 received ten nominations, including Album of the Year for I Am... Sasha Fierce, Record of the Year for \"Halo\", and Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", among others. She tied with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist. In 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on Lady Gaga's single \"Telephone\" and its music video. The song topped the US Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyonc\u00e9 and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992. \"Telephone\" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Answer: ", "completion": "Lady Gaga"}
{"prompt": "Since when have Amalgams been used? Mercury has been smelted from cinnabar for thousands of years. Mercury dissolves many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin, to form amalgams (an alloy in a soft paste, or liquid form at ambient temperature). Amalgams have been used since 200 BC in China for plating objects with precious metals, called gilding, such as armor and mirrors. The ancient Romans often used mercury-tin amalgams for gilding their armor. The amalgam was applied as a paste and then heated until the mercury vaporized, leaving the gold, silver, or tin behind. Mercury was often used in mining, to extract precious metals like gold and silver from their ores. Answer: ", "completion": "200 BC"}
{"prompt": "What was under scrutiny? The coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay. Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere. Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper Lib\u00e9ration was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that Lib\u00e9ration needed \"a stinging slap in the face\" for having \"insulted the Olympic flame\" and \"supported a handful of saboteurs\". Answer: ", "completion": "media coverage"}
{"prompt": "What was the title of Hyder Ali? In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asif Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's borders, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British. Answer: ", "completion": "Dalwai of Mysore"}
{"prompt": "Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture? For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way \"adorned\". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. Answer: ", "completion": "not"}
{"prompt": "How much of the GDP has agriculture accounted for most recently? Agriculture accounted for less than 20% of both net material product and total employment before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. After independence, the importance of agriculture in the economy increased markedly, its share at the end of the 1990s rising to more than 30% of GDP and more than 40% of total employment. This increase in the importance of agriculture was attributable to food security needs of the population in the face of uncertainty during the first phases of transition and the collapse of the non-agricultural sectors of the economy in the early 1990s. As the economic situation stabilized and growth resumed, the share of agriculture in GDP dropped to slightly over 20% (2006 data), although the share of agriculture in employment remained more than 40%. Answer: ", "completion": "20%"}
{"prompt": "What was the original name of Mexico City? Mexico\u2019s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians (Native Americans), the other being Quito. The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan, and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as M\u00e9xico Tenochtitl\u00e1n, and as of 1585 it was officially known as Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (Mexico City). Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the Federal District was created in 1824. Answer: ", "completion": "Tenochtitlan"}
{"prompt": "Who was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company? Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer. Weeks later the United States Electric Lighting Company was organized. This company didn't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercantile Safe Deposit Company in New York City, about six months after the Edison incandescent lamps had been installed on the Columbia. Hiram S. Maxim was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company. Answer: ", "completion": "Hiram S. Maxim"}
{"prompt": "Who brought Shingon Buddhism to Japan? Buddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period, primarily through two major esoteric sects, Tendai and Shingon. Tendai originated in China and is based on the Lotus Sutra, one of the most important sutras of Mahayana Buddhism; Saich\u014d was key to its transmission to Japan. Shingon is the Japanese transmission of the Chinese Chen Yen school. Shingon, brought to Japan by the monk K\u016bkai, emphasizes Esoteric Buddhism. Both K\u016bkai and Saich\u014d aimed to connect state and religion and establish support from the aristocracy, leading to the notion of 'aristocratic Buddhism'. An important element of Tendai doctrine was the suggestion that enlightenment was accessible to \"every creature\". Saich\u014d also sought independent ordination for Tendai monks. A close relationship developed between the Tendai monastery complex on Mount Hiei and the imperial court in its new capital at the foot of the mountain. As a result, Tendai emphasized great reverence for the emperor and the nation. Kammu himself was a notable patron of the otherworldly Tendai sect, which rose to great power over the ensuing centuries. K\u016bkai greatly impressed the emperors who succeeded Emperor Kammu, and also generations of Japanese, not only with his holiness but also with his poetry, calligraphy, painting, and sculpture. Shingon, through its use of \"rich symbols, rituals and mandalas\" held a wide-ranging appeal. Answer: ", "completion": "K\u016bkai"}
{"prompt": "What weekly publication in New Haven is issued by Yale University? New Haven is served by the daily New Haven Register, the weekly \"alternative\" New Haven Advocate (which is run by Tribune, the corporation owning the Hartford Courant), the online daily New Haven Independent, and the monthly Grand News Community Newspaper. Downtown New Haven is covered by an in-depth civic news forum, Design New Haven. The Register also backs PLAY magazine, a weekly entertainment publication. The city is also served by several student-run papers, including the Yale Daily News, the weekly Yale Herald and a humor tabloid, Rumpus Magazine. WTNH Channel 8, the ABC affiliate for Connecticut, WCTX Channel 59, the MyNetworkTV affiliate for the state, and Connecticut Public Television station WEDY channel 65, a PBS affiliate, broadcast from New Haven. All New York City news and sports team stations broadcast to New Haven County. Answer: ", "completion": "Yale Herald"}
{"prompt": "Where was a hoard from Visigothic Spain found? Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art, but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles. Insular art integrated the energy of Irish Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Germanic styles of ornament with Mediterranean forms such as the book, and established many characteristics of art for the rest of the medieval period. Surviving religious works from the Early Middle Ages are mostly illuminated manuscripts and carved ivories, originally made for metalwork that has since been melted down. Objects in precious metals were the most prestigious form of art, but almost all are lost except for a few crosses such as the Cross of Lothair, several reliquaries, and finds such as the Anglo-Saxon burial at Sutton Hoo and the hoards of Gourdon from Merovingian France, Guarrazar from Visigothic Spain and Nagyszentmikl\u00f3s near Byzantine territory. There are survivals from the large brooches in fibula or penannular form that were a key piece of personal adornment for elites, including the Irish Tara Brooch. Highly decorated books were mostly Gospel Books and these have survived in larger numbers, including the Insular Book of Kells, the Book of Lindisfarne, and the imperial Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram, which is one of the few to retain its \"treasure binding\" of gold encrusted with jewels. Charlemagne's court seems to have been responsible for the acceptance of figurative monumental sculpture in Christian art, and by the end of the period near life-sized figures such as the Gero Cross were common in important churches. Answer: ", "completion": "Guarrazar"}
{"prompt": "What academics identified emotions with physiological changes? Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, surprise etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts. Answer: ", "completion": "psychophysiologists"}
{"prompt": "What three services make up the armed forces of the UK? During the 1920s and 1930s, British civil servants and politicians, looking back at the performance of the state during World War I, concluded that there was a need for greater co-ordination between the three Services that made up the armed forces of the United Kingdom\u2014the British Army, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Air Force. The formation of a united ministry of defence was rejected by David Lloyd George's coalition government in 1921; but the Chiefs of Staff Committee was formed in 1923, for the purposes of inter-Service co-ordination. As rearmament became a concern during the 1930s, Stanley Baldwin created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence. Lord Chatfield held the post until the fall of Neville Chamberlain's government in 1940; his success was limited by his lack of control over the existing Service departments and his limited political influence. Answer: ", "completion": "the British Army, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Air Force"}
{"prompt": "Which magazine tied to the post-punk movement lost half of its circulation? However, during this period, major figures and artists in the scene began leaning away from underground aesthetics. In the music press, the increasingly esoteric writing of post-punk publications soon began to alienate their readerships; it is estimated that within several years, NME suffered the loss of half its circulation. Writers like Paul Morley began advocating \"overground brightness\" instead of the experimental sensibilities promoted in early years. Morley's own musical collaboration with engineer Gary Langan and programmer J. J. Jeczalik, the Art of Noise, would attempt to bring sampled and electronic sounds to the pop mainstream. A variety of more pop-oriented groups, including ABC, the Associates, Adam and the Ants and Bow Wow Wow (the latter two managed by former Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren) emerged in tandem with the development of the New Romantic subcultural scene. Emphasizing glamour, fashion, and escapism in distinction to the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups, the club-oriented scene drew some suspicion from denizens of the movement. Answer: ", "completion": "NME"}
{"prompt": "Who disarmed the Estonian Defence Forces? Most of the Estonian Defence Forces surrendered according to the orders of the Estonian government, believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army. Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion showed resistance to Red Army and Communist militia \"People's Self-Defence\" units in front of the XXI Grammar School in Tallinn on 21 June. As the Red Army brought in additional reinforcements supported by six armoured fighting vehicles, the battle lasted several hours until sundown. Finally the military resistance was ended with negotiations and the Independent Signal Battalion surrendered and was disarmed. There were two dead Estonian servicemen, Aleksei M\u00e4nnikus and Johannes Mandre, and several wounded on the Estonian side and about ten killed and more wounded on the Soviet side. Answer: ", "completion": "the Red Army"}
{"prompt": "When was the Joe Louis memorial dedicated? An important civic sculpture in Detroit is \"The Spirit of Detroit\" by Marshall Fredericks at the Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit and the statue itself is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well. A memorial to Joe Louis at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues was dedicated on October 16, 1986. The sculpture, commissioned by Sports Illustrated and executed by Robert Graham, is a 24-foot (7.3 m) long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework. Answer: ", "completion": "October 16, 1986"}
{"prompt": "What is the burial place of Fructuoso Rivera? Also of major note in Ciudad Vieja is the Plaza de la Constituci\u00f3n (or Plaza Matriz). During the first decades of Uruguayan independence this square was the main hub of city life. On the square are the Cabildo\u2014the seat of colonial government\u2014and the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral. The cathedral is the burial place of Fructuoso Rivera, Juan Antonio Lavalleja and Venancio Flores. Another notable square is Plaza Zabala with the equestrian statue of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On its south side, Palacio Taranco, once residence of the Ortiz Taranco brothers, is now the Museum of Decorative Arts. A few blocks northwest of Plaza Zabala is the Mercado del Puerto, another major tourist destination. Answer: ", "completion": "Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral"}
{"prompt": "Brazil's population is thought to have greater than what percentage of European Y-DNA? If a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered (e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one, unlike elsewhere in Latin America where people of high quantity of African descent tend to classify themselves as mixed), more people would report themselves as white and pardo in Brazil (47.7% and 42.4% of the population as of 2010, respectively), because by research its population is believed to have between 65 and 80% of autosomal European ancestry, in average (also >35% of European mt-DNA and >95% of European Y-DNA). Answer: ", "completion": "95%"}
{"prompt": "When was the term kirishitan used by the Japanese? In Japan, the term kirishitan (written in Edo period documents \u5409\u5229\u652f\u4e39, \u5207\u652f\u4e39, and in modern Japanese histories as \u30ad\u30ea\u30b7\u30bf\u30f3), from Portuguese crist\u00e3o, referred to Roman Catholics in the 16th and 17th centuries before the religion was banned by the Tokugawa shogunate. Today, Christians are referred to in Standard Japanese as \u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u5f92, Kirisuto-ky\u014dto or the English-derived term \u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c1\u30e3\u30f3 kurisuchan. Answer: ", "completion": "16th and 17th centuries"}
{"prompt": "The Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, and Forum Theatre are members of which of Melbourne's theater districts? Melbourne's live performance institutions date from the foundation of the city, with the first theatre, the Pavilion, opening in 1841. The city's East End Theatre District includes theatres that similarly date from 1850s to the 1920s, including the Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, Her Majesty's Theatre, Forum Theatre, Comedy Theatre, and the Athenaeum Theatre. The Melbourne Arts Precinct in Southbank is home to Arts Centre Melbourne, which includes the State Theatre, Hamer Hall, the Playhouse and the Fairfax Studio. The Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre (principal home of the MTC, which includes the Sumner and Lawler performance spaces) are also located in Southbank. The Sidney Myer Music Bowl, which dates from 1955, is located in the gardens of Kings Domain; and the Palais Theatre is a feature of the St Kilda Beach foreshore. Answer: ", "completion": "East End Theatre District"}
{"prompt": "Who tried to stop the rally? On June 16, 1988, 6,000 to 8,000 people gathered in Lviv to hear speakers declare no confidence in the local list of delegates to the 19th Communist Party conference, to begin on June 29. On June 21, a rally in Lviv attracted 50,000 people who had heard about a revised delegate list. Authorities attempted to disperse the rally in front of Druzhba Stadium. On July 7, 10,000 to 20,000 people witnessed the launch of the Democratic Front to Promote Perestroika. On July 17, a group of 10,000 gathered in the village Zarvanytsia for Millennium services celebrated by Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Bishop Pavlo Vasylyk. The militia tried to disperse attendees, but it turned out to be the largest gathering of Ukrainian Catholics since Stalin outlawed the Church in 1946. On August 4, which came to be known as \"Bloody Thursday,\" local authorities violently suppressed a demonstration organized by the Democratic Front to Promote Perestroika. Forty-one people were detained, fined, or sentenced to 15 days of administrative arrest. On September 1, local authorities violently displaced 5,000 students at a public meeting lacking official permission at Ivan Franko State University. Answer: ", "completion": "Authorities"}
{"prompt": "About how many soldiers demobilized after the war ended? In November 1945, Eisenhower returned to Washington to replace Marshall as Chief of Staff of the Army. His main role was rapid demobilization of millions of soldiers, a slow job that was delayed by lack of shipping. Eisenhower was convinced in 1946 that the Soviet Union did not want war and that friendly relations could be maintained; he strongly supported the new United Nations and favored its involvement in the control of atomic bombs. However, in formulating policies regarding the atomic bomb and relations with the Soviets, Truman was guided by the U.S. State Department and ignored Eisenhower and the Pentagon. Indeed, Eisenhower had opposed the use of the atomic bomb against the Japanese, writing, \"First, the Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasn't necessary to hit them with that awful thing. Second, I hated to see our country be the first to use such a weapon.\" Initially, Eisenhower was characterized by hopes for cooperation with the Soviets. He even visited Warsaw in 1945. Invited by Boles\u0142aw Bierut and decorated with the highest military decoration, he was shocked by the scale of destruction in the city. However, by mid-1947, as East\u2013West tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the Greek Civil War escalated, Eisenhower gave up and agreed with a containment policy to stop Soviet expansion. Answer: ", "completion": "millions"}
{"prompt": "How long were the units in inches of the Mohenjo-daro ruler? Mathematics: The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appear with the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 4th millennium BC ~ c. 3rd millennium BC). The people of this civilization made bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favorable for the stability of a brick structure. They also tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy. They designed a ruler\u2014the Mohenjo-daro ruler\u2014whose unit of length (approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimetres) was divided into ten equal parts. Bricks manufactured in ancient Mohenjo-daro often had dimensions that were integral multiples of this unit of length. Answer: ", "completion": "1.32 inches"}
{"prompt": "What did Thomas Laird dismiss the Yuan dynasty as? The Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as \"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kublai Khan, who adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Y\u00fcan in 1271.\" The Encyclopedia Americana describes the Yuan dynasty as \"the line of Mongol rulers in China\" and adds that the Mongols \"proclaimed a Chinese-style Y\u00fcan dynasty at Khanbaliq (Beijing).\" The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty \"adopted Chinese political and cultural models; ruling from their capitals in Dadu, they assumed the role of Chinese emperors,\" although Tibetologist Thomas Laird dismissed the Yuan dynasty as a non-Chinese polity and plays down its Chinese characteristics. The Metropolitan Museum of Art also noted that in spite of the gradual assimilation of Yuan monarchs, the Mongol rulers largely ignored the literati and imposed harsh policies discriminating against southern Chinese. In his Kublai Khan: His Life and Times, Rossabi explains that Kublai \"created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional Chinese ones\", and he \"wished to signal to the Chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style of a Chinese ruler\". Answer: ", "completion": "a non-Chinese polity"}
{"prompt": "What can impact accurately assesing sexual identity? Often, sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished, which can impact accurately assessing sexual identity and whether or not sexual orientation is able to change; sexual orientation identity can change throughout an individual's life, and may or may not align with biological sex, sexual behavior or actual sexual orientation. While the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and American Psychiatric Association state that sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others, the American Psychological Association distinguishes between sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life). Answer: ", "completion": "sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished"}
{"prompt": "Where did Everton FC relocate their games to in 1892? Everton originally played in the southeast corner of Stanley Park, which was the site for the new Liverpool F.C. stadium, with the first official match taking place in 1879. In 1882, a man named J. Cruitt donated land at Priory Road which became the club's home before they moved to Anfield, which was Everton's home until 1892. At this time, a dispute of how the club was to be owned and run emerged with Anfield's owner and Everton's chairman, John Houlding. A dispute between Houlding and the club's committee over how the club should be run, led to Houlding attempting to gain full control of the club by registering the company, \"Everton F.C. and Athletic Grounds Ltd\". In response, Everton left Anfield for a new ground, Goodison Park, where the club have played ever since. Houlding attempted to take over Everton's name, colours, fixtures and league position, but was denied by The Football Association. Instead, Houlding formed a new club, Liverpool F.C. Answer: ", "completion": "Anfield"}
{"prompt": "How long does the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo last? Many annual events celebrate the diverse cultures of Houston. The largest and longest running is the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, held over 20 days from early to late March, is the largest annual livestock show and rodeo in the world. Another large celebration is the annual night-time Houston Pride Parade, held at the end of June. Other annual events include the Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival, which is considered to be one of the top five art festivals in the United States. Answer: ", "completion": "20 days"}
{"prompt": "How many helicopters were sent to deliver aid to the affected areas? Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts. At the start of rescue operations on May 12, 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food, water, and emergency aid, and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas. By 17:37 CST on May 13, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas. A commander reported from Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status of the other inhabitants (around 9,000) remained unclear. The 1,300 rescuers reached the epicenter, and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of Wenchuan at about 23:30 CST. By 12:17 CST, May 14, 2008, communication in the seat of Wenchuan was partly revived. On the afternoon of May 14, 15 Special Operations Troops, along with relief supplies and communications gear, parachuted into inaccessible Mao County, northeast of Wenchuan. Answer: ", "completion": "20"}
{"prompt": "Thysanura and Pterygota are what? Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses: wingless insects, known as Apterygota, and winged insects, known as Pterygota. The Apterygota consist of the primitively wingless order of the silverfish (Thysanura). Archaeognatha make up the Monocondylia based on the shape of their mandibles, while Thysanura and Pterygota are grouped together as Dicondylia. The Thysanura themselves possibly are not monophyletic, with the family Lepidotrichidae being a sister group to the Dicondylia (Pterygota and the remaining Thysanura). Answer: ", "completion": "Dicondylia"}
{"prompt": "What were the wind speeds recorded on Neptune? In contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour (580 m/s; 1,300 mph). Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K (\u2212218 \u00b0C). Temperatures at the planet's centre are approximately 5,400 K (5,100 \u00b0C). Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system (labelled \"arcs\"), which was first detected during the 1960s and confirmed by Voyager 2. Answer: ", "completion": "2,100 kilometres per hour"}
{"prompt": "Which BMX Champion had a park named after them in Oklahoma City? In April 2005, the Oklahoma City Skate Park at Wiley Post Park was renamed the Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park to recognize Mat Hoffman, an Oklahoma City area resident and businessman that was instrumental in the design of the skate park and is a 10-time BMX World Vert champion. In March 2009, the Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park was named by the National Geographic Society Travel Guide as one of the \"Ten Best.\" Answer: ", "completion": "Mat Hoffman"}
{"prompt": "How many helicopter were to be provided by the civil aviation industry? By May 15, Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters, of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF, and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry, bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history. Answer: ", "completion": "30"}
{"prompt": "Where is the \"field of distribution\" most often associated with? The five most prevalent chains are Lotte, Hyundai, Shinsegae, Galleria, AK plaza. Lotte Department Store is the largest, operating more than 40 stores (include outlet, young plaza, foreign branches). Hyundai Department Store has about 14 stores (13dept, 1outlet), and there are 10 stores in Shinsegae. Shinsegae has 3 outlet store with Simon. Galleria has 5, AK has 5 stores. Galleriaeast and west is well known by luxury goods. These five department stores are known to people as representative corporations in the field of distirution in South Korea. From fashion items to electric appliances, people can buy various kinds of products. Every weekend, people are fond of going around these department stores, because their location is usually easy to visit. As of 2010 the Shinsegae department store in Centum City, Busan, is the largest department store in the world. Answer: ", "completion": "South Korea"}
{"prompt": "How was the weather during the protest? On September 30, 1989, thousands of Belorussians, denouncing local leaders, marched through Minsk to demand additional cleanup of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster site in Ukraine. Up to 15,000 protesters wearing armbands bearing radioactivity symbols and carrying the banned red-and-white Belorussian national flag filed through torrential rain in defiance of a ban by local authorities. Later, they gathered in the city center near the government's headquarters, where speakers demanded resignation of Yefrem Sokolov, the republic's Communist Party leader, and called for the evacuation of half a million people from the contaminated zones. Answer: ", "completion": "torrential rain"}
{"prompt": "\"Compensation\" consists of what? Elevators with more than 30 m (98 ft) of travel have a system called compensation. This is a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab. This makes it easier to control the elevator, as it compensates for the differing weight of cable between the hoist and the cab. If the elevator cab is at the top of the hoist-way, there is a short length of hoist cable above the car and a long length of compensating cable below the car and vice versa for the counterweight. If the compensation system uses cables, there will be an additional sheave in the pit below the elevator, to guide the cables. If the compensation system uses chains, the chain is guided by a bar mounted between the counterweight railway lines. Answer: ", "completion": "a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab"}
{"prompt": "What is a key type of Architecture in Somerset Somerset has 11,500 listed buildings, 523 scheduled monuments, 192 conservation areas, 41 parks and gardens including those at Barrington Court, Holnicote Estate, Prior Park Landscape Garden and Tintinhull Garden, 36 English Heritage sites and 19 National Trust sites, including Clevedon Court, Fyne Court, Montacute House and Tyntesfield as well as Stembridge Tower Mill, the last remaining thatched windmill in England. Other historic houses in the county which have remained in private ownership or used for other purposes include Halswell House and Marston Bigot. A key contribution of Somerset architecture is its medieval church towers. Jenkins writes, \"These structures, with their buttresses, bell-opening tracery and crowns, rank with Nottinghamshire alabaster as England's finest contribution to medieval art.\" Answer: ", "completion": "its medieval church towers"}
{"prompt": "How many feet above sea level is Oklahoma's highest point? Oklahoma is between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed, generally sloping from the high plains of its western boundary to the low wetlands of its southeastern boundary. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet (1,516 m) above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The state's lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, OK, which dips to 289 feet (88 m) above sea level. Answer: ", "completion": "4,973"}
{"prompt": "What are a few examples of social and religious transition ceremonies? Some examples of social and religious transition ceremonies that can be found in the U.S., as well as in other cultures around the world, are Confirmation, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, Quincea\u00f1eras, sweet sixteens, cotillions, and d\u00e9butante balls. In other countries, initiation ceremonies play an important role, marking the transition into adulthood or the entrance into adolescence. This transition may be accompanied by obvious physical changes, which can vary from a change in clothing to tattoos and scarification. Furthermore, transitions into adulthood may also vary by gender, and specific rituals may be more common for males or for females. This illuminates the extent to which adolescence is, at least in part, a social construction; it takes shape differently depending on the cultural context, and may be enforced more by cultural practices or transitions than by universal chemical or biological physical changes. Answer: ", "completion": "Confirmation, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, Quincea\u00f1eras, sweet sixteens, cotillions, and d\u00e9butante balls"}
{"prompt": "In what regions concepts was the Ottoman economic system based on? The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact. Answer: ", "completion": "the Middle East"}
{"prompt": "Who was Elizabeth only sibling?P Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as \"Crawfie\". Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music. Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility. Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as \"a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant.\" Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as \"a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved\". Answer: ", "completion": "Princess Margaret"}
{"prompt": "When did Clark make his debut? The official Cubs team mascot is a young bear cub, named Clark, described by the team's press release as a young and friendly Cub. Clark made his debut at Advocate Health Care on January 13, 2014, the same day as the press release announcing his installation as the club's first ever official physical mascot. The bear cub itself was used in the clubs since the early 1900s and was the inspiration of the Chicago Staleys changing their team's name to the Chicago Bears, due to the Cubs allowing the football team to play at Wrigley Field in the 1930s. Answer: ", "completion": "January 13, 2014"}
{"prompt": "What amount of Swazi Christians are Roman Catholic? 83% of the total population adheres to Christianity, making it the most common religion in Swaziland. Anglican, Protestant and indigenous African churches, including African Zionist, constitute the majority of the Christians (40%), followed by Roman Catholicism at 20% of the population. On 18 July 2012, Ellinah Wamukoya, was elected Anglican Bishop of Swaziland, becoming the first woman to be a bishop in Africa. 15% of the population follows traditional religions; other non-Christian religions practised in the country include Islam (1%), the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith (0.5%), and Hinduism (0.2%). There are 14 Jewish families. Answer: ", "completion": "20%"}
{"prompt": "When was the Dungan Revolt? The reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735\u20131796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy, and ruling elites did not change their mindsets in the face of changes in the world system. Following the Opium War, European powers imposed unequal treaties, free trade, extraterritoriality and treaty ports under foreign control. The Taiping Rebellion (1850\u201364) and Dungan Revolt (1862\u201377) in Central Asia led to the deaths of some 20 million people. In spite of these disasters, in the Tongzhi Restoration of the 1860s, Han Chinese elites rallied to the defense of the Confucian order and the Qing rulers. The initial gains in the Self-Strengthening Movement were destroyed in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895, in which the Qing lost its influence over Korea and the possession of Taiwan. New Armies were organized, but the ambitious Hundred Days' Reform of 1898 was turned back by Empress Dowager Cixi, a ruthless but capable leader. When, in response to the violently anti-foreign Yihetuan (\"Boxers\"), foreign powers invaded China, the Empress Dowager declared war on them, leading to defeat and the flight of the Imperial Court to Xi'an. Answer: ", "completion": "(1862\u201377)"}
{"prompt": "When did the First Macedonian War end? In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BCE) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171\u2013168 BCE). Answer: ", "completion": "205 BC"}
{"prompt": "What percentage of extinction of species had recently happened?? The Early Triassic was between 250 million to 247 million years ago and was dominated by deserts as Pangaea had not yet broken up, thus the interior was nothing but arid. The Earth had just witnessed a massive die-off in which 95% of all life went extinct. The most common life on earth were Lystrosaurus, Labyrinthodont, and Euparkeria along with many other creatures that managed to survive the Great Dying. Temnospondyli evolved during this time and would be the dominant predator for much of the Triassic. Answer: ", "completion": "95%"}
{"prompt": "What group does Bobby Kotick think is being discouraged from working on the PS3? Activision Blizzard CEO Bobby Kotick has criticized PS3's high development costs and inferior attach rate and return to that of Xbox 360 and Wii. He believes these factors are pushing developers away from working on the console. In an interview with The Times Kotick stated \"I'm getting concerned about Sony; the PlayStation 3 is losing a bit of momentum and they don't make it easy for me to support the platform.\" He continued, \"It's expensive to develop for the console, and the Wii and the Xbox are just selling better. Games generate a better return on invested capital (ROIC) on the Xbox than on the PlayStation.\" Kotick also claimed that Activision Blizzard may stop supporting the system if the situation is not addressed. \"[Sony has] to cut the [PS3's retail] price, because if they don't, the attach rates are likely to slow. If we are being realistic, we might have to stop supporting Sony.\" Kotick received heavy criticism for the statement, notably from developer Bioware who questioned the wisdom of the threatened move, and referred to the statement as \"silly.\" Answer: ", "completion": "developers"}
{"prompt": "What did authors and artists begin advocating for instead of the underground scene? However, during this period, major figures and artists in the scene began leaning away from underground aesthetics. In the music press, the increasingly esoteric writing of post-punk publications soon began to alienate their readerships; it is estimated that within several years, NME suffered the loss of half its circulation. Writers like Paul Morley began advocating \"overground brightness\" instead of the experimental sensibilities promoted in early years. Morley's own musical collaboration with engineer Gary Langan and programmer J. J. Jeczalik, the Art of Noise, would attempt to bring sampled and electronic sounds to the pop mainstream. A variety of more pop-oriented groups, including ABC, the Associates, Adam and the Ants and Bow Wow Wow (the latter two managed by former Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren) emerged in tandem with the development of the New Romantic subcultural scene. Emphasizing glamour, fashion, and escapism in distinction to the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups, the club-oriented scene drew some suspicion from denizens of the movement. Answer: ", "completion": "overground brightness"}
{"prompt": "What was a policy that Gaddafi instituted without support from the GPC? Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily; the GPC largely remained \"a rubber stamp\" for Gaddafi's policies. On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that home schooling was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea. In other instances, Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC's support, such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces. Gaddafi proclaimed that the People's Congresses provided for Libya's every political need, rendering other political organizations unnecessary; all non-authorized groups, including political parties, professional associations, independent trade unions and women's groups, were banned. Answer: ", "completion": "allow women into the armed forces"}
{"prompt": "What is the noise-based speed? The noise-based speed is defined as the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels. Two ratios are used, the 40:1 (\"excellent image quality\") and the 10:1 (\"acceptable image quality\") ratio. These ratios have been subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance. The signal-to-noise ratio is defined as the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels. The noise-based speed is mostly determined by the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter. Answer: ", "completion": "the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels"}
{"prompt": "How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2013? The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The top three best-selling drugs in the United States in 2013 were Abilify ($6.3 billion,) Nexium ($6 billion) and Humira ($5.4 billion). The best-selling drug ever, Lipitor, averaged $13 billion annually and netted $141 billion total over its lifetime before Pfizer's patent expired in November 2011. Answer: ", "completion": "$75.6 billion"}
{"prompt": "How many Scottie Presbyterians moved to the northern counties in Ireland? Presbyterianism is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland and the second largest on the island of Ireland (after the Anglican Church of Ireland),[citation needed] and was brought by Scottish plantation settlers to Ulster who had been strongly encouraged to emigrate by James VI of Scotland, later James I of England. An estimated 100,000 Scottish Presbyterians moved to the northern counties of Ireland between 1607 and the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.[citation needed] The Presbytery of Ulster was formed in 1642 separately from the established Anglican Church. Presbyterians, along with Roman Catholics in Ulster and the rest of Ireland, suffered under the discriminatory Penal Laws until they were revoked in the early 19th century. Presbyterianism is represented in Ireland by the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, the Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland, the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church. Answer: ", "completion": "100,000"}
{"prompt": "What was the art of the Fabbrica usually used for? The mosaics of St. Peter's often show lively Baroque compositions based on designs or canvases from like Ciro Ferri, Guido Reni, Domenichino, Carlo Maratta, and many others. Raphael is represented by a mosaic replica of this last painting, the Transfiguration. Many different artists contributed to the 17th- and 18th-century mosaics in St. Peter's, including Giovanni Battista Calandra, Fabio Cristofari (died 1689), and Pietro Paolo Cristofari (died 1743). Works of the Fabbrica were often used as papal gifts. Answer: ", "completion": "papal gifts"}
{"prompt": "What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian's death? Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system \u2013 not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome\u2019s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference \u2013 he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein \u2013 and Hippolytus recognised a \u201cpagan\u201d basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for \"dogmatic reasons \u2013 his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected \u2013 and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite\". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius. Answer: ", "completion": "stronger"}
{"prompt": "How many species have been downgraded from endangered to threatened status? As of September 2012, fifty-six species have been delisted; twenty-eight due to recovery, ten due to extinction (seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed), ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices, six due to discovery of new populations, one due to an error in the listing rule, and one due to an amendment to the Endangered Species Act specifically requiring the species delisting. Twenty-five others have been down listed from \"endangered\" to \"threatened\" status. Answer: ", "completion": "Twenty-five"}
{"prompt": "How can luminescent light sources be modified to resemble the appearance of incandescents? There are many non-incandescent light sources, such as the fluorescent lamp, high-intensity discharge lamps and LED lamps, which have higher luminous efficiency, and some have been designed to be retrofitted in fixtures for incandescent lights. These devices produce light by luminescence. These lamps produce discrete spectral lines and do not have the broad \"tail\" of invisible infrared emissions. By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used, and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution, the spectrum emitted can be tuned to mimic the appearance of incandescent sources, or other different color temperatures of white light. Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum, the light is not ideal for applications such as photography and cinematography. Answer: ", "completion": "By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used, and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution"}
{"prompt": "When did El Salvador adopt the US Dollar as its currency? Due to geographical proximity of the Central American countries to the U.S. which has powerful military, economic, and political influences, there were several movements and proposals by the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries to annex some or all of the Central American republics (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras with the formerly British-ruled Bay Islands, Nicaragua, Panama which had the U.S.-ruled Canal Zone territory from 1903 to 1979, and formerly British Honduras or Belize since 1981). However, the U.S. never acted on these proposals from some U.S. politicians; some of which were never delivered or considered seriously. In 2001, El Salvador adopted the U.S. dollar as its currency, while Panama has used it for decades due to its ties to the Canal Zone. Answer: ", "completion": "2001"}
{"prompt": "What did an analysis of the 13 studies of pain treatment conclude about the effect of real treament versus sham treatments? Pain is the most common reason for people to use complementary and alternative medicine. An analysis of the 13 highest quality studies of pain treatment with acupuncture, published in January 2009, concluded there is little difference in the effect of real, sham and no acupuncture. However other reviews have found benefit. Additionally, there is tentative evidence for a few herbal medicine. There is interest in the relationship between vitamin D and pain, but the evidence so far from controlled trials for such a relationship, other than in osteomalacia, is unconvincing. Answer: ", "completion": "little difference in the effect"}
{"prompt": "Who are consdered to have the most physical differences? The phenomenon known as \"passing as white\" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: \"Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?\" or \"To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?\" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group. Answer: ", "completion": "African blacks and whites"}
{"prompt": "In what month of the year does Richmond's chilliest weather typically end? Richmond has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfa), with hot and humid summers and generally cool winters. The mountains to the west act as a partial barrier to outbreaks of cold, continental air in winter; Arctic air is delayed long enough to be modified, then further warmed as it subsides in its approach to Richmond. The open waters of the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean contribute to the humid summers and mild winters. The coldest weather normally occurs from late December to early February, and the January daily mean temperature is 37.9 \u00b0F (3.3 \u00b0C), with an average of 6.0 days with highs at or below the freezing mark. Downtown areas straddle the border between USDA Hardiness zones 7B and 8A, and temperatures seldom lower to 0 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C), with the most recent subzero (\u00b0F) reading occurring on January 28, 2000, when the temperature reached \u22121 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C). The July daily mean temperature is 79.3 \u00b0F (26.3 \u00b0C), and high temperatures reach or exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) approximately 43 days out of the year; while 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C) temperatures are not uncommon, they do not occur every year. Extremes in temperature have ranged from \u221212 \u00b0F (\u221224 \u00b0C) on January 19, 1940 up to 107 \u00b0F (42 \u00b0C) on August 6, 1918.[a] Answer: ", "completion": "February"}
{"prompt": "How long did Pushyamitra Shunga rule? The Shunga Empire or Shunga Empire was an ancient Indian dynasty from Magadha that controlled vast areas of the Indian subcontinent from around 187 to 78 BCE. The dynasty was established by Pushyamitra Shunga, after the fall of the Maurya Empire. Its capital was Pataliputra, but later emperors such as Bhagabhadra also held court at Besnagar, modern Vidisha in Eastern Malwa. Pushyamitra Shunga ruled for 36 years and was succeeded by his son Agnimitra. There were ten Shunga rulers. The empire is noted for its numerous wars with both foreign and indigenous powers. They fought battles with the Kalingas, Satavahanas, the Indo-Greeks, and possibly the Panchalas and Mathuras. Art, education, philosophy, and other forms of learning flowered during this period including small terracotta images, larger stone sculptures, and architectural monuments such as the Stupa at Bharhut, and the renowned Great Stupa at Sanchi. The Shunga rulers helped to establish the tradition of royal sponsorship of learning and art. The script used by the empire was a variant of Brahmi and was used to write the Sanskrit language. The Shunga Empire played an imperative role in patronizing Indian culture at a time when some of the most important developments in Hindu thought were taking place. Answer: ", "completion": "36 years"}
{"prompt": "What is a legal system older than Catholic law? The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules (\"canons\") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions. Answer: ", "completion": "Roman law"}
{"prompt": "Who posed the problem of black-body radiation? In the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of motion similarly to a mass on a spring, and can come to thermal equilibrium with hot atoms. The hot object in equilibrium with light absorbs just as much light as it emits. If the object is black, meaning it absorbs all the light that hits it, then its thermal light emission is maximized. Answer: ", "completion": "Kirchhoff"}
{"prompt": "What other religion has history as being part of Presbyterian? Presbyterian history is part of the history of Christianity, but the beginning of Presbyterianism as a distinct movement occurred during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. As the Catholic Church resisted the reformers, several different theological movements splintered from the Church and bore different denominations. Presbyterianism was especially influenced by the French theologian John Calvin, who is credited with the development of Reformed theology, and the work of John Knox, a Scotsman who studied with Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland and brought his teachings back to Scotland. The Presbyterian church traces its ancestry back primarily to England and Scotland. In August 1560 the Parliament of Scotland adopted the Scots Confession as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom. In December 1560, the First Book of Discipline was published, outlining important doctrinal issues but also establishing regulations for church government, including the creation of ten ecclesiastical districts with appointed superintendents which later became known as presbyteries. Answer: ", "completion": "Christianity"}
{"prompt": "Who took over for Thatcher? The Sun remained loyal to Thatcher right up to her resignation in November 1990, despite the party's fall in popularity over the previous year following the introduction of the Poll tax (officially known as the Community Charge). This change to the way local government is funded was vociferously supported by the newspaper, despite widespread opposition, (some from Conservative MPs), which is seen as having contributed to Thatcher's own downfall. The tax was quickly repealed by her successor John Major, whom The Sun initially supported enthusiastically, believing he was a radical Thatcherite \u2013 despite the economy having entered recession at this time. Answer: ", "completion": "John Major"}
{"prompt": "Who must sign a Rip? The opposite of a Show Up is a \"Rip\". This is for sub-standard work, which is sometimes torn at the top of the page/sheet and must be submitted to the boy's housemaster for signature. Boys who accumulate rips are liable to be given a \"White Ticket\", which must be signed by all his teachers and may be accompanied by other punishments, usually involving doing domestic chores or writing lines. In recent times,[when?] a milder form of the rip, 'sign for information', colloquially known as an \"info\", has been introduced, which must also be signed by the boy's housemaster and tutor. Answer: ", "completion": "the boy's housemaster"}
{"prompt": "What did Regis McKenna call the \"1984\" ad that was aired during the Super Bowl? After the Lisa's announcement, John Dvorak discussed rumors of a mysterious \"MacIntosh\" project at Apple in February 1983. The company announced the Macintosh 128K\u2014manufactured at an Apple factory in Fremont, California\u2014in October 1983, followed by an 18-page brochure included with various magazines in December. The Macintosh was introduced by a US$1.5 million Ridley Scott television commercial, \"1984\". It most notably aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984, and is now considered a \"watershed event\" and a \"masterpiece.\" Regis McKenna called the ad \"more successful than the Mac itself.\" \"1984\" used an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by a Picasso-style picture of the computer on her white tank top) as a means of saving humanity from the \"conformity\" of IBM's attempts to dominate the computer industry. The ad alludes to George Orwell's novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which described a dystopian future ruled by a televised \"Big Brother.\" Answer: ", "completion": "\"more successful than the Mac itself.\""}
{"prompt": "In what decade was TB's communicability finally realized? Tuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to \"consumption\". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it was put on a notifiable disease list in Britain; campaigns were started to stop people from spitting in public places, and the infected poor were \"encouraged\" to enter sanatoria that resembled prisons (the sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention). Whatever the (purported) benefits of the \"fresh air\" and labor in the sanatoria, even under the best conditions, 50% of those who entered died within five years (circa 1916). Answer: ", "completion": "1880s"}
{"prompt": "When did the British government take over the Royal Niger Company's territory? In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate, and part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire's efforts to expand its territory. By war, the British conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901\u20131902), defeated other opponents. The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule. Answer: ", "completion": "1900"}
{"prompt": "When did Massalia side with Pompey? Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul were mostly limited to the Mediterranean coast of Provence. The first Greek colony in the region was Massalia, which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BCE with 6,000 inhabitants. Massalia was also the local hegemon, controlling various coastal Greek cities like Nice and Agde. The coins minted in Massalia have been found in all parts of Ligurian-Celtic Gaul. Celtic coinage was influenced by Greek designs, and Greek letters can be found on various Celtic coins, especially those of Southern France. Traders from Massalia ventured inland deep into France on the Rivers Durance and Rh\u00f4ne, and established overland trade routes deep into Gaul, and to Switzerland and Burgundy. The Hellenistic period saw the Greek alphabet spread into southern Gaul from Massalia (3rd and 2nd centuries BCE) and according to Strabo, Massalia was also a center of education, where Celts went to learn Greek. A staunch ally of Rome, Massalia retained its independence until it sided with Pompey in 49 BCE and was then taken by Caesar's forces. Answer: ", "completion": "49 BCE"}
{"prompt": "The recent Indiana Jones movie feature how many of the local citizen in film? Several recent movies have been filmed in New Haven, including Mona Lisa Smile (2003), with Julia Roberts, The Life Before Her Eyes (2007), with Uma Thurman, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Harrison Ford, Cate Blanchett and Shia LaBeouf. The filming of Crystal Skull involved an extensive chase sequence through the streets of New Haven. Several downtown streets were closed to traffic and received a \"makeover\" to look like streets of 1957, when the film is set. 500 locals were cast as extras for the film. In Everybody's Fine (2009), Robert De Niro has a close encounter in what is supposed to be the Denver train station; the scene was filmed in New Haven's Union Station. Answer: ", "completion": "500"}
{"prompt": "How did the Spanish conflict begin? The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule. Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries. The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century, from 1808 until 1829, directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain. The conflict started with short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville. Answer: ", "completion": "short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville."}
{"prompt": "What immigrant groups were the most prevalent in the Bronx? The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, according to Jewish organizations, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population), while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses. Answer: ", "completion": "Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans"}
{"prompt": "Which empire ruled Nigeria as a colony? Modern-day Nigeria has been the site of numerous kingdoms and tribal states over the millennia. The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century, and the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914. The British set up administrative and legal structures whilst practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms. Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960, and plunged into a civil war from 1967 to 1970. It has since alternated between democratically-elected civilian governments and military dictatorships, until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999, with its 2011 presidential elections being viewed as the first to be conducted reasonably freely and fairly. Answer: ", "completion": "British"}
{"prompt": "Czech's word order is flexible because it uses what to convey word function in a sentence? Because Czech uses grammatical case to convey word function in a sentence (instead of relying on word order, as English does), its word order is flexible. As a pro-drop language, in Czech an intransitive sentence can consist of only a verb; information about its subject is encoded in the verb. Enclitics (primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns) must appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence, after the first stressed unit. The first slot must contain a subject and object, a main form of a verb, an adverb or a conjunction (except for the light conjunctions a, \"and\", i, \"and even\" or ale, \"but\"). Answer: ", "completion": "grammatical case"}
{"prompt": "What did Lemi Ponifasio name his dance company? Lemi Ponifasio is a director and choreographer who is prominent internationally with his dance Company MAU. Neil Ieremia's company Black Grace has also received international acclaim with tours to Europe and New York. Hip hop has had a significant impact on Samoan culture. According to Katerina Martina Teaiwa, PhD from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, \"Hip hop culture in particular is popular amongst Samoan youth.\" Like very many other countries, hip hop music is popular. In addition, the integration of hip hop elements into Samoan tradition also \"testifies to the transferability of the dance forms themselves,\" and to the \"circuits through which people and all their embodied knowledge travel.\" Dance both in its traditional form and its more modern forms has remained a central cultural currency to Samoans, especially youths. Answer: ", "completion": "MAU"}
{"prompt": "The term near east was originally applies to the maximum extent of what empire? Near East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English, and has been replaced by the term Middle East. Answer: ", "completion": "Ottoman Empire"}
{"prompt": "What was considered to be the papal summer residence? Pope Paul VI left the Vatican to go to the papal summer residence, Castel Gandolfo, on 14 July 1978, visiting on the way the tomb of Cardinal Giuseppe Pizzardo, who had introduced him to the Vatican half a century earlier. Although he was sick, he agreed to see the new Italian President Sandro Pertini for over two hours. In the evening he watched a Western on TV, happy only when he saw \"horses, the most beautiful animals that God had created.\" He had breathing problems and needed oxygen. On Sunday, at the Feast of the Transfiguration, he was tired, but wanted to say the Angelus. He was neither able nor permitted to do so and instead stayed in bed, his temperature rising. Answer: ", "completion": "Castel Gandolfo"}
{"prompt": "Who did America support during the Chinese Civil War? After the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese government named the Western nations, led by the United States, as the biggest threat to its national security. Basing this judgment on China's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century, American support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War, and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries, the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States' crusade against Communism. As a countermeasure and to elevate China's standing among the worldwide Communist movements, the Chinese leadership adopted a foreign policy that actively promoted Communist revolutions throughout territories on China's periphery. Answer: ", "completion": "the Nationalists"}
{"prompt": "How big is the Daily Kansan's audience? The University Daily Kansan operates outside of the university's William Allen White School of Journalism and reaches an audience of at least 30,000 daily readers through its print and online publications Answer: ", "completion": "at least 30,000"}
{"prompt": "Is there anyone automatically eligible? The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria. All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible. Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions in the previous season. Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005\u201306 and also 2006\u201307, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season. All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium. Answer: ", "completion": ". All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible"}
{"prompt": "From where did Camyses II rule Egypt? In 525 BC, the powerful Achaemenid Persians, led by Cambyses II, began their conquest of Egypt, eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Egypt from his home of Susa in Persia (modern Iran), leaving Egypt under the control of a satrapy. The entire Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt, from 525 BC to 402 BC, save for Petubastis III, was an entirely Persian ruled period, with the Achaemenid kings all being granted the title of pharaoh. A few temporarily successful revolts against the Persians marked the fifth century BC, but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians. Answer: ", "completion": "Susa in Persia"}
{"prompt": "What did mathematicians of the time want to use to set the date of Easter? The Council of Trent approved a plan in 1563 for correcting the calendrical errors, requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift. This would allow for a more consistent and accurate scheduling of the feast of Easter. In 1577, a Compendium was sent to expert mathematicians outside the reform commission for comments. Some of these experts, including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto, believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the sun and moon, rather than using a tabular method, but these recommendations were not adopted. The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius (or Lilio). Answer: ", "completion": "motions of the sun and moon"}
{"prompt": "What did Nintendo consider emulators? Nintendo of America took the same stance against the distribution of SNES ROM image files and the use of emulators as it did with the NES, insisting that they represented flagrant software piracy. Proponents of SNES emulation cite discontinued production of the SNES constituting abandonware status, the right of the owner of the respective game to make a personal backup via devices such as the Retrode, space shifting for private use, the desire to develop homebrew games for the system, the frailty of SNES ROM cartridges and consoles, and the lack of certain foreign imports. Answer: ", "completion": "flagrant software piracy"}
{"prompt": "What are there prominent examples of in comic history? Similar to the problems of defining literature and film, no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium, and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions. Theorists such as T\u00f6pffer, R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images, though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history. Other critics, such as Thierry Groensteen and Scott McCloud, have emphasized the primacy of sequences of images. Towards the close of the 20th century, different cultures' discoveries of each other's comics traditions, the rediscovery of forgotten early comics forms, and the rise of new forms made defining comics a more complicated task. Answer: ", "completion": "pantomime comics"}
{"prompt": "What do ISPs provide? ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics. Answer: ", "completion": "Internet access"}
{"prompt": "What is one of the sweet spices Greeks like to use with meat? Sweet desserts such as galaktoboureko, and drinks such as ouzo, metaxa and a variety of wines including retsina. Greek cuisine differs widely from different parts of the mainland and from island to island. It uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines: oregano, mint, garlic, onion, dill and bay laurel leaves. Other common herbs and spices include basil, thyme and fennel seed. Many Greek recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use \"sweet\" spices in combination with meat, for example cinnamon and cloves in stews. Answer: ", "completion": "cinnamon"}
{"prompt": "How does Avicenna explain the connection between body and soul? Avicenna's psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul's individuation, but weak enough to allow for its immortality. Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology, which means his account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the body and its abilities of perception. Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by his understanding of perception; in this way, bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human intellect. In sense perception, the perceiver senses the form of the object; first, by perceiving features of the object by our external senses. This sensory information is supplied to the internal senses, which merge all the pieces into a whole, unified conscious experience. This process of perception and abstraction is the nexus of the soul and body, for the material body may only perceive material objects, while the immaterial soul may only receive the immaterial, universal forms. The way the soul and body interact in the final abstraction of the universal from the concrete particular is the key to their relationship and interaction, which takes place in the physical body. Answer: ", "completion": "his understanding of perception"}
{"prompt": "Which part of the Quran describes God's use of intermediaries between himself and his prophets? According to the Quran, God communicated with man and made his will known through signs and revelations. Prophets, or 'Messengers of God', received revelations and delivered them to humanity. The message has been identical and for all humankind. \"Nothing is said to you that was not said to the messengers before you, that your lord has at his Command forgiveness as well as a most Grievous Penalty.\" The revelation does not come directly from God to the prophets. Angels acting as God's messengers deliver the divine revelation to them. This comes out in Quran 42:51, in which it is stated: \"It is not for any mortal that God should speak to them, except by revelation, or from behind a veil, or by sending a messenger to reveal by his permission whatsoever He will.\" Answer: ", "completion": "42:51"}
{"prompt": "What year did the Mayflower set sail from Southampton? The port was the point of departure for the Pilgrim Fathers aboard Mayflower in 1620. In 1912, the RMS Titanic sailed from Southampton. Four in five of the crew on board the vessel were Sotonians, with about a third of those who perished in the tragedy hailing from the city. Southampton was subsequently the home port for the transatlantic passenger services operated by Cunard with their Blue Riband liner RMS Queen Mary and her running mate RMS Queen Elizabeth. In 1938, Southampton docks also became home to the flying boats of Imperial Airways. Southampton Container Terminals first opened in 1968 and has continued to expand. Answer: ", "completion": "1620"}
{"prompt": "In addition to the circumstances by which a state party joined a treaty, why might a treaty be invalidated? Articles 46\u201353 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties set out the only ways that treaties can be invalidated\u2014considered unenforceable and void under international law. A treaty will be invalidated due to either the circumstances by which a state party joined the treaty, or due to the content of the treaty itself. Invalidation is separate from withdrawal, suspension, or termination (addressed above), which all involve an alteration in the consent of the parties of a previously valid treaty rather than the invalidation of that consent in the first place. Answer: ", "completion": "the content of the treaty itself"}
{"prompt": "What genre of music is not played frequently on urban AC? The urban AC stations resemble soft AC rather than hot AC; they play predominantly R&B and soul music with little hip-hop. This is reflected in many of the urban AC radio stations' taglines, such as \"Today's R&B and classic soul\", \"The best variety of R&B hits and oldies\" and \"(City/Region)'s R&B leader\". Urban AC's core artists include Luther Vandross, Trey Songz, Patti LaBelle, Toni Braxton, Whitney Houston, Aretha Franklin, Frank Ocean, Craig David and Mariah Carey. Answer: ", "completion": "hip-hop"}
{"prompt": "Which christian philosopher ruminated on time? In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, \"What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not.\" He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: \"For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood.\" But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI \u00b630; City of God Book XI ch.6). Answer: ", "completion": "St. Augustine"}
{"prompt": "When did Puerto Rico resolve to request that the United States act on these results? Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States. In a 2012 status referendum a majority of voters, 54%, expressed dissatisfaction with the current political relationship. In a separate question, 61% of voters supported statehood (excluding the 26% of voters who left this question blank). On December 11, 2012, Puerto Rico's legislature resolved to request that the President and the U.S. Congress act on the results, end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state. Answer: ", "completion": "December 11, 2012"}
{"prompt": "What film's theme song uses a mandolin? Some rock musicians today use mandolins, often single-stringed electric models rather than double-stringed acoustic mandolins. One example is Tim Brennan of the Irish-American punk rock band Dropkick Murphys. In addition to electric guitar, bass, and drums, the band uses several instruments associated with traditional Celtic music, including mandolin, tin whistle, and Great Highland bagpipes. The band explains that these instruments accentuate the growling sound they favor. The 1991 R.E.M. hit \"Losing My Religion\" was driven by a few simple mandolin licks played by guitarist Peter Buck, who also played the mandolin in nearly a dozen other songs. The single peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart (#1 on the rock and alternative charts), Luther Dickinson of North Mississippi Allstars and The Black Crowes has made frequent use of the mandolin, most notably on the Black Crowes song \"Locust Street.\" Armenian American rock group System of A Down makes extensive use of the mandolin on their 2005 double album Mezmerize/Hypnotize. Pop punk band Green Day has used a mandolin in several occasions, especially on their 2000 album, Warning. Boyd Tinsley, violin player of the Dave Matthews Band has been using an electric mandolin since 2005. Frontman Colin Meloy and guitarist Chris Funk of The Decemberists regularly employ the mandolin in the band's music. Nancy Wilson, rhythm guitarist of Heart, uses a mandolin in Heart's song \"Dream of the Archer\" from the album Little Queen, as well as in Heart's cover of Led Zeppelin's song \"The Battle of Evermore.\" \"Show Me Heaven\" by Maria McKee, the theme song to the film Days of Thunder, prominently features a mandolin. Answer: ", "completion": "Days of Thunder"}
{"prompt": "What psychological problem did Schwarzenegger say he struggled with? He tells that during this time he ran into a friend who told him that he was teaching Transcendental Meditation (TM), which prompted Schwarzenegger to reveal he had been struggling with anxiety for the first time in his life: \"Even today, I still benefit from [the year of TM] because I don't merge and bring things together and see everything as one big problem.\" Answer: ", "completion": "anxiety"}
{"prompt": "How many tonnes of Cassave is produced per year? Agriculture is dominated by the cultivation and sale of food crops such as cassava, peanuts, maize, sorghum, millet, sesame, and plantain. The annual real GDP growth rate is just above 3%. The importance of food crops over exported cash crops is indicated by the fact that the total production of cassava, the staple food of most Central Africans, ranges between 200,000 and 300,000 tonnes a year, while the production of cotton, the principal exported cash crop, ranges from 25,000 to 45,000 tonnes a year. Food crops are not exported in large quantities, but still constitute the principal cash crops of the country, because Central Africans derive far more income from the periodic sale of surplus food crops than from exported cash crops such as cotton or coffee.[citation needed] Much of the country is self-sufficient in food crops; however, livestock development is hindered by the presence of the tsetse fly.[citation needed] Answer: ", "completion": "200,000 and 300,000"}
{"prompt": "What 1925 cartoon made speech bubbles popular? The francophone Swiss Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate. The Adventures of Tintin, with its signature clear line style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics. Answer: ", "completion": "Zig et Puce"}
{"prompt": "What happened at the start of John's reign? At the start of John's reign there was a sudden change in prices, as bad harvests and high demand for food resulted in much higher prices for grain and animals. This inflationary pressure was to continue for the rest of the 13th century and had long-term economic consequences for England. The resulting social pressures were complicated by bursts of deflation that resulted from John's military campaigns. It was usual at the time for the king to collect taxes in silver, which was then re-minted into new coins; these coins would then be put in barrels and sent to royal castles around the country, to be used to hire mercenaries or to meet other costs. At those times when John was preparing for campaigns in Normandy, for example, huge quantities of silver had to be withdrawn from the economy and stored for months, which unintentionally resulted in periods during which silver coins were simply hard to come by, commercial credit difficult to acquire and deflationary pressure placed on the economy. The result was political unrest across the country. John attempted to address some of the problems with the English currency in 1204 and 1205 by carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage, improving its quality and consistency. Answer: ", "completion": "sudden change in prices"}
{"prompt": "Chapultepec Castle is located where? Chapultepec Park houses the Chapultepec Castle, now a museum on a hill that overlooks the park and its numerous museums, monuments and the national zoo and the National Museum of Anthropology (which houses the Aztec Calendar Stone). Another piece of architecture is the Fine Arts Palace, a white marble theatre/museum whose weight is such that it has gradually been sinking into the soft ground below. Its construction began during the presidency of Porfirio D\u00edaz and ended in 1934, after being interrupted by the Mexican Revolution in the 1920s. The Plaza of the Three Cultures in the Tlatelolco neighbourhood, and the shrine and Basilicas of Our Lady of Guadalupe are also important sites. There is a double-decker bus, known as the \"Turibus\", that circles most of these sites, and has timed audio describing the sites in multiple languages as they are passed. Answer: ", "completion": "Chapultepec Park"}
{"prompt": "Who described the sailboats of the Estonians as pirate ships? The Oeselians or Osilians (Estonian saarlased; singular: saarlane) were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa (Danish: \u00d8sel; German: \u00d6sel; Swedish: \u00d6sel), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. They were first mentioned as early as the second century BC in Ptolemy's Geography III. The Oeselians were known in the Old Norse Icelandic Sagas and in Heimskringla as V\u00edkingr fr\u00e1 Esthland (Estonian Vikings). Their sailing vessels were called pirate ships by Henry of Latvia in his Latin chronicles written at the beginning of the 13th century. Answer: ", "completion": "Henry of Latvia"}
{"prompt": "In the 1980's, the Supreme Court ruled that infringement does not equal what? The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement. The original meaning of piracy is \"robbery or illegal violence at sea\", but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential commercial harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of intellectual property, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft, offenses related only to tangible property. Not all copyright infringement results in commercial loss, and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft. Answer: ", "completion": "theft"}
{"prompt": "What does finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups not necessarily imply? Other researchers point out that finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups does not necessarily imply genetic causation of the difference. They suggest that medical practices should maintain their focus on the individual rather than an individual's membership to any group. They argue that overemphasizing genetic contributions to health disparities carries various risks such as reinforcing stereotypes, promoting racism or ignoring the contribution of non-genetic factors to health disparities. International epidemiological data show that living conditions rather than race make the biggest difference in health outcomes even for diseases that have \"race-specific\" treatments. Some studies have found that patients are reluctant to accept racial categorization in medical practice. Answer: ", "completion": "genetic causation of the difference"}
{"prompt": "Who is the 1844 Room named after? Directly underneath the State Apartments is a suite of slightly less grand rooms known as the semi-state apartments. Opening from the Marble Hall, these rooms are used for less formal entertaining, such as luncheon parties and private audiences. Some of the rooms are named and decorated for particular visitors, such as the 1844 Room, decorated in that year for the State visit of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, and, on the other side of the Bow Room, the 1855 Room, in honour of the visit of Emperor Napoleon III of France. At the centre of this suite is the Bow Room, through which thousands of guests pass annually to the Queen's Garden Parties in the Gardens. The Queen and Prince Philip use a smaller suite of rooms in the north wing. Answer: ", "completion": "Tsar Nicholas I of Russia"}
{"prompt": "Who financed Studio Misr? Egyptian cinema became a regional force with the coming of sound. In 1936, Studio Misr, financed by industrialist Talaat Harb, emerged as the leading Egyptian studio, a role the company retained for three decades. For over 100 years, more than 4000 films have been produced in Egypt, three quarters of the total Arab production.[citation needed] Egypt is considered the leading country in the field of cinema in the Middle East. Actors from all over the Arab World seek to appear in the Egyptian cinema for the sake of fame. The Cairo International Film Festival has been rated as one of 11 festivals with a top class rating worldwide by the International Federation of Film Producers' Associations. Answer: ", "completion": "Talaat Harb"}
{"prompt": "How many eras are the Shahis divided into? The Kabul Shahi dynasties ruled the Kabul Valley and Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan) from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century. The Shahis are generally split up into two eras: the Buddhist Shahis and the Hindu Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870. The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or Ratbelshahan from 565-670, when the capitals were located in Kapisa and Kabul, and later Udabhandapura, also known as Hund for its new capital. Answer: ", "completion": "two"}
{"prompt": "What did Khrushchev want Nasser to remove the ban on? A day after announcing the attempt on his life, Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly (400 from Egypt and 200 from Syria) and the dissolution of all political parties. Nasser gave each of the provinces two vice-presidents: Boghdadi and Amer in Egypt, and Sabri al-Asali and Akram al-Hawrani in Syria. Nasser then left for Moscow to meet with Nikita Khrushchev. At the meeting, Khrushchev pressed Nasser to lift the ban on the Communist Party, but Nasser refused, stating it was an internal matter which was not a subject of discussion with outside powers. Khrushchev was reportedly taken aback and denied he had meant to interfere in the UAR's affairs. The matter was settled as both leaders sought to prevent a rift between their two countries. Answer: ", "completion": "Communist Party"}
{"prompt": "When was \"The Aims of Education and Other Essays\" published? Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called \"inert ideas\" \u2013 ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that \"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful.\" Answer: ", "completion": "1929"}
{"prompt": "Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties? Darwin was hard at work on his \"big book\" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile. The mechanism was similar to Darwin's own theory. Darwin wrote to Lyell that \"your words have come true with a vengeance, ... forestalled\" and he would \"of course, at once write and offer to send [it] to any journal\" that Wallace chose, adding that \"all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed\". Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace's pages with extracts from Darwin's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the Linnean Society, and on 1 July 1858, the papers entitled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection, by Wallace and Darwin respectively, were read out but drew little reaction. While Darwin considered Wallace's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection, historians have pointed out differences. Darwin described natural selection as being analogous to the artificial selection practised by animal breeders, and emphasised competition between individuals; Wallace drew no comparison to selective breeding, and focused on ecological pressures that kept different varieties adapted to local conditions. Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation. Answer: ", "completion": "Wallace"}
{"prompt": "Among the original Free Officers, what did Nasser do to his opponents? Nasser's nomination for the post and the new constitution were put to public referendum on 23 June and each was approved by an overwhelming majority. A 350-member National Assembly was established, elections for which were held in July 1957. Nasser had ultimate approval over all the candidates. The constitution granted women's suffrage, prohibited gender-based discrimination, and entailed special protection for women in the workplace. Coinciding with the new constitution and Nasser's presidency, the RCC dissolved itself and its members resigned their military commissions as part of the transition to civilian rule. During the deliberations surrounding the establishment of a new government, Nasser began a process of sidelining his rivals among the original Free Officers, while elevating his closest allies to high-ranking positions in the cabinet. Answer: ", "completion": "sidelining"}
{"prompt": "How old was Eisenhower when he died? On the morning of March 28, 1969, at the age of 78, Eisenhower died in Washington, D.C. of congestive heart failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The following day his body was moved to the Washington National Cathedral's Bethlehem Chapel, where he lay in repose for 28 hours. On March 30, his body was brought by caisson to the United States Capitol, where he lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda. On March 31, Eisenhower's body was returned to the National Cathedral, where he was given an Episcopal Church funeral service. Answer: ", "completion": "78"}
{"prompt": "What is an example of a dielectric relaxation process? If a capacitor is driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly enough, at some frequency the polarization of the dielectric cannot follow the voltage. As an example of the origin of this mechanism, the internal microscopic dipoles contributing to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly, and so as frequency of an applied alternating voltage increases, the dipole response is limited and the dielectric constant diminishes. A changing dielectric constant with frequency is referred to as dielectric dispersion, and is governed by dielectric relaxation processes, such as Debye relaxation. Under transient conditions, the displacement field can be expressed as (see electric susceptibility): Answer: ", "completion": "Debye relaxation"}
{"prompt": "What type of capacitor has mostly replaced solid state paper capacitors? Several solid dielectrics are available, including paper, plastic, glass, mica and ceramic materials. Paper was used extensively in older devices and offers relatively high voltage performance. However, it is susceptible to water absorption, and has been largely replaced by plastic film capacitors. Plastics offer better stability and ageing performance, which makes them useful in timer circuits, although they may be limited to low operating temperatures and frequencies. Ceramic capacitors are generally small, cheap and useful for high frequency applications, although their capacitance varies strongly with voltage and they age poorly. They are broadly categorized as class 1 dielectrics, which have predictable variation of capacitance with temperature or class 2 dielectrics, which can operate at higher voltage. Glass and mica capacitors are extremely reliable, stable and tolerant to high temperatures and voltages, but are too expensive for most mainstream applications. Electrolytic capacitors and supercapacitors are used to store small and larger amounts of energy, respectively, ceramic capacitors are often used in resonators, and parasitic capacitance occurs in circuits wherever the simple conductor-insulator-conductor structure is formed unintentionally by the configuration of the circuit layout. Answer: ", "completion": "plastic film capacitors"}
{"prompt": "What is one way that characterizes solar technologies as passive or active? Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends, all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the Sun in a direct or indirect way. Answer: ", "completion": "depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight"}
{"prompt": "What threat was John worried about? Innocent gave some dispensations as the crisis progressed. Monastic communities were allowed to celebrate Mass in private from 1209 onwards, and late in 1212 the Holy Viaticum for the dying was authorised. The rules on burials and lay access to churches appear to have been steadily circumvented, at least unofficially. Although the interdict was a burden to much of the population, it did not result in rebellion against John. By 1213, though, John was increasingly worried about the threat of French invasion. Some contemporary chroniclers suggested that in January Philip II of France had been charged with deposing John on behalf of the papacy, although it appears that Innocent merely prepared secret letters in case Innocent needed to claim the credit if Philip did successfully invade England. Answer: ", "completion": "French invasion"}
{"prompt": "Boston police and local groups make an effort toprevent youth from doing what? Like many major American cities, Boston has seen a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the Boston Police Department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the United States Attorney and District Attorney's offices. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the \"Boston Miracle\". Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31\u2014not one of them a juvenile\u2014in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000). Answer: ", "completion": "joining gangs"}
{"prompt": "What is the maximum speed for buses in Hyderabad? As of 2012[update], there are over 3.5 million vehicles operating in the city, of which 74% are two-wheelers, 15% cars and 3% three-wheelers. The remaining 8% include buses, goods vehicles and taxis. The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage\u2014roads occupy only 9.5% of the total city area:79\u2014has led to widespread traffic congestion especially since 80% of passengers and 60% of freight are transported by road.:3 The Inner Ring Road, the Outer Ring Road, the Hyderabad Elevated Expressway, the longest flyover in India, and various interchanges, overpasses and underpasses were built to ease the congestion. Maximum speed limits within the city are 50 km/h (31 mph) for two-wheelers and cars, 35 km/h (22 mph) for auto rickshaws and 40 km/h (25 mph) for light commercial vehicles and buses. Answer: ", "completion": "40 km/h (25 mph)"}
{"prompt": "What is the name of the color pigment on building structures that are made using copper. In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal from aes \u0441yprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to \u0441uprum, from which the words copper (English), cuivre (French), Koper (Dutch) and Kupfer (German) are all derived. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite, malachite and turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments. Architectural structures built with copper corrode to give green verdigris (or patina). Decorative art prominently features copper, both by itself and in the form of pigments. Answer: ", "completion": "green verdigris"}
{"prompt": "Which civil war group did some Espanyol supporters join? In 1918 Espanyol started a counter-petition against autonomy, which at that time had become a pertinent issue. Later on, an Espanyol supporter group would join the Falangists in the Spanish Civil War, siding with the fascists. Despite these differences in ideology, the derbi has always been more relevant to Espanyol supporters than Barcelona ones due to the difference in objectives. In recent years the rivalry has become less political, as Espanyol translated its official name and anthem from Spanish to Catalan. Answer: ", "completion": "Falangists"}
{"prompt": "What other title does the Dean of Collge of Cardinals receive upon appointment? The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia, the primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a particular Church retain that church. Answer: ", "completion": "titular bishopric of Ostia"}
{"prompt": "Mali signed agreements with what to parties that began their economic changes? Mali underwent economic reform, beginning in 1988 by signing agreements with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. During 1988 to 1996, Mali's government largely reformed public enterprises. Since the agreement, sixteen enterprises were privatized, 12 partially privatized, and 20 liquidated. In 2005, the Malian government conceded a railroad company to the Savage Corporation. Two major companies, Societ\u00e9 de Telecommunications du Mali (SOTELMA) and the Cotton Ginning Company (CMDT), were expected to be privatized in 2008. Answer: ", "completion": "World Bank and the International Monetary Fund"}
{"prompt": "What is an important tool in managing populations? Hunting is claimed to give resource managers an important tool in managing populations that might exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat and threaten the well-being of other species, or, in some instances, damage human health or safety.[citation needed] However, in most circumstances carrying capacity is determined by a combination habitat and food availability, and hunting for 'population control' has no effect on the annual population of species.[citation needed] In some cases, it can increase the population of predators such as coyotes by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established, resulting in excess neighbouring migrations into an area, thus artificially increasing the population. Hunting advocates[who?] assert that hunting reduces intraspecific competition for food and shelter, reducing mortality among the remaining animals. Some environmentalists assert[who?] that (re)introducing predators would achieve the same end with greater efficiency and less negative effect, such as introducing significant amounts of free lead into the environment and food chain. Answer: ", "completion": "Hunting"}
{"prompt": "When does sensitization usually start? In 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years later. In this stage, the youth is overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation, and begins to engage sexual experiences with same-sex partners. In the third stage of identity assumption, which usually takes place a few years after the adolescent has left home, adolescents begin to come out to their family and close friends, and assumes a self-definition as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. In the final stage, known as commitment, the young adult adopts their sexual identity as a lifestyle. Therefore, this model estimates that the process of coming out begins in childhood, and continues through the early to mid 20s. This model has been contested, and alternate ideas have been explored in recent years. Answer: ", "completion": "childhood"}
{"prompt": "How many troops can Japan's largest military ship carry? In August 2013, a launching ceremony for Japan's largest military ship since World War II was held in Yokohama. The 820-foot-long (250 m), 19,500-ton flattop Izumo was deployed in March 2015. The ship is able to carry up to 14 helicopters; however, only seven ASW helicopters and two SAR helicopters were planned for the initial aircraft complement. For other operations, 400 troops and fifty 3.5 t trucks (or equivalent equipment) can also be carried. The flight deck has five helicopter landing spots that allow simultaneous landings or take-offs. The ship is equipped with two Phalanx CIWS and two SeaRAM for its defense. The destroyers of this class were initially intended to replace the two ships of the Shirane class, which were originally scheduled to begin decommissioning in FY2014. Answer: ", "completion": "400"}
{"prompt": "Which countries citie-states attempted to gain the protection of Rome? In contrast, Roman expansion into Spain and Gaul occurred as a mix of alliance-seeking and military occupation. In the 2nd century BC, Roman involvement in the Greek east remained a matter of alliance-seeking, but this time in the face of major powers that could rival Rome. According to Polybius, who sought to trace how Rome came to dominate the Greek east in less than a century, this was mainly a matter of several Greek city-states seeking Roman protection against the Macedonian kingdom and Seleucid Empire in the face of destabilisation created by the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt. In contrast to the west, the Greek east had been dominated by major empires for centuries, and Roman influence and alliance-seeking led to wars with these empires that further weakened them and therefore created an unstable power vacuum that only Rome could fill. This had some important similarities to (and important differences from) the events in Italy centuries earlier, but this time on a global scale. Answer: ", "completion": "Greek"}
{"prompt": "What year did a protester attach a note to the door at Buckingham Palace saying it was to be sold? Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement. She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences\u2014Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced \"these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business\". Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage. Answer: ", "completion": "1864"}
{"prompt": "From where did H.J. Porter hale? The contacts gained through university and American Assembly fund-raising activities would later become important supporters in Eisenhower's bid for the Republican party nomination and the presidency. Meanwhile, Columbia University's liberal faculty members became disenchanted with the university president's ties to oilmen and businessmen, including Leonard McCollum, the president of Continental Oil; Frank Abrams, the chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey; Bob Kleberg, the president of the King Ranch; H. J. Porter, a Texas oil executive; Bob Woodruff, the president of the Coca-Cola Corporation; and Clarence Francis, the chairman of General Foods. Answer: ", "completion": "Texas"}
{"prompt": "What population will cause health spending to likely rise in the future? Swiss citizens are universally required to buy health insurance from private insurance companies, which in turn are required to accept every applicant. While the cost of the system is among the highest it compares well with other European countries in terms of health outcomes; patients who are citizens have been reported as being, in general, highly satisfied with it. In 2012, life expectancy at birth was 80.4 years for men and 84.7 years for women \u2014 the highest in the world. However, spending on health is particularly high at 11.4% of GDP (2010), on par with Germany and France (11.6%) and other European countries, and notably less than spending in the USA (17.6%). From 1990, a steady increase can be observed, reflecting the high costs of the services provided. With an ageing population and new healthcare technologies, health spending will likely continue to rise. Answer: ", "completion": "ageing"}
{"prompt": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is located in what state? The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, broadcast live in front of a US television audience. It was a monumental failure, exploding a few seconds after launch, and it became an international joke. The satellite appeared in newspapers under the names Flopnik, Stayputnik, Kaputnik, and Dudnik. In the United Nations, the Russian delegate offered the U.S. representative aid \"under the Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations.\" Only in the wake of this very public failure did von Braun's Redstone team get the go-ahead to launch their Jupiter-C rocket as soon as they could. In Britain, the USA's Western Cold War ally, the reaction was mixed: some members of the population celebrated the fact that the Soviets had reached space first, while others feared the destructive potential that military uses of spacecraft might bring. Answer: ", "completion": "Florida"}
{"prompt": "What has the inability for the applicant to show how well they test led to? Several certification programs exist to support the professional aspirations of software testers and quality assurance specialists. No certification now offered actually requires the applicant to show their ability to test software. No certification is based on a widely accepted body of knowledge. This has led some to declare that the testing field is not ready for certification. Certification itself cannot measure an individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge, and cannot guarantee their competence, or professionalism as a tester. Answer: ", "completion": "testing field is not ready for certification"}
{"prompt": "How many slaves were on the island in 1723? Between January and May 1673, the Dutch East India Company forcibly took the island, before English reinforcements restored English East India Company control. The company experienced difficulty attracting new immigrants, and sentiments of unrest and rebellion fomented among the inhabitants. Ecological problems, including deforestation, soil erosion, vermin and drought, led Governor Isaac Pyke to suggest in 1715 that the population be moved to Mauritius, but this was not acted upon and the company continued to subsidise the community because of the island's strategic location. A census in 1723 recorded 1,110 people, including 610 slaves. Answer: ", "completion": "610"}
{"prompt": "The iPod can play music from other online stores as long as they don't contain what feature? iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft's protected WMA or RealNetworks' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street. Answer: ", "completion": "DRM"}
{"prompt": "What is one of the main things John Rolfe is known for? In 1610, all but three of the survivors of the Sea Venture sailed on to Jamestown. Among them was John Rolfe, whose wife and child died and were buried in Bermuda. Later in Jamestown he married Pocahontas, a daughter of the powerful Powhatan, leader of a large confederation of about 30 Algonquian-speaking tribes in coastal Virginia. In 1612, the English began intentional settlement of Bermuda with the arrival of the ship Plough. St. George's was settled that year and designated as Bermuda's first capital. It is the oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World. Answer: ", "completion": "married Pocahontas"}
{"prompt": "Which article stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must \"conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law\"? The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must \"conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law\" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a cabinet led by a Ministerpr\u00e4sident (Minister-President), together with a unicameral legislative body known as the Landtag (State Diet). The states are parliamentary republics and the relationship between their legislative and executive branches mirrors that of the federal system: the legislatures are popularly elected for four or five years (depending on the state), and the Minister-President is then chosen by a majority vote among the Landtag's members. The Minister-President appoints a cabinet to run the state's agencies and to carry out the executive duties of the state's government. Answer: ", "completion": "Article 28"}
{"prompt": "Which century signalled the end of the Spanish dollar? The symbol $, usually written before the numerical amount, is used for the U.S. dollar (as well as for many other currencies). The sign was the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation \"ps\" for the peso, the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries. These Spanish pesos or dollars were minted in Spanish America, namely in Mexico City, Potos\u00ed, Bolivia; and Lima, Peru. The p and the s eventually came to be written over each other giving rise to $. Answer: ", "completion": "19th"}
{"prompt": "To what did Western Europe and the United States demonstrate a negative response? Paul VI was concerned but not surprised by the negative reaction in Western Europe and the United States. He fully anticipated this reaction to be a temporary one: \"Don't be afraid\", he reportedly told Edouard Gagnon on the eve of the encyclical, \"in twenty years time they'll call me a prophet.\" His biography on the Vatican's website notes of his reaffirmations of priestly celibacy and the traditional teaching on contraception that \"[t]he controversies over these two pronouncements tended to overshadow the last years of his pontificate\". Pope John Paul II later reaffirmed and expanded upon Humanae vitae with the encyclical Evangelium vitae. Answer: ", "completion": "the encyclical"}
{"prompt": "Where are there reported cholera rates that are lowering? Despite lowering rates in surrounding countries, cholera rates were reported in November 2012 to be on the rise, with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths. A 2008 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau affected 14,222 people and killed 225. Answer: ", "completion": "surrounding countries"}
{"prompt": "Which group brought with them the Chinese artistic traditions to the Southeast Asian country? It has been pointed out that Khmer and Indonesian classical arts were concerned with depicting the life of the gods, but to the Southeast Asian mind the life of the gods was the life of the peoples themselves\u2014joyous, earthy, yet divine. The Tai, coming late into Southeast Asia, brought with them some Chinese artistic traditions, but they soon shed them in favour of the Khmer and Mon traditions, and the only indications of their earlier contact with Chinese arts were in the style of their temples, especially the tapering roof, and in their lacquerware. Answer: ", "completion": "Tai"}
{"prompt": "What Roman leader aspired to be a living god? The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso that expatriate Roman citizens refrain from such worship; it might prove fatal. By the end of his reign, Augustus had appropriated Rome's political apparatus \u2013 and most of its religious cults \u2013 within his \"reformed\" and thoroughly integrated system of government. Towards the end of his life, he cautiously allowed cult to his numen. By then the Imperial cult apparatus was fully developed, first in the Eastern Provinces, then in the West. Provincial Cult centres offered the amenities and opportunities of a major Roman town within a local context; bathhouses, shrines and temples to Roman and local deities, amphitheatres and festivals. In the early Imperial period, the promotion of local elites to Imperial priesthood gave them Roman citizenship. Answer: ", "completion": "Julius Caesar"}
{"prompt": "Where do the Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet perform? Seattle has been a regional center for the performing arts for many years. The century-old Seattle Symphony Orchestra is among the world's most recorded and performs primarily at Benaroya Hall. The Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet, which perform at McCaw Hall (opened 2003 on the site of the former Seattle Opera House at Seattle Center), are comparably distinguished, with the Opera being particularly known for its performances of the works of Richard Wagner and the PNB School (founded in 1974) ranking as one of the top three ballet training institutions in the United States. The Seattle Youth Symphony Orchestras (SYSO) is the largest symphonic youth organization in the United States. The city also boasts lauded summer and winter chamber music festivals organized by the Seattle Chamber Music Society. Answer: ", "completion": "McCaw Hall"}
{"prompt": "What is considered to be the most authoritative constitutional power? Each republican magistrate held certain constitutional powers. Only the People of Rome (both plebeians and patricians) had the right to confer these powers on any individual magistrate. The most powerful constitutional power was imperium. Imperium was held by both consuls and praetors. Imperium gave a magistrate the authority to command a military force. All magistrates also had the power of coercion. This was used by magistrates to maintain public order. While in Rome, all citizens had a judgement against coercion. This protection was called provocatio (see below). Magistrates also had both the power and the duty to look for omens. This power would often be used to obstruct political opponents. Answer: ", "completion": "imperium"}
{"prompt": "Which society in England also played a significant role in the public sphere and spread of Enlightenment ideas? In England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental philosophy around Europe, and acted as a clearinghouse for intellectual correspondence and exchange. Boyle was \"a founder of the experimental world in which scientists now live and operate,\" and his method based knowledge on experimentation, which had to be witnessed to provide proper empirical legitimacy. This is where the Royal Society came into play: witnessing had to be a \"collective act\", and the Royal Society's assembly rooms were ideal locations for relatively public demonstrations. However, not just any witness was considered to be credible; \"Oxford professors were accounted more reliable witnesses than Oxfordshire peasants.\" Two factors were taken into account: a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's \"moral constitution\". In other words, only civil society were considered for Boyle's public. Answer: ", "completion": "Royal Society of London"}
{"prompt": "What is the typical tradeoff in light bulb design? During ordinary operation, the tungsten of the filament evaporates; hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster. Because of this, the lifetime of a filament lamp is a trade-off between efficiency and longevity. The trade-off is typically set to provide a lifetime of several hundred to 2,000 hours for lamps used for general illumination. Theatrical, photographic, and projection lamps may have a useful life of only a few hours, trading life expectancy for high output in a compact form. Long-life general service lamps have lower efficiency but are used where the cost of changing the lamp is high compared to the value of energy used. Answer: ", "completion": "efficiency and longevity"}
{"prompt": "Did the actions of the Chinese fix their problems? Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment, serious logistical problems, overextended communication and supply lines, and the constant threat of UN bombers. All of these factors generally led to a rate of Chinese casualties that was far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops. The situation became so serious that, on November 1951, Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA's logistical problems. At the meeting it was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields in the area, to increase the number of trucks available to the army, and to improve air defense by any means possible. These commitments did little to directly address the problems confronting PVA troops. Answer: ", "completion": "These commitments did little to directly address the problems"}
{"prompt": "When did leeches begin being used for blood-letting? Accounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe. In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other regions imposed restrictions or bans on exports, and Hirudo medicinalis is treated as an endangered species by both IUCN and CITES. More recently leeches have been used to assist in microsurgery, and their saliva has provided anti-inflammatory compounds and several important anticoagulants, one of which also prevents tumors from spreading. Answer: ", "completion": "30 AD"}
{"prompt": "When did the US control Greenland? During World War II, when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany, the United States briefly controlled Greenland for battlefields and protection. In 1946, the United States offered to buy Greenland from Denmark for $100 million ($1.2 billion today) but Denmark refused to sell it. Several politicians and others have in recent years argued that Greenland could hypothetically be in a better financial situation as a part of the United States; for instance mentioned by professor Gudmundur Alfredsson at University of Akureyri in 2014. One of the actual reasons behind US interest in Greenland could be the vast natural resources of the island. According to Wikileaks, the U.S. appears to be highly interested in investing in the resource base of the island and in tapping the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast. Answer: ", "completion": "when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany"}
{"prompt": "With which organization did Li file a civil rights complaint? In 2006, Jian Li, a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University, filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University, claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspension of federal financial assistance to the university until it \"discontinues discrimination against Asian Americans in all forms\" by eliminating race and legacy preferences. Princeton Dean of Admissions Janet Rapelye responded to the claims in the November 30, 2006, issue of the Daily Princetonian by stating that \"the numbers don't indicate [discrimination].\" She said that Li was not admitted because \"many others had far better qualifications.\" Li's extracurricular activities were described as \"not all that outstanding\". Li countered in an email, saying that his placement on the waitlist undermines Rapelye's claim. \"Princeton had initially waitlisted my application,\" Li said. \"So if it were not for a yield which was higher than expected, the admissions office very well may have admitted a candidate whose \"outside activities were not all that outstanding\". Answer: ", "completion": "Office for Civil Rights"}
{"prompt": "How many people does the National Auditorium hold? The city is also a leading center of popular culture and music. There are a multitude of venues hosting Spanish and foreign-language performers. These include the 10,000-seat National Auditorium that regularly schedules the Spanish and English-language pop and rock artists, as well as many of the world's leading performing arts ensembles, the auditorium also broadcasts Grand Opera performances from New York's Metropolitan Opera on giant, high definition screens. In 2007 National Auditorium was selected world's best venue by multiple genre media. Answer: ", "completion": "10,000"}
{"prompt": "How large is Lafayette Park? Lafayette Park is a revitalized neighborhood on the city's east side, part of the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district. The 78-acre (32 ha) development was originally called the Gratiot Park. Planned by Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell it includes a landscaped, 19-acre (7.7 ha) park with no through traffic, in which these and other low-rise apartment buildings are situated. Immigrants have contributed to the city's neighborhood revitalization, especially in southwest Detroit. Southwest Detroit has experienced a thriving economy in recent years, as evidenced by new housing, increased business openings and the recently opened Mexicantown International Welcome Center. Answer: ", "completion": "78-acre"}
{"prompt": "When were the papal terms for submission accepted? Under mounting political pressure, John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover. As part of the deal, John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to the papacy for a feudal service of 1,000 marks (equivalent to \u00a3666 at the time) annually: 700 marks (\u00a3466) for England and 300 marks (\u00a3200) for Ireland, as well as recompensing the church for revenue lost during the crisis. The agreement was formalised in the Bulla Aurea, or Golden Bull. This resolution produced mixed responses. Although some chroniclers felt that John had been humiliated by the sequence of events, there was little public reaction. Innocent benefited from the resolution of his long-standing English problem, but John probably gained more, as Innocent became a firm supporter of John for the rest of his reign, backing him in both domestic and continental policy issues. Innocent immediately turned against Philip, calling upon him to reject plans to invade England and to sue for peace. John paid some of the compensation money he had promised the church, but he ceased making payments in late 1214, leaving two-thirds of the sum unpaid; Innocent appears to have conveniently forgotten this debt for the good of the wider relationship. Answer: ", "completion": "May 1213"}
{"prompt": "What happened for the first time to the DigiDestined in the film series? The series is set three years after the events of Digimon Adventure 02, when Digimon who turn rogue by a mysterious infection appear to wreak havoc in the Human World. Tai and the other DigiDestined from the original series reunite with their partners and start fighting back with support from the Japanese government, while Davis, Yolei, Cody and Ken are defeated by a powerful enemy called Alphamon and disappear without a trace. Tai and the others also meet another DigiDestined called Meiko Mochizuki and her partner Meicoomon who become their friends, until Meicoomon turns hostile as well and flees after an encounter with Ken, who reappears suddenly, once again as the Digimon Emperor. The film series also feature several DigiDestined having their partners Digivolve up to the Mega level for the first time, a feat only Tai and Matt had achieved previously. Answer: ", "completion": "the Mega level"}
{"prompt": "The Avogadro constant is determined to be the ratio between what two factors in the X-ray crystal density method? The X-ray crystal density method is primarily a method for determining the Avogadro constant NA but as the Avogadro constant is related to the Planck constant it also determines a value for h. The principle behind the method is to determine NA as the ratio between the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance. Crystals of silicon are used, as they are available in high quality and purity by the technology developed for the semiconductor industry. The unit cell volume is calculated from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220. The molar volume Vm(Si) requires a knowledge of the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used. The Planck constant is given by Answer: ", "completion": "the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance"}
{"prompt": "What was the original plan for the Xiang Army? Zeng Guofan had no prior military experience. Being a classically educated official, he took his blueprint for the Xiang Army from the Ming general Qi Jiguang, who, because of the weakness of regular Ming troops, had decided to form his own \"private\" army to repel raiding Japanese pirates in the mid-16th century. Qi Jiguang's doctrine was based on Neo-Confucian ideas of binding troops' loyalty to their immediate superiors and also to the regions in which they were raised. Zeng Guofan's original intention for the Xiang Army was simply to eradicate the Taiping rebels. However, the success of the Yongying system led to its becoming a permanent regional force within the Qing military, which in the long run created problems for the beleaguered central government. Answer: ", "completion": "eradicate the Taiping rebels"}
{"prompt": "What are apps after the introduction of Windows 8 called? The term \"Immersive app\" had been used internally by Microsoft developers to refer to the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8, after which they were referred to as \"Metro-style apps\" in reference to the Metro design language. The term was phased out in August 2012; a Microsoft spokesperson denied rumors that the change was related to a potential trademark issue, and stated that \"Metro\" was only a codename that would be replaced prior to Windows 8's release. Following these reports, the terms \"Modern UI-style apps\", \"Windows 8-style apps\" and \"Windows Store apps\" began to be used by various Microsoft documents and material to refer to the new apps. In an interview on September 12, 2012, Soma Somasegar (vice president of Microsoft's development software division) confirmed that \"Windows Store apps\" would be the official term for the apps. An MSDN page explaining the Metro design language uses the term \"Modern design\" to refer to the language as a whole. Answer: ", "completion": "Metro-style apps"}
{"prompt": "When did Madonna's style become a fashion trend? Madonna's look and style of dressing, her performances, and her music videos influenced young girls and women. Her style became one of the female fashion trends of the 1980s. Created by stylist and jewelry designer Maripol, the look consisted of lace tops, skirts over capri pants, fishnet stockings, jewelry bearing the crucifix, bracelets, and bleached hair. Madonna achieved global recognition after the release of her second studio album, Like a Virgin, in November 1984. It topped the charts in several countries and became her first number one album on the Billboard 200. The title track, \"Like a Virgin\", topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks. It attracted the attention of organizations who complained that the song and its accompanying video promoted premarital sex and undermined family values, and moralists sought to have the song and video banned. Answer: ", "completion": "1980s"}
{"prompt": "When was Northwestern elected to the Association of American Universities? Northwestern was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1917 and remains a research university with \"very high\" research activity. Northwestern's schools of management, engineering, and communication are among the most academically productive in the nation. Northwestern received $550 million in research funding in 2014. Northwestern supports nearly 1,500 research laboratories across two campuses, predominately in the medical and biological sciences. Through the Innovation and New Ventures Office (INVO), Northwestern researchers disclosed 247 inventions, filed 270 patents applications, received 81 foreign and US patents, started 12 companies, and generated $79.8 million in licensing revenue in 2013. The bulk of revenue has come from a patent on pregabalin, a synthesized organic molecule discovered by chemistry professor Richard Silverman, which ultimately was marketed as Lyrica, a drug sold by Pfizer, to combat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and fibromyalgia. INVO has been involved in creating a number of centers, including the Center for Developmental Therapeutics (CDT) and the Center for Device Development (CD2). It has also helped form over 50 Northwestern startup companies based on Northwestern technologies. Answer: ", "completion": "1917"}
{"prompt": "Why did the government and civil service not want to relocate during the war? The government planned to voluntarily evacuate four million people\u2014mostly women and children\u2014from urban areas, including 1.4 million from London. It expected about 90% of evacuees to stay in private homes, and conducted an extensive survey to determine available space. Detailed preparations for transporting them were developed. A trial blackout was held on 10 August 1939, and when Germany invaded Poland on 1 September a blackout began at sunset. Lights would not be allowed after dark for almost six years, and the blackout became by far the most unpopular aspect of the war for civilians, more than rationing.:51,106 The relocation of the government and the civil service was also planned, but would only have occurred if necessary so as not to damage civilian morale.:33 Answer: ", "completion": "damage civilian morale"}
{"prompt": "What program was introduced in 2007 for season workers in New Zealand? New Zealand has an annual quota of 75 Tuvaluans granted work permits under the Pacific Access Category, as announced in 2001. The applicants register for the Pacific Access Category (PAC) ballots; the primary criteria is that the principal applicant must have a job offer from a New Zealand employer. Tuvaluans also have access to seasonal employment in the horticulture and viticulture industries in New Zealand under the Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy introduced in 2007 allowing for employment of up to 5,000 workers from Tuvalu and other Pacific islands. Tuvaluans can participate in the Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program, which allows Pacific Islanders to obtain seasonal employment in the Australian agriculture industry, in particular cotton and cane operations; fishing industry, in particular aquaculture; and with accommodation providers in the tourism industry. Answer: ", "completion": "Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy"}
{"prompt": "What plays a large factor in determining admission at a university? State schools are generally seen as equivalent in quality of education to private-sector institutions. However, the value of a state high-school diploma is limited by the fact that the grades obtained account for only around 25% of the final grade for each topic, with the remaining 75% assigned by the teacher during the semester, in a minimally transparent way. Cypriot universities (like universities in Greece) ignore high school grades almost entirely for admissions purposes. While a high-school diploma is mandatory for university attendance, admissions are decided almost exclusively on the basis of scores at centrally administered university entrance examinations that all university candidates are required to take. Answer: ", "completion": "university entrance examinations"}
{"prompt": "When did the Second Aliyah begin? The Second Aliyah (1904\u201314), began after the Kishinev pogrom; some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine, although nearly half of them left eventually. Both the first and second waves of migrants were mainly Orthodox Jews, although the Second Aliyah included socialist groups who established the kibbutz movement. During World War I, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent the Balfour Declaration of 1917 to Baron Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, that stated that Britain intended for the creation of a Jewish \"national home\" within the Palestinian Mandate. Answer: ", "completion": "after the Kishinev pogrom"}
{"prompt": "What do insects receive in return for pollination? Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in the reproduction of plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation. While other animals are included as pollinators, the majority of pollination is done by insects. Because insects usually receive benefit for the pollination in the form of energy rich nectar it is a grand example of mutualism. The various flower traits (and combinations thereof) that differentially attract one type of pollinator or another are known as pollination syndromes. These arose through complex plant-animal adaptations. Pollinators find flowers through bright colorations, including ultraviolet, and attractant pheromones. The study of pollination by insects is known as anthecology. Answer: ", "completion": "energy rich nectar"}
{"prompt": "What region raised a militia army called the fyrd? The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted, a large proportion during the early period appear to have been mounted infantry, rather than true cavalry. One exception was Anglo-Saxon England, where the armies were still composed of regional levies, known as the fyrd, which were led by the local elites. In military technology, one of the main changes was the return of the crossbow, which had been known in Roman times and reappeared as a military weapon during the last part of the Early Middle Ages. Another change was the introduction of the stirrup, which increased the effectiveness of cavalry as shock troops. A technological advance that had implications beyond the military was the horseshoe, which allowed horses to be used in rocky terrain. Answer: ", "completion": "Anglo-Saxon England"}
{"prompt": "Who did Schwarzenegger reportedly begin dating shortly after his separation? On April 26, 1986, Schwarzenegger married television journalist Maria Shriver, niece of President John F. Kennedy, in Hyannis, Massachusetts. The Rev. John Baptist Riordan performed the ceremony at St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church. They have four children: Katherine Eunice Schwarzenegger (born December 13, 1989 in Los Angeles); Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger (born July 23, 1991 in Los Angeles); Patrick Arnold Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 18, 1993 in Los Angeles); and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 27, 1997 in Los Angeles). Schwarzenegger lives in a 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m2) home in Brentwood. The divorcing couple currently own vacation homes in Sun Valley, Idaho and Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. They attended St. Monica's Catholic Church. Following their separation, it is reported that Schwarzenegger is dating physical therapist Heather Milligan. Answer: ", "completion": "Heather Milligan"}
{"prompt": "A wholesale ban on what was denied? India rejected Chinese demands that the torch route be clear of India's 150,000-strong Tibetan exile community, by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route. In response Indian officials said India was a democracy, and \"a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question\". Contradicting some other reports, Indian officials also refused permission to the \"Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit\". The combined effect is a \"rapid deterioration\" of relations between India and China. Meanwhile, the Tibetan government in exile, which is based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay. Answer: ", "completion": "protests"}
{"prompt": "In 1876, how many preachers were expelled from the Dominican Order? During this critical period, the number of Preachers seems never to have sunk below 3,500. Statistics for 1876 show 3,748, but 500 of these had been expelled from their convents and were engaged in parochial work. Statistics for 1910 show a total of 4,472 nominally or actually engaged in proper activities of the order. In the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows, 917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6058 Dominican friars, including 4,470 priests. Answer: ", "completion": "500"}
{"prompt": "What finance act affected the 2004 election? The 2004 election was the first to be affected by the campaign finance reforms mandated by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the McCain\u2013Feingold Bill for its sponsors in the United States Senate). Because of the Act's restrictions on candidates' and parties' fundraising, a large number of so-called 527 groups emerged. Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code, these groups were able to raise large amounts of money for various political causes as long as they do not coordinate their activities with political campaigns. Examples of 527s include Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, MoveOn.org, the Media Fund, and America Coming Together. Many such groups were active throughout the campaign season. (There was some similar activity, although on a much lesser scale, during the 2000 campaign.) Answer: ", "completion": "the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002"}
{"prompt": "Where is Valencia's City Hall located? The largest plaza in Valencia is the Plaza del Ayuntamiento; it is home to the City Hall (Ayuntamiento) on its western side and the central post office (Edificio de Correos) on its eastern side, a cinema that shows classic movies, and many restaurants and bars. The plaza is triangular in shape, with a large cement lot at the southern end, normally surrounded by flower vendors. It serves as ground zero during the Les Falles when the fireworks of the Masclet\u00e0 can be heard every afternoon. There is a large fountain at the northern end. Answer: ", "completion": "Plaza del Ayuntamiento"}
{"prompt": "Where was Jesus Crucified? Calvary as an English name for the place is derived from the Latin word for skull (calvaria), which is used in the Vulgate translation of \"place of a skull\", the explanation given in all four Gospels of the Aramaic word G\u00fblgalt\u00e2 which was the name of the place where Jesus was crucified. The text does not indicate why it was so designated, but several theories have been put forward. One is that as a place of public execution, Calvary may have been strewn with the skulls of abandoned victims (which would be contrary to Jewish burial traditions, but not Roman). Another is that Calvary is named after a nearby cemetery (which is consistent with both of the proposed modern sites). A third is that the name was derived from the physical contour, which would be more consistent with the singular use of the word, i.e., the place of \"a skull\". While often referred to as \"Mount Calvary\", it was more likely a small hill or rocky knoll. Answer: ", "completion": "Calvary"}
{"prompt": "How is the per capita income compared to the world? The per capita income of the Republic is often listed as being approximately $400 a year, one of the lowest in the world, but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the unregistered sale of foods, locally produced alcoholic beverages, diamonds, ivory, bushmeat, and traditional medicine. For most Central Africans, the informal economy of the CAR is more important than the formal economy.[citation needed] Export trade is hindered by poor economic development and the country's landlocked position.[citation needed] Answer: ", "completion": "one of the lowest"}
{"prompt": "Prior to 7th century, what was primary religion of Egypt? Although Egypt was a majority Christian country before the 7th Century, after Islam arrived, the country was slowly Islamified to become a majority Muslim country. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the Muslim world. Under Anwar Sadat, Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law. It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow Native Sufi orders, with the Sufi leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order. Answer: ", "completion": "Christian"}
{"prompt": "How much land was alloted in the new Enlarged Homestead Act? In the early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres (0.6 to 1.3 km2) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to \"prove up\" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation. This combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders, lured by free land, with World War I bringing particularly high wheat prices. In addition, Montana was going through a temporary period of higher-than-average precipitation. Homesteaders arriving in this period were known as \"Honyockers\", or \"scissorbills.\" Though the word \"honyocker\", possibly derived from the ethnic slur \"hunyak,\" was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being \"greenhorns\", \"new at his business\" or \"unprepared\", the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience, though there were also many who did not. Answer: ", "completion": "320 acres"}
{"prompt": "What variety is the most common the the United States and the U.K. It is widely agreed that the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), which is not closely related to other ducks). Ducks are farmed mainly for their meat, eggs, and down. As is the case with chickens, various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase. The most common commercial breed in the United Kingdom and the United States is the Pekin duck, which can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days. In the Western world, ducks are not as popular as chickens, because the latter produce larger quantities of white, lean meat and are easier to keep intensively, making the price of chicken meat lower than that of duck meat. While popular in haute cuisine, duck appears less frequently in the mass-market food industry. However, things are different in the East. Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in harvested rice fields and other wet environments. Answer: ", "completion": "Pekin duck"}
{"prompt": "What percentage of the Portuguese people are Roman Catholic? According to the 2011 Census, 81.0% of the Portuguese population are Roman Catholic. The country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from African Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and African Witch Doctors. Some 6.8% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious, and 8.3% did not give any answer about their religion. Answer: ", "completion": "81.0%"}
{"prompt": "When did the liberalization of the telephone communications in Greece happen? Between 1949 and the 1980s, telephone communications in Greece were a state monopoly by the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization, better known by its acronym, OTE. Despite the liberalization of telephone communications in the country in the 1980s, OTE still dominates the Greek market in its field and has emerged as one of the largest telecommunications companies in Southeast Europe. Since 2011, the company's major shareholder is Deutsche Telekom with a 40% stake, while the Greek state continues to own 10% of the company's shares. OTE owns several subsidiaries across the Balkans, including Cosmote, Greece's top mobile telecommunications provider, Cosmote Romania and Albanian Mobile Communications. Answer: ", "completion": "1980s"}
{"prompt": "Had the Football League First Division ever been in the top level? Despite significant European success during the 1970s and early 1980s, the late '80s had marked a low point for English football. Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife, and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985. The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888, was well behind leagues such as Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga in attendances and revenues, and several top English players had moved abroad. Answer: ", "completion": "The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888"}
{"prompt": "What type of geology is the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field? The Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field was discovered in 1973 and produces from middle Miocene deltaic sandstone-shale in an anticline structural trap at a depth of 2\u20134 km. In June 2013, the company announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested. While many international oil companies have operated there for decades, by 2014 most were making moves to divest their interests, citing a range of issues including oil theft. In August 2014, Shell Oil Company said it was finalising its interests in four Nigerian oil fields. Answer: ", "completion": "middle Miocene deltaic sandstone-shale in an anticline structural trap"}
{"prompt": "What is Iran's most advanced missile? Since the 1979 Revolution, to overcome foreign embargoes, Iran has developed its own military industry, produced its own tanks, armored personnel carriers, guided missiles, submarines, military vessels, guided missile destroyer, radar systems, helicopters and fighter planes. In recent years, official announcements have highlighted the development of weapons such as the Hoot, Kowsar, Zelzal, Fateh-110, Shahab-3 and Sejjil missiles, and a variety of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The Fajr-3 (MIRV) is currently Iran's most advanced ballistic missile, it is a liquid fuel missile with an undisclosed range which was developed and produced domestically. Answer: ", "completion": "The Fajr-3 (MIRV)"}
{"prompt": "Which factors make Melbourne one of the moust vibrant destinations in Australia? Melbourne is an international cultural centre, with cultural endeavours spanning major events and festivals, drama, musicals, comedy, music, art, architecture, literature, film and television. The climate, waterfront location and nightlife make it one of the most vibrant destinations in Australia. For five years in a row (as of 2015) it has held the top position in a survey by The Economist Intelligence Unit of the world's most liveable cities on the basis of a number of attributes which include its broad cultural offerings. The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events and festivals of all types, including Australia's largest free community festival\u2014Moomba, the Melbourne International Arts Festival, Melbourne International Film Festival, Melbourne International Comedy Festival and the Melbourne Fringe Festival. The culture of the city is an important drawcard for tourists, of which just under two million international overnight visitors and 57.7 million domestic overnight visited during the year ending March 2014. Answer: ", "completion": "The climate, waterfront location and nightlife"}
{"prompt": "What pub holds the Guinness World Record as the oldest in England? A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that saw uses other than as a pub during their history. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England, as it is an 11th-century structure on an 8th-century site. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham is claimed to be the \"oldest inn in England\". It has a claimed date of 1189, based on the fact it is constructed on the site of the Nottingham Castle brewhouse; the present building dates from around 1650. Likewise, The Nags Head in Burntwood, Staffordshire only dates back to the 16th century, but there has been a pub on the site since at least 1086, as it is mentioned in the Domesday Book. Answer: ", "completion": "Ye Olde Fighting Cocks"}
{"prompt": "In which year did the Premier League decide to give BSkyB broadcasting rights? Television has played a major role in the history of the Premier League. The League's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision, but one that has paid off. At the time pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market, as was charging fans to watch live televised football. However, a combination of Sky's strategy, the quality of Premier League football and the public's appetite for the game has seen the value of the Premier League's TV rights soar. Answer: ", "completion": "1992"}
{"prompt": "What city's carnival has documented history from 1790? The Carnival of Vilanova i la Geltr\u00fa has documented history from 1790 and is one of the richest in the variety of its acts and rituals. It adopts an ancient style in which satire, the grotesque body (particularly cross-dressing and displays of exaggerated bellies, noses and phalli) and above all, active participation are valued over glamorous, media-friendly spectacles that Vilanovins mock as \"thighs and feathers\". It is best known for Les Comparses (held on Sunday), a tumultuous dance in which 12,000 or more dancers organized into rival groups throw 75 tons of hard candies at one other. The women protect their faces with Mantons de Manila (Manila shawls) but eye-patches and slings for broken arms are common the following week. Vilanovins organize an elaborate ritual for the arrival of King Carnival called l'Arrivo that changes every year. It includes a raucous procession of floats and dancers lampooning current events or public figures and a bitingly satiric sermon (el sermo) delivered by the King himself. On Dijous Gras, Vilanovin children are excused from school to participate in the Merengada, a day-long scene of eating and fighting with sticky, sweet meringue. Answer: ", "completion": "Vilanova i la Geltr\u00fa"}
{"prompt": "How many UEFA Super Cup awards does Barcelona have? As of December 2015[update], Barcelona has won 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a, three Copa Eva Duarte[note 2] and two Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. They have also won five UEFA Champions League, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, a shared record five UEFA Super Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies. They also won a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup trophies, considered the predecessor to the UEFA Cup-Europa League. Answer: ", "completion": "five"}
{"prompt": "In what year did Queen win an MTV award? Queen's popularity was stimulated in North America when \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" was featured in the 1992 comedy film Wayne's World. Its inclusion helped the song reach number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks in 1992 (it remained in the Hot 100 for over 40 weeks), and won the band an MTV Award at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards. The compilation album Classic Queen also reached number four on the Billboard 200, and is certified three times platinum in the US. Wayne's World footage was used to make a new music video for \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", with which the band and management were delighted. Answer: ", "completion": "1992"}
{"prompt": "When was the Trade Disputes Act passed? The 1910 election saw 42 Labour MPs elected to the House of Commons, a significant victory since, a year before the election, the House of Lords had passed the Osborne judgment ruling that Trades Unions in the United Kingdom could no longer donate money to fund the election campaigns and wages of Labour MPs. The governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation. The height of Liberal compromise was to introduce a wage for Members of Parliament to remove the need to involve the Trade Unions. By 1913, faced with the opposition of the largest Trades Unions, the Liberal government passed the Trade Disputes Act to allow Trade Unions to fund Labour MPs once more. Answer: ", "completion": "1913"}
{"prompt": "Where do Egyptians working abroad work mainly? Egypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism; there are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population, limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress the economy. Answer: ", "completion": "Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe"}
{"prompt": "The scientific revolution contributed to what, in terms of science? Regardless of the way the tension between universities, individual scientists, and the scientific revolution itself is perceived, there was a discernible impact on the way that university education was constructed. Aristotelian epistemology provided a coherent framework not simply for knowledge and knowledge construction, but also for the training of scholars within the higher education setting. The creation of new scientific constructs during the scientific revolution, and the epistemological challenges that were inherent within this creation, initiated the idea of both the autonomy of science and the hierarchy of the disciplines. Instead of entering higher education to become a \"general scholar\" immersed in becoming proficient in the entire curriculum, there emerged a type of scholar that put science first and viewed it as a vocation in itself. The divergence between those focused on science and those still entrenched in the idea of a general scholar exacerbated the epistemological tensions that were already beginning to emerge. Answer: ", "completion": "autonomy"}
{"prompt": "What happened to the dikes the Aztecs built? Originally much of the valley laid beneath the waters of Lake Texcoco, a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes. The Aztecs built dikes to separate the fresh water used to raise crops in chinampas and to prevent recurrent floods. These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods. Only a small section of the original lake remains, located outside the Federal District, in the municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico. Answer: ", "completion": "destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan"}
{"prompt": "What is a benefit of using dBASE? The 1980s ushered in the age of desktop computing. The new computers empowered their users with spreadsheets like Lotus 1-2-3 and database software like dBASE. The dBASE product was lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box. C. Wayne Ratliff the creator of dBASE stated: \"dBASE was different from programs like BASIC, C, FORTRAN, and COBOL in that a lot of the dirty work had already been done. The data manipulation is done by dBASE instead of by the user, so the user can concentrate on what he is doing, rather than having to mess with the dirty details of opening, reading, and closing files, and managing space allocation.\" dBASE was one of the top selling software titles in the 1980s and early 1990s. Answer: ", "completion": "managing space allocation"}
{"prompt": "Who was key to establishing Bermuda's Regiment? Bermudians served in the British armed forces during both World War I and World War II. After the latter, Major-General Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert, Bermuda's highest-ranking soldier, was instrumental in developing the Bermuda Regiment. A number of other Bermudians and their descendants had preceded him into senior ranks, including Bahamian-born Admiral Lord Gambier, and Bermudian-born Royal Marines Brigadier Harvey. When promoted to Brigadier at age 39, following his wounding at the Anzio landings, Harvey became the youngest-ever Royal Marine Brigadier. The Cenotaph in front of the Cabinet Building (in Hamilton) was erected in tribute to Bermuda's Great War dead (the tribute was later extended to Bermuda's Second World War dead) and is the site of the annual Remembrance Day commemoration. Answer: ", "completion": "Major-General Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert"}
{"prompt": "What is the meaning of the word neuron in Greek? Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil. These interactions are governed by syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic rules,[citation needed] and are possible because of the decentralized \"nervous system\" of plants. The original meaning of the word \"neuron\" in Greek is \"vegetable fiber\" and recent research has shown that most of the microorganism plant communication processes are neuron-like. Plants also communicate via volatiles when exposed to herbivory attack behavior, thus warning neighboring plants. In parallel they produce other volatiles to attract parasites which attack these herbivores. In stress situations plants can overwrite the genomes they inherited from their parents and revert to that of their grand- or great-grandparents.[citation needed] Answer: ", "completion": "vegetable fiber"}
{"prompt": "Where are RIBA's Study Rooms located? The library is based at two public sites: the Reading Room at the RIBA's headquarters, 66 Portland Place, London; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A. The Reading Room, designed by the building's architect George Grey Wornum and his wife Miriam, retains its original 1934 Art Deco interior with open bookshelves, original furniture and double-height central space. The study rooms, opened in 2004, were designed by Wright & Wright. The library is funded entirely by the RIBA but it is open to the public without charge. It operates a free education programme aimed at students, education groups and families, and an information service for RIBA members and the public through the RIBA Information Centre. Answer: ", "completion": "the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A"}
{"prompt": "What company said it is planning to move marine operations to the University of Southampton? Other major employers in the city include Ordnance Survey, the UK's national mapping agency, whose headquarters is located in a new building on the outskirts of the city, opened in February 2011. The Lloyd's Register Group has announced plans to move its London marine operations to a specially developed site at the University of Southampton. The area of Swaythling is home to Ford's Southampton Assembly Plant, where the majority of their Transit models are manufactured. Closure of the plant in 2013 was announced in 2012, with the loss of hundreds of jobs. Answer: ", "completion": "Lloyd's Register Group"}
{"prompt": "What was the airplane company that helped Seattle return to economic stability? Logging was Seattle's first major industry, but by the late 19th century the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush. By 1910, Seattle was one of the 25 largest cities in the country. However, the Great Depression severely damaged the city's economy. Growth returned during and after World War II, due partially to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, with companies like Microsoft becoming established in the region. In 1994 the Internet retail giant Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, which increased the city's population by almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000. Answer: ", "completion": "Boeing"}
{"prompt": "What time of the day did the quake happen? The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake, measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw, and occurred at 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time at epicenter (06:28:01 UTC) on May 12 in Sichuan province, killed 69,197 people and left 18,222 missing. Answer: ", "completion": "02:28:01 PM China Standard Time"}
{"prompt": "Who first discovered epinephrine? By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extracts were of particular interest to surgeons as hemostatic agents and as treatment for shock, and a number of companies developed products based on adrenal extracts containing varying purities of the active substance. In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt. Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, and licensed the technology to Parke Davis. Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin. Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks, and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 (Primatene Mist). By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion. Answer: ", "completion": "John Abel"}
{"prompt": "What is Nigeria's northernmost climate? Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate, where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches (1,500 to 2,000 mm) a year. In the southeast stands the Obudu Plateau. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast. This forest zone's most southerly portion is defined as \"salt water swamp,\" also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of mangroves in the area. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp, and north of that is rain forest. Answer: ", "completion": "rain forest"}
{"prompt": "Charles de La Valette was a devoted and leading member of what party? The immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as sponsored by Russia.:103 The Marquis Charles de La Valette was a zealous Catholic and a leading member of the \"clerical party,\" which demanded French protection of the Roman Catholic rights to the holy places in Palestine. In May 1851, Napoleon appointed La Valette as his ambassador to the Porte (the Ottoman Empire).:7\u20139 The appointment was made with the intent of forcing the Ottomans to recognise France as the \"sovereign authority\" over the Christian population.:19 Russia disputed this attempted change in authority. Pointing to two more treaties, one in 1757 and the 1774 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca, the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renouncing the French treaty and insisting that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Answer: ", "completion": "clerical party"}
{"prompt": "What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly? Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as on islands, to an emphasis on speciation without isolation; that is, he saw increasing specialisation within large stable populations as continuously exploiting new ecological niches. He conducted empirical research focusing on difficulties with his theory. He studied the developmental and anatomical differences between different breeds of many domestic animals, became actively involved in fancy pigeon breeding, and experimented (with the help of his son Francis) on ways that plant seeds and animals might disperse across oceans to colonise distant islands. By 1856, his theory was much more sophisticated, with a mass of supporting evidence. Answer: ", "completion": "barnacle"}
{"prompt": "What is the Carnival known as in the Creole language? Carnival in Haiti started in 1804 in the capital Port-au-Prince after the declaration of independence. The Port-au-Prince Carnival is one of the largest in North America. It is known as Kanaval in the Creole language. It starts in January, known as \"Pre-Kanaval\", while the main carnival activities begin in February. In July 2012, Haiti had another carnival called Kanaval de Fleur. Beautiful costumes, floats, Rara parades, masks, foods, and popular rasin music (like Boukman Eksperyans, Foula Vodoule, Tokay, Boukan Ginen, Eritaj, etc.) and kompa bands (such as T-Vice, Djakout No. 1, Sweet Micky, Krey\u00f2l La, D.P. Express, Mizik Mizik, Ram, T-Micky, Carimi, Djakout Mizik, and Scorpio Fever) play for dancers in the streets of the plaza of Champ-de-Mars. An annual song competition takes place. Answer: ", "completion": "Kanaval"}
{"prompt": "What direction are the Tortolita Mountains from Tuscon? The city's elevation is 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level (as measured at the Tucson International Airport). Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert, surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains: the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north, the Santa Rita Mountains to the south, the Rincon Mountains to the east, and the Tucson Mountains to the west. The high point of the Santa Catalina Mountains is 9,157 ft (2,791 m) Mount Lemmon, the southernmost ski destination in the continental U.S., while the Tucson Mountains include 4,687 ft (1,429 m) Wasson Peak. The highest point in the area is Mount Wrightson, found in the Santa Rita Mountains at 9,453 ft (2,881 m) above sea level. Answer: ", "completion": "north"}
{"prompt": "How many Square miles is St. John's? St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west. Answer: ", "completion": "172.22"}
{"prompt": "Gothic and Chinoiserie were the English-speaking world's equivalent of what style? The styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture\u2014 and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking world's equivalent of European Rococo. From the mid-1760s a range of Neoclassical modes were fashionable, associated with the British architects Robert Adam, James Gibbs, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt, George Dance the Younger, Henry Holland and Sir John Soane. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, he was responsible for designing large areas of London. Greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke. Answer: ", "completion": "European Rococo"}
{"prompt": "When can Min Nan texts be dated back to? Min Nan texts, all Hokkien, can be dated back to the 16th century. One example is the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china, presumably written after 1587 by the Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines. Another is a Ming Dynasty script of a play called Romance of the Lychee Mirror (1566), supposedly the earliest Southern Min colloquial text. Xiamen University has also developed an alphabet based on Pinyin, which has been published in a dictionary called the Minnan Fangyan-Putonghua Cidian (\u95a9\u5357\u65b9\u8a00\u666e\u901a\u8a71\u8a5e\u5178) and a language teaching book, which is used to teach the language to foreigners and Chinese non-speakers. It is known as Pumindian. Answer: ", "completion": "the 16th century"}
{"prompt": "How much did the SNES cost in the UK? On August 23, 1991,[a] Nintendo released the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, a redesigned version of the Super Famicom, in North America for US$199. The SNES was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland in April 1992 for GB\u00a3150, with a German release following a few weeks later. Most of the PAL region versions of the console use the Japanese Super Famicom design, except for labeling and the length of the joypad leads. The Playtronic Super NES in Brazil, although PAL, uses the North American design. Both the NES and SNES were released in Brazil in 1993 by Playtronic, a joint venture between the toy company Estrela and consumer electronics company Gradiente. Answer: ", "completion": "GB\u00a3150"}
{"prompt": "In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program? The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades. Answer: ", "completion": "10th"}
{"prompt": " What type of day were there more of in Rome? Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered \"non-sacred\" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal groups that allowed for different local traditions. Some of the most ancient and popular festivals incorporated ludi (\"games,\" such as chariot races and theatrical performances), with examples including those held at Palestrina in honour of Fortuna Primigenia during Compitalia, and the Ludi Romani in honour of Liber. Other festivals may have required only the presence and rites of their priests and acolytes, or particular groups, such as women at the Bona Dea rites. Answer: ", "completion": "sacred days"}
{"prompt": "Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820? The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem \"Kuu\" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language: Answer: ", "completion": "Kristjan Jaak Peterson"}
{"prompt": "Serotonin comes from what part of the brain? There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example\u2014the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids\u2014comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the Raphe nuclei. Norepinephrine, which is involved in arousal, comes exclusively from a nearby small area called the locus coeruleus. Other neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine have multiple sources in the brain, but are not as ubiquitously distributed as glutamate and GABA. Answer: ", "completion": "Raphe nuclei"}
{"prompt": "What was the lifespan of Theodore Hesburgh? The Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, C.S.C., (1917\u20132015) served as president for 35 years (1952\u201387) of dramatic transformations. In that time the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $9.7 million to $176.6 million, and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $9 million to $350 million, and research funding by a factor of 20 from $735,000 to $15 million. Enrollment nearly doubled from 4,979 to 9,600, faculty more than doubled 389 to 950, and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1,212 to 2,500. Answer: ", "completion": "1917\u20132015"}
{"prompt": "Why did the U.S. pass the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990? Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the cach\u00e9 of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States, the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007. Answer: ", "completion": "too many artists were posing as Native Americans"}
{"prompt": "Though the US and the Soviet Union were both against colonialism, what was the US more afraid of? Though Britain and the empire emerged victorious from the Second World War, the effects of the conflict were profound, both at home and abroad. Much of Europe, a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries, was in ruins, and host to the armies of the United States and the Soviet Union, who now held the balance of global power. Britain was left essentially bankrupt, with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of a $US 4.33 billion loan (US$56 billion in 2012) from the United States, the last instalment of which was repaid in 2006. At the same time, anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations. The situation was complicated further by the increasing Cold War rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union. In principle, both nations were opposed to European colonialism. In practice, however, American anti-communism prevailed over anti-imperialism, and therefore the United States supported the continued existence of the British Empire to keep Communist expansion in check. The \"wind of change\" ultimately meant that the British Empire's days were numbered, and on the whole, Britain adopted a policy of peaceful disengagement from its colonies once stable, non-Communist governments were available to transfer power to. This was in contrast to other European powers such as France and Portugal, which waged costly and ultimately unsuccessful wars to keep their empires intact. Between 1945 and 1965, the number of people under British rule outside the UK itself fell from 700 million to five million, three million of whom were in Hong Kong. Answer: ", "completion": "communism"}
{"prompt": "How are most visitors ushered into the city of Myanmar ? The most common way for travellers to enter the country seems to be by air. According to the website Lonely Planet, getting into Myanmar is problematic: \"No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country, nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border \u2013 you must walk across.\", and states that, \"It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river.\" There are a small number of border crossings that allow the passage of private vehicles, such as the border between Ruili (China) to Mu-se, the border between Htee Kee (Myanmar) and Ban Phu Nam Ron (Thailand) (the most direct border between Dawei and Kanchanaburi), and the border between Myawaddy (Myanmar) and Mae Sot (Thailand). At least one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013. \"From Mae Sai (Thailand) you can cross to Tachileik, but can only go as far as Kengtung. Those in Thailand on a visa run can cross to Kawthaung but cannot venture farther into Myanmar.\" Answer: ", "completion": "by air"}
{"prompt": "Approximately how many of the world population speak German as a native language? Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans.[citation needed] There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil (mainly in the South Region of the country), Argentina, Canada, South Africa, the post-Soviet states (mainly in Russia and Kazakhstan), and France, each accounting for at least 1 million.[note 2] Thus, the total number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.). Answer: ", "completion": "100 million"}
{"prompt": "What date did the U.S. intervention in New Mexico end? Starting in 1910, the army began acquiring fixed-wing aircraft. In 1910, Mexico was having a civil war, peasant rebels fighting government soldiers. The army was deployed to American towns near the border to ensure safety to lives and property. In 1916, Pancho Villa, a major rebel leader, attacked Columbus, New Mexico, prompting a U.S. intervention in Mexico until 7 February 1917. They fought the rebels and the Mexican federal troops until 1918. The United States joined World War I in 1917 on the side of Britain, France, Russia, Italy and other allies. U.S. troops were sent to the Western Front and were involved in the last offensives that ended the war. With the armistice in November 1918, the army once again decreased its forces. Answer: ", "completion": "7 February 1917"}
{"prompt": "How many people have been executed in the United States since 1976? Possibly in part due to expedited federal habeas corpus procedures embodied in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, the pace of executions picked up, reaching a peak of 98 in 1999 and then they declined gradually to 28 in 2015. Since the death penalty was reauthorized in 1976, 1,411 people have been executed, almost exclusively by the states, with most occurring after 1990. Texas has accounted for over one-third of modern executions (although only two death sentences were imposed in Texas during 2015, with the courts preferring to issue sentences of life without parole instead) and over four times as many as Oklahoma, the state with the second-highest number. California has the greatest number of prisoners on death row, has issued the highest number of death sentences but has held relatively few executions. Answer: ", "completion": "1,411"}
{"prompt": "What area did the Cholas unite in the 9th century? Medieval Cholas rose to prominence during the middle of the 9th century C.E. and established the greatest empire South India had seen. They successfully united the South India under their rule and through their naval strength extended their influence in the Southeast Asian countries such as Srivijaya. Under Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia. Rajendra Chola I's navies went even further, occupying the sea coasts from Burma to Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep (Laccadive) islands, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and the Pegu islands. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia, as well as by the repeated embassies to China. They dominated the political affairs of Sri Lanka for over two centuries through repeated invasions and occupation. They also had continuing trade contacts with the Arabs in the west and with the Chinese empire in the east. Rajaraja Chola I and his equally distinguished son Rajendra Chola I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power. Under the Cholas, the South India reached new heights of excellence in art, religion and literature. In all of these spheres, the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun in an earlier age under the Pallavas. Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India. Answer: ", "completion": "South India"}
{"prompt": "When were vineyards first cultivated in Switzerland? The most popular alcoholic drink in Switzerland is wine. Switzerland is notable for the variety of grapes grown because of the large variations in terroirs, with their specific mixes of soil, air, altitude and light. Swiss wine is produced mainly in Valais, Vaud (Lavaux), Geneva and Ticino, with a small majority of white wines. Vineyards have been cultivated in Switzerland since the Roman era, even though certain traces can be found of a more ancient origin. The most widespread varieties are the Chasselas (called Fendant in Valais) and Pinot noir. The Merlot is the main variety produced in Ticino. Answer: ", "completion": "Roman era"}
{"prompt": "When did Madonna's relationship with Carlos Leon ended? After its release, Evita garnered critical appreciation. Zach Conner from Time magazine commented, \"It's a relief to say that Evita is pretty damn fine, well cast and handsomely visualized. Madonna once again confounds our expectations. She plays Evita with a poignant weariness and has more than just a bit of star quality. Love or hate Madonna-Eva, she is a magnet for all eyes.\" Madonna won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for the role. She released three singles from the Evita soundtrack album, including \"You Must Love Me\" (which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1997) and \"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\". Madonna was later presented with the Artist Achievement Award by Tony Bennett at the 1996 Billboard Music Awards. On October 14, 1996, Madonna gave birth to Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon, her daughter with Leon. Biographer Mary Cross writes that although Madonna was often ill during the filming and worried that her pregnancy would harm the film, she reached some important personal goals: \"Now 38 years old, Madonna had at last triumphed on screen and achieved her dream of having a child, both in the same year. She had reached another turning point in her career, reinventing herself and her image with the public.\" Her relationship with Carlos Leon ended in May 1997; she declared that they were \"better off as best friends.\" After Lourdes' birth, Madonna became involved in Eastern mysticism and Kabbalah. She was introduced to Jewish mysticism by actress Sandra Bernhard in 1997. Answer: ", "completion": "May 1997"}
{"prompt": "Who is the developer of Eddy Street Commons? The first phase of Eddy Street Commons, a $215 million development located adjacent to the University of Notre Dame campus and funded by the university, broke ground on June 3, 2008. The Eddy Street Commons drew union protests when workers hired by the City of South Bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site after a contractor hired non-union workers. The developer, Kite Realty out of Indianapolis, has made agreements with major national chains rather than local businesses, a move that has led to criticism from alumni and students. Answer: ", "completion": "Kite Realty"}
{"prompt": "How did the Institute of International Education rank BYU in 2009 compared with U.S. universities that offer study abroad opportunities? Beyond this, BYU also runs a very large study abroad program, with satellite centers in London, Jerusalem, and Paris, as well as more than 20 other sites. Nearly 2,000 students take advantage of these programs yearly. In 2001, the Institute of International Education ranked BYU as the number one university in the U.S. to offer students study abroad opportunities. The BYU Jerusalem Center, which was closed in 2000 due to student security concerns related to the Second Intifada and, more recently, the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, was reopened to students in the Winter 2007 semester. Answer: ", "completion": "number one"}
{"prompt": "What genre was 'LA 2017'? His first professional TV job came when he was hired to direct one of the segments for the 1969 pilot episode of Night Gallery. The segment, \"Eyes,\" starred Joan Crawford; she and Spielberg were reportedly close friends until her death. The episode is unusual in his body of work, in that the camerawork is more highly stylized than his later, more \"mature\" films. After this, and an episode of Marcus Welby, M.D., Spielberg got his first feature-length assignment: an episode of The Name of the Game called \"L.A. 2017\". This futuristic science fiction episode impressed Universal Studios and they signed him to a short contract. He did another segment on Night Gallery and did some work for shows such as Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law and The Psychiatrist, before landing the first series episode of Columbo (previous episodes were actually TV films). Answer: ", "completion": "futuristic science fiction"}
{"prompt": "What song did Kanye record about his experience with what happened after the wreck? West's breakthrough came a year later on October 23, 2002, when, while driving home from a California recording studio after working late, he fell asleep at the wheel and was involved in a near-fatal car crash. The crash left him with a shattered jaw, which had to be wired shut in reconstructive surgery. The accident inspired West; two weeks after being admitted to the hospital, he recorded a song at the Record Plant Studios with his jaw still wired shut. The composition, \"Through The Wire\", expressed West's experience after the accident, and helped lay the foundation for his debut album, as according to West \"all the better artists have expressed what they were going through\". West added that \"the album was my medicine\", as working on the record distracted him from the pain. \"Through The Wire\" was first available on West's Get Well Soon... mixtape, released December 2002. At the same time, West announced that he was working on an album called The College Dropout, whose overall theme was to \"make your own decisions. Don't let society tell you, 'This is what you have to do.'\" Answer: ", "completion": "\"Through The Wire\""}
{"prompt": "Can the name of a certain bulb shape vary? Incandescent light bulbs come in a range of shapes and sizes. The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions. Many of these shapes have a designation consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more numbers, e.g. A55 or PAR38. The letters represent the shape of the bulb. The numbers represent the maximum diameter, either in 1\u20448 of an inch, or in millimeters, depending on the shape and the region. For example, 63 mm reflectors are designated R63, but in the US, they are known as R20 (2.5 in). However, in both regions, a PAR38 reflector is known as PAR38. Answer: ", "completion": "The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions"}
{"prompt": "Where was Chopin's last public performance? Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage. Answer: ", "completion": "Guildhall"}
{"prompt": "What new positions did Nasser give himself ? Nasser appointed himself the additional roles of prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces on 19 June 1967. Angry at the military court's perceived leniency with air force officers charged with negligence during the 1967 war, workers and students launched protests calling for major political reforms in late February 1968. Nasser responded to the demonstrations, the most significant public challenge to his rule since workers' protests in March 1954, by removing most military figures from his cabinet and appointing eight civilians in place of several high-ranking members of the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). By 3 March, Nasser directed Egypt's intelligence apparatus to focus on external rather than domestic espionage, and declared the \"fall of the mukhabarat state\". Answer: ", "completion": "prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces"}
{"prompt": "What have computers in police cars enabled for investigation? Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatching of calls, criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds, and updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis. Other common pieces of police equipment include flashlights/torches, whistles, police notebooks and \"ticket books\" or citations. Answer: ", "completion": "criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds"}
{"prompt": "Where is corruption most noticeable? Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention. Answer: ", "completion": "countries with the smallest per capita incomes"}
{"prompt": "How many US House reps did Oklahoma have after the 2000 census? Following the 2000 census, the Oklahoma delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives was reduced from six to five representatives, each serving one congressional district. For the 112th Congress (2011\u20132013), there were no changes in party strength, and the delegation included four Republicans and one Democrat. In the 112th Congress, Oklahoma's U.S. senators were Republicans Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn, and its U.S. Representatives were John Sullivan (R-OK-1), Dan Boren (D-OK-2), Frank D. Lucas (R-OK-3), Tom Cole (R-OK-4), and James Lankford (R-OK-5). Answer: ", "completion": "five"}
{"prompt": "What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800? The political reforms of Peter the Great (\u041f\u0451\u0442\u0440 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0301\u043a\u0438\u0439, Py\u00f3tr Vel\u00edkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. Many Russian novels of the 19th century, e.g. Leo Tolstoy's (\u041b\u0435\u0432 \u0422\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0301\u0439) War and Peace, contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given, with an assumption that educated readers would not need one. Answer: ", "completion": "French"}
{"prompt": "Who was rumored to be Victorias mothers lover? Victoria later described her childhood as \"rather melancholy\". Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called \"Kensington System\", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover. The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them. The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's bastard children, and perhaps prompted the emergence of Victorian morality by insisting that her daughter avoid any appearance of sexual impropriety. Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles spaniel, Dash. Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin, but she spoke only English at home. Answer: ", "completion": "Sir John Conroy"}
{"prompt": "What were positive numbers portayed as in the treatise of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art? One of the Han's greatest mathematical advancements was the world's first use of negative numbers. Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods, where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods. Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of ancient India, but its exact date of compilation is unknown. Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician Diophantus in about 275 AD, but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century AD. Answer: ", "completion": "red counting rods"}
{"prompt": "Who did Armenia fight in teh Nagorno-Karabakh War? Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan through the Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighboring Azerbaijan. The initial post-Soviet years were marred by economic difficulties, which had their roots early in the Karabakh conflict when the Azerbaijani Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a railway and air blockade against Armenia. This move effectively crippled Armenia's economy as 85% of its cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic. In 1993, Turkey joined the blockade against Armenia in support of Azerbaijan. Answer: ", "completion": "Azerbaijan"}
{"prompt": "When did the Rus return to Byzatine seeking revenge? Igor returned to Kiev keen for revenge. He assembled a large force of warriors from among neighboring Slavs and Pecheneg allies, and sent for reinforcements of Varangians from \u201cbeyond the sea.\u201d In 944 the Rus' force advanced again on the Greeks, by land and sea, and a Byzantine force from Cherson responded. The Emperor sent gifts and offered tribute in lieu of war, and the Rus' accepted. Envoys were sent between the Rus\u2019, the Byzantines, and the Bulgarians in 945, and a peace treaty was completed. The agreement again focused on trade, but this time with terms less favorable to the Rus\u2019, including stringent regulations on the conduct of Rus\u2019 merchants in Cherson and Constantinople and specific punishments for violations of the law. The Byzantines may have been motivated to enter the treaty out of concern of a prolonged alliance of the Rus', Pechenegs, and Bulgarians against them, though the more favorable terms further suggest a shift in power. Answer: ", "completion": "944"}
{"prompt": "What race makes up the vast majority of Southampton's population? At the 2001 Census, 92.4 per cent of the city's populace was White\u2014including one per cent White Irish\u20143.8 per cent were South Asian, 1.0 per cent Black, 1.3 per cent Chinese or other ethnic groups, and 1.5 per cent were of Mixed Race. Answer: ", "completion": "White"}
{"prompt": "Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers? In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of \"bi-racial\" or \"multiracial\" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification. Answer: ", "completion": "Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins"}
{"prompt": "Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory? Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975\u20131982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students. There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan. Answer: ", "completion": "in all schools"}
{"prompt": "What is improved by bending leads in opposite directions on the back of double-sided PCBs? The first PCBs used through-hole technology, mounting electronic components by leads inserted through holes on one side of the board and soldered onto copper traces on the other side. Boards may be single-sided, with an unplated component side, or more compact double-sided boards, with components soldered on both sides. Horizontal installation of through-hole parts with two axial leads (such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes) is done by bending the leads 90 degrees in the same direction, inserting the part in the board (often bending leads located on the back of the board in opposite directions to improve the part's mechanical strength), soldering the leads, and trimming off the ends. Leads may be soldered either manually or by a wave soldering machine. Answer: ", "completion": "mechanical strength"}
{"prompt": "What are two other dangerous acids? H2 reacts with every oxidizing element. Hydrogen can react spontaneously and violently at room temperature with chlorine and fluorine to form the corresponding hydrogen halides, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride, which are also potentially dangerous acids. Answer: ", "completion": "hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride"}
{"prompt": "What is the city of Ann arbor nicknamed as? Ann Arbor's \"Tree Town\" nickname stems from the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city contains more than 50,000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks. In recent years, the emerald ash borer has destroyed many of the city's approximately 10,500 ash trees. The city contains 157 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas. Several large city parks and a university park border sections of the Huron River. Fuller Recreation Area, near the University Hospital complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian and bike paths, and swimming pools. The Nichols Arboretum, owned by the University of Michigan, is a 123-acre (50 ha) arboretum that contains hundreds of plant and tree species. It is on the city's east side, near the university's Central Campus. Located across the Huron River just beyond the university's North Campus is the university's Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which contains 300 acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory. Answer: ", "completion": "Tree Town"}
{"prompt": "Some passages of what Canon support the idea of intermediate stages? According to East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism, there is an intermediate state (Tibetan \"bardo\") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects this; however there are passages in the Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next.[page needed] Answer: ", "completion": "Pali"}
{"prompt": "What do some annelids have 'crowns' of? Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sharp increase in fluid pressure from all these segments everts the pharynx very quickly. Two families, the Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae, have evolved jaws, which can be used for seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter. On the other hand, some predatory polychaetes have neither jaws nor eversible pharynges. Selective deposit feeders generally live in tubes on the sea-floor and use palps to find food particles in the sediment and then wipe them into their mouths. Filter feeders use \"crowns\" of palps covered in cilia that wash food particles towards their mouths. Non-selective deposit feeders ingest soil or marine sediments via mouths that are generally unspecialized. Some clitellates have sticky pads in the roofs of their mouths, and some of these can evert the pads to capture prey. Leeches often have an eversible proboscis, or a muscular pharynx with two or three teeth. Answer: ", "completion": "palps covered in cilia"}
{"prompt": "Beyonc\u00e9's role in Dreamgirls was based on what pop singer? Her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film The Pink Panther starring opposite Steve Martin, grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide. Her second film Dreamgirls, the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes, received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million internationally. In it, she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson, Jamie Foxx, and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross. To promote the film, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Listen\" as the lead single from the soundtrack album. In April 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossed over $24 million.[note 1] Beyonc\u00e9 conducted pre-concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at St. John's and America's Second Harvest. At the same time, B'Day was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira \"Beautiful Liar\". Answer: ", "completion": "Diana Ross."}
{"prompt": "What did Burke think a social hierarchy should be based on? Burke believed that property was essential to human life. Because of his conviction that people desire to be ruled and controlled, the division of property formed the basis for social structure, helping develop control within a property-based hierarchy. He viewed the social changes brought on by property as the natural order of events, which should be taking place as the human race progressed. With the division of property and the class system, he also believed that it kept the monarch in check to the needs of the classes beneath the monarch. Since property largely aligned or defined divisions of social class, class too, was seen as natural\u2014part of a social agreement that the setting of persons into different classes, is the mutual benefit of all subjects. Concern for property is not Burke's only influence. As Christopher Hitchens summarises, \"If modern conservatism can be held to derive from Burke, it is not just because he appealed to property owners in behalf of stability but also because he appealed to an everyday interest in the preservation of the ancestral and the immemorial.\" Answer: ", "completion": "property"}
{"prompt": "When was the Weston model 617 created? Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878\u20131971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850\u20131936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617, one of the earliest photo-electric exposure meters, in August 1932. The meter and film rating system were invented by William Nelson Goodwin, Jr., who worked for them and later received a Howard N. Potts Medal for his contributions to engineering. Answer: ", "completion": "August 1932"}
{"prompt": "What museum is located in Hamden on Whitney Street and dedicated to a notable New Haven inventor? New Haven has a variety of museums, many of them associated with Yale. The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library features an original copy of the Gutenberg Bible. There is also the Connecticut Children's Museum; the Knights of Columbus museum near that organization's world headquarters; the Peabody Museum of Natural History; the Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments; the Eli Whitney Museum (across the town line in Hamden, Connecticut, on Whitney Avenue); the Yale Center for British Art, which houses the largest collection of British art outside the U.K., and the Yale University Art Gallery, the nation's oldest college art museum.[citation needed] New Haven is also home to the New Haven Museum and Historical Society on Whitney Avenue, which has a library of many primary source treasures dating from Colonial times to the present. Answer: ", "completion": "Eli Whitney Museum"}
{"prompt": "When was the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era? At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era (220\u2013280 CE), Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye (present-day Nanjing), they continued development of the region and benefitted from influxes of refugees fleeing the turmoil in northern China. Industrial kilns were established and trade reached as far as Manchuria and Funan (south Vietnam). Answer: ", "completion": "220\u2013280 CE"}
{"prompt": "What book was written by A.A. Luce? A. A. Luce and John Foster are other subjectivists. Luce, in Sense without Matter (1954), attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms, and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature. Foster's The Case for Idealism argues that the physical world is the logical creation of natural, non-logical constraints on human sense-experience. Foster's latest defense of his views is in his book A World for Us: The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism. Answer: ", "completion": "Sense without Matter"}
{"prompt": "What type of science are making a calendar and finding cures for diseases a part of? In Classical Antiquity, the inquiry into the workings of the universe took place both in investigations aimed at such practical goals as establishing a reliable calendar or determining how to cure a variety of illnesses and in those abstract investigations known as natural philosophy. The ancient people who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers, as practitioners of a skilled profession (for example, physicians), or as followers of a religious tradition (for example, temple healers). Answer: ", "completion": "natural philosophy"}
{"prompt": "Who composed the The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200? Some Estonians, unwilling to side directly with the Nazis, joined the Finnish Army (which was allied with the Nazis) to fight against the Soviet Union. The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. Although many Estonians were recruited into the German armed forces (including Estonian Waffen-SS), the majority of them did so only in 1944 when the threat of a new invasion of Estonia by the Red Army had become imminent. In January 1944 Estonia was again facing the prospect of invasion from the Red Army and the last legitimate prime minister of the Republic of Estonia (according to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia) delivered a radio address asking all able-bodied men born from 1904 through 1923 to report for military service. The call resulted in around 38,000 new enlistments and several thousand Estonians who had joined the Finnish Army came back to join the newly formed Territorial Defense Force, assigned to defend Estonia against the Soviet advance. It was hoped[by whom?] that by engaging in such a war Estonia would be able to attract Western support for Estonian independence. Answer: ", "completion": "Estonian volunteers in Finland"}
{"prompt": "What is the niche market of phonograph record fans known as? The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century, replacing the phonograph cylinder record\u2013with which it had co-existed from the late 1880s through to the 1920s\u2013by the late 1920s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed. By the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. From the 1990s to the 2010s, records continued to be manufactured and sold on a much smaller scale, and were especially used by disc jockeys (DJ)s, released by artists in some genres, and listened to by a niche market of audiophiles. The phonograph record has made a niche resurgence in the early 21st century \u2013 9.2 million records were sold in the U.S. in 2014, a 260% increase since 2009. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014. Answer: ", "completion": "audiophiles"}
{"prompt": "Who did Emperor Huan hire to depose Liang Ji? When Empress Dowager Deng died, Emperor An (r. 106\u2013125 AD) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run (\u674e\u958f) and Jiang Jing (\u6c5f\u4eac) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him. An dismissed Deng's clan members from office, exiled them and forced many to commit suicide. After An's death, his wife, Empress Dowager Yan (d. 126 AD) placed the child Marquess of Beixiang on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family. However, palace eunuch Sun Cheng (d. 132 AD) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han (r. 125\u2013144 AD). Yan was placed under house arrest, her relatives were either killed or exiled, and her eunuch allies were slaughtered. The regent Liang Ji (d. 159 AD), brother of Empress Liang Na (d. 150 AD), had the brother-in-law of Consort Deng Mengn\u00fc (later empress) (d. 165 AD) killed after Deng Mengn\u00fc resisted Liang Ji's attempts to control her. Afterward, Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji, who was then forced to commit suicide. Answer: ", "completion": "eunuchs"}
{"prompt": "How many bridges over the Thames were struck? The American observer Ingersoll reported at this time that \"as to the accuracy of the bombing of military objectives, here I make no qualifications. The aim is surprisingly, astonishingly, amazingly inaccurate ... The physical damage to civilian London, to sum up, was more general and more extensive than I had imagined. The damage to military targets much less\", and stated that he had seen numerous examples of untouched targets surrounded by buildings destroyed by errant bombs. For example, in two months of bombing, Battersea Power Station, perhaps the largest single target in London, had only received one minor hit (\"a nick\"). No bridge over the Thames had been hit, and the docks were still functioning despite great damage. An airfield was hit 56 times but the runways were never damaged and the field was never out of operation, despite German pilots' familiarity with it from prewar commercial flights. Ingersoll wrote that the difference between the failure of the German campaign against military targets versus its success in continental Europe was the RAF retaining control of the air.:79\u201380,174 Answer: ", "completion": "No bridge over the Thames had been hit"}
{"prompt": "The technology sector of work in NYC has how many employees in its service? Silicon Alley, centered in Manhattan, has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York City metropolitan region's high technology industries involving the Internet, new media, telecommunications, digital media, software development, biotechnology, game design, financial technology (\"fintech\"), and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. In the first half of 2015, Silicon Alley generated over US$3.7 billion in venture capital investment across a broad spectrum of high technology enterprises, most based in Manhattan, with others in Brooklyn, Queens, and elsewhere in the region. High technology startup companies and employment are growing in New York City and the region, bolstered by the city's position in North America as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center, including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines, New York's intellectual capital, and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity. Verizon Communications, headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan, was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City. As of 2014, New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector. Answer: ", "completion": "300,000"}
{"prompt": "Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire under whose rule? The Roman legions first entered the area under Decimus Junius Brutus in 137\u2013136 BC, but the country was only incorporated into the Roman Empire by the time of Augustus (29 BC \u2013 19 BC). The Romans were interested in Galicia mainly for its mineral resources, most notably gold. Under Roman rule, most Galician hillforts began to be \u2013 sometimes forcibly \u2013 abandoned, and Gallaeci served frequently in the Roman army as auxiliary troops. Romans brought new technologies, new travel routes, new forms of organizing property, and a new language; latin. The Roman Empire established its control over Galicia through camps (castra) as Aquis Querquennis, Ciadella camp or Lucus Augusti (Lugo), roads (viae) and monuments as the lighthouse known as Tower of Hercules, in Corunna, but the remoteness and lesser interest of the country since the 2nd century of our era, when the gold mines stopped being productive, led to a lesser degree of Romanization. In the 3rd century it was made a province, under the name Gallaecia, which included also northern Portugal, Asturias, and a large section of what today is known as Castile and Le\u00f3n. Answer: ", "completion": "Augustus"}
{"prompt": "What does stupas mean in English? Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of A\u015boka and his descendants led to the construction of more st\u016bpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands\u2014particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Therav\u0101da Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia. Answer: ", "completion": "Buddhist religious memorials"}
{"prompt": "The number of chromosome sets determines the offspring's what? Other developmental and reproductive variations include haplodiploidy, polymorphism, paedomorphosis or peramorphosis, sexual dimorphism, parthenogenesis and more rarely hermaphroditism.:143 In haplodiploidy, which is a type of sex-determination system, the offspring's sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives. This system is typical in bees and wasps. Polymorphism is where a species may have different morphs or forms, as in the oblong winged katydid, which has four different varieties: green, pink and yellow or tan. Some insects may retain phenotypes that are normally only seen in juveniles; this is called paedomorphosis. In peramorphosis, an opposite sort of phenomenon, insects take on previously unseen traits after they have matured into adults. Many insects display sexual dimorphism, in which males and females have notably different appearances, such as the moth Orgyia recens as an exemplar of sexual dimorphism in insects. Answer: ", "completion": "sex"}
{"prompt": "What rank within India was HITEC City given by the World Bank Group in 2009? The establishment of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city. As of 2010[update], the city manufactured one third of India's bulk drugs and 16% of biotechnology products, contributing to its reputation as \"India's pharmaceutical capital\" and the \"Genome Valley of India\". Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology, for which it is known as Cyberabad (Cyber City). As of 2013[update], it contributed 15% of India's and 98% of Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors and 22% of NASSCOM's total membership is from the city. The development of HITEC City, a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad. The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms, including global conglomerates such as Microsoft (operating its largest R&D campus outside the US), Google, IBM, Yahoo!, Dell, Facebook,:3 and major Indian firms including Tech Mahindra, Infosys, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Polaris and Wipro.:3 In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business. The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of special economic zones of any Indian city. Answer: ", "completion": "second best"}
{"prompt": "What place on the charts did Date Records' big success land on? Also in late 1965, the Date subsidiary label was revived. This label released the first string of hits for Peaches & Herb and scored a few minor hits from various other artists. Date's biggest success was \"Time of the Season\" by the Zombies, peaking at #2 in 1969. The label was discontinued in 1970. Answer: ", "completion": "#2"}
{"prompt": "What location provided a base for flying boats? During the First World War, Plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the Empire and also developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions. Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten. Answer: ", "completion": "Mount Batten"}
{"prompt": "What action suggested by a state, would have affecting the outcome of the electoral votes? A ballot initiative in Colorado, known as Amendment 36, would have changed the way in which the state apportions its electoral votes. Rather than assigning all 9 of the state's electors to the candidate with a plurality of popular votes, under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count, which would be a unique system (Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district). Detractors claimed that this splitting would diminish Colorado's influence in the Electoral College, and the amendment ultimately failed, receiving only 34% of the vote. Answer: ", "completion": "ballot initiative in Colorado, known as Amendment 36"}
{"prompt": "What is one explanation for the change in Mishnaic times? According to historian Shaye J. D. Cohen, the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible. He brings two likely explanations for the change in Mishnaic times: first, the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures (Kil'ayim). Thus, a mixed marriage is forbidden as is the union of a horse and a donkey, and in both unions the offspring are judged matrilineally. Second, the Tannaim may have been influenced by Roman law, which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother. Answer: ", "completion": "the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures"}
{"prompt": "How much more thicker is the dermis to the epidermis? The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species. Answer: ", "completion": "15 to 40 times thicker"}
{"prompt": "When was Madonna named \"Artist of the Decade\" by MTV, Billboard and Musician Magazine? In January 1989, Madonna signed an endorsement deal with soft-drink manufacturer, Pepsi. In one of her Pepsi commercials, she debuted her song \"Like a Prayer\". The corresponding music video featured many Catholic symbols such as stigmata and cross burning, and a dream of making love to a saint, leading the Vatican to condemn the video. Religious groups sought to ban the commercial and boycott Pepsi products. Pepsi revoked the commercial and canceled her sponsorship contract. The song was included on Madonna's fourth studio album, Like a Prayer, which was co-written and co-produced by Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray. Madonna received positive feedback for the album, with Rolling Stone writing that it was \"as close to art as pop music gets\". Like a Prayer peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 15 million copies worldwide, with 4 million copies sold in the U.S. alone. Six singles were released from the album, including \"Like a Prayer\", which reached number one, and \"Express Yourself\" and \"Cherish\", both peaking at number two. By the end of the 1980s, Madonna was named as the \"Artist of the Decade\" by MTV, Billboard and Musician magazine. Answer: ", "completion": "end of the 1980s"}
{"prompt": "Who established The Museo Torres Garcia? The Museo Torres Garc\u00eda is located in the Old Town, and exhibits Joaqu\u00edn Torres Garc\u00eda's unusual portraits of historical icons and cubist paintings akin to those of Picasso and Braque. The museum was established by Manolita Pi\u00f1a Torres, the widow of Torres Garcia, after his death in 1949. She also set up the Garc\u00eda Torres Foundation, a private non-profit organization that organizes the paintings, drawings, original writings, archives, objects and furniture designed by the painter as well as the photographs, magazines and publications related to him. Answer: ", "completion": "Manolita Pi\u00f1a Torres"}
{"prompt": "Was the visit from the Burmese delegate welcome in the United States in 2010? In May 2013, Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the White House in 47 years; the last Burmese leader to visit the White House was Ne Win in September 1966. President Barack Obama praised the former general for political and economic reforms, and the cessation of tensions between Myanmar and the United States. Political activists objected to the visit due to concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar but Obama assured Thein Sein that Myanmar will receive US support. The two leaders discussed to release more political prisoners, the institutionalisation of political reform and rule of law, and ending ethnic conflict in Myanmar\u2014the two governments agreed to sign a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013. Answer: ", "completion": "Political activists objected to the visit due to concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar"}
{"prompt": "What title was Sonam Gyatso granted in 1587? Of the third Dalai Lama, China Daily states that the \"Ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute.\" China Daily then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [sic!], but China Daily does not mention who granted him the title. Without mentioning the role of the Mongols, China Daily states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of Dalai Lama and his power in Tibet: \"In 1653, the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713, officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Erdeni, and their political and religious status in Tibet.\" Answer: ", "completion": "the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama"}
{"prompt": "What color LEDs are used when night vision is important? One-color light is well suited for traffic lights and signals, exit signs, emergency vehicle lighting, ships' navigation lights or lanterns (chromacity and luminance standards being set under the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972, Annex I and the CIE) and LED-based Christmas lights. In cold climates, LED traffic lights may remain snow-covered. Red or yellow LEDs are used in indicator and alphanumeric displays in environments where night vision must be retained: aircraft cockpits, submarine and ship bridges, astronomy observatories, and in the field, e.g. night time animal watching and military field use. Answer: ", "completion": "Red or yellow"}
{"prompt": "The College boarding house is reserved for whom? One boarding house, College, is reserved for seventy King's Scholars, who attend Eton on scholarships provided by the original foundation and awarded by examination each year; King's Scholars pay up to 90% of full fees, depending on their means. Of the other pupils, up to a third receive some kind of bursary or scholarship. The name \"King's Scholars\" is because the school was founded by King Henry VI in 1440. The original School consisted of the seventy Scholars (together with some Commensals) and the Scholars were educated and boarded at the foundation's expense. Answer: ", "completion": "King's Scholars"}
{"prompt": "When did Homo sapiens begin using subsistence gathering? Hunting and gathering was presumably the subsistence strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago, by Homo erectus, and from its appearance some 0.2 million years ago by Homo sapiens. It remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the Mesolithic period some 10,000 years ago, and after this was replaced only gradually with the spread of the Neolithic Revolution. Answer: ", "completion": "0.2 million years ago"}
{"prompt": "What happened when the UGLE was formed in 1813? Prince Hall Freemasonry exists because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans. In 1775, an African-American named Prince Hall, along with fourteen other African-Americans, was initiated into a British military lodge with a warrant from the Grand Lodge of Ireland, having failed to obtain admission from the other lodges in Boston. When the military Lodge left North America, those fifteen men were given the authority to meet as a Lodge, but not to initiate Masons. In 1784, these individuals obtained a Warrant from the Premier Grand Lodge of England (GLE) and formed African Lodge, Number 459. When the UGLE was formed in 1813, all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls \u2013 due largely to the War of 1812. Thus, separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 \u2013 and became a de facto \"Grand Lodge\" (this Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa). As with the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, Prince Hall Freemasonry soon grew and organised on a Grand Lodge system for each state. Answer: ", "completion": "U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls"}
{"prompt": "When are 192 samples taken instead of 576? During encoding, 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples.[clarification needed] If there is a transient, 192 samples are taken instead of 576. This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying the transient. (See psychoacoustics.) Answer: ", "completion": "there is a transient"}
{"prompt": "When was the death of Sidonius Apollinaris? In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status. In the 4th century, Jerome (d. 420) dreamed that God rebuked him for spending more time reading Cicero than the Bible. By the 6th century, Gregory of Tours (d. 594) had a similar dream, but instead of being chastised for reading Cicero, he was chastised for learning shorthand. By the late 6th century, the principal means of religious instruction in the Church had become music and art rather than the book. Most intellectual efforts went towards imitating classical scholarship, but some original works were created, along with now-lost oral compositions. The writings of Sidonius Apollinaris (d. 489), Cassiodorus (d. c. 585), and Boethius (d. c. 525) were typical of the age. Answer: ", "completion": "489"}
{"prompt": "What did the USAF strive to improve since 2005? Since 2005, the USAF has placed a strong focus on the improvement of Basic Military Training (BMT) for enlisted personnel. While the intense training has become longer, it also has shifted to include a deployment phase. This deployment phase, now called the BEAST, places the trainees in a surreal environment that they may experience once they deploy. While the trainees do tackle the massive obstacle courses along with the BEAST, the other portions include defending and protecting their base of operations, forming a structure of leadership, directing search and recovery, and basic self aid buddy care. During this event, the Military Training Instructors (MTI) act as mentors and enemy forces in a deployment exercise. Answer: ", "completion": "Basic Military Training"}
{"prompt": "What place's control was the Communist Party of Lithuania out from under after the split? On December 7, 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania under the leadership of Algirdas Brazauskas, split from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and abandoned its claim to have a constitutional \"leading role\" in politics. A smaller loyalist faction of the Communist Party, headed by hardliner Mykolas Burokevi\u010dius, was established and remained affiliated with the CPSU. However, Lithuania\u2019s governing Communist Party was formally independent from Moscow's control \u2013 a first for Soviet Republics and a political earthquake that prompted Gorbachev to arrange a visit to Lithuania the following month in a futile attempt to bring the local party back under control. Answer: ", "completion": "Moscow's"}
{"prompt": "What is guaranteed to the states by the federal government? Under Article IV, Section Three of the United States Constitution, which outlines the relationship among the states, Congress has the power to admit new states to the union. The states are required to give \"full faith and credit\" to the acts of each other's legislatures and courts, which is generally held to include the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments. The states are guaranteed military and civil defense by the federal government, which is also obliged by Article IV, Section Four, to \"guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government\". Answer: ", "completion": "military and civil defense"}
{"prompt": "When did Microsoft remove license fees on device screens less than 9 inches? In February 2014, Bloomberg reported that Microsoft would be lowering the price of Windows 8 licenses by 70% for devices that retail under US$250; alongside the announcement that an update to the operating system would allow OEMs to produce devices with as little as 1 GB of RAM and 16 GB of storage, critics felt that these changes would help Windows compete against Linux-based devices in the low-end market, particularly those running Chrome OS. Microsoft had similarly cut the price of Windows XP licenses to compete against the early waves of Linux-based netbooks. Reports also indicated that Microsoft was planning to offer cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer's default search engine to Bing. Some media outlets falsely reported that the SKU associated with this plan, \"Windows 8.1 with Bing\", was a variant which would be a free or low-cost version of Windows 8 for consumers using older versions of Windows. On April 2, 2014, Microsoft ultimately announced that it would be removing license fees entirely for devices with screens smaller than 9 inches, and officially confirmed the rumored \"Windows 8.1 with Bing\" OEM SKU on May 23, 2014. Answer: ", "completion": "April 2, 2014"}
{"prompt": "How many battleships did Kurita begin Operation Ten-Go with? The battle secured the beachheads of the U.S. Sixth Army on Leyte against attack from the sea, broke the back of Japanese naval power and opened the way for an advance to the Ryukyu Islands in 1945. The only significant Japanese naval operation afterwards was the disastrous Operation Ten-Go in April 1945. Kurita's force had begun the battle with five battleships; when he returned to Japan, only Yamato was combat-worthy. Nishimura's sunken Yamashiro was the last battleship in history to engage another in combat. Answer: ", "completion": "five"}
{"prompt": "FireWire 400 is faster than what? These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses: USB was designed for simplicity and low cost, while FireWire was designed for high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video. Although similar in theoretical maximum transfer rate, FireWire 400 is faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use, especially in high-bandwidth use such as external hard-drives. The newer FireWire 800 standard is twice as fast as FireWire 400 and faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth both theoretically and practically. However, Firewire's speed advantages rely on low-level techniques such as direct memory access (DMA), which in turn have created opportunities for security exploits such as the DMA attack. Answer: ", "completion": "USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use"}
{"prompt": "Instrument currently used in most classical music where invented before what period? The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsichord, and organ). The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for classical music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass, and percussion families of instruments. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families. It generally has a larger variety and amount of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many concert bands use a double bass. The vocal practices changed a great deal over the classical period, from the single line monophonic Gregorian chant done by monks in the Medieval period to the complex, polyphonic choral works of the Renaissance and subsequent periods, which used multiple independent vocal melodies at the same time. Answer: ", "completion": "the mid-19th century"}
{"prompt": "What color gowns are generally worn by recent Doctors of Philosophy at Oxford? Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red. Answer: ", "completion": "Scarlet"}
{"prompt": "Who is Bern's mayor, or Stadtprasident? The City Council (Gemeinderat) constitutes the executive government of the City of Bern and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of five councilors (German: Gemeinderat/-r\u00e4tin), each presiding over a directorate (Direktion) comprising several departments and bureaus. The president of the executive department acts as mayor (Stadtpr\u00e4sident). In the mandate period 2013\u20132016 (Legislatur) the City Council is presided by Stadtpr\u00e4sident Alexander Tsch\u00e4pp\u00e4t. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the City Parliament are carried by the City Council. The regular election of the City Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of Bern allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council. The delegates are selected by means of a system of Majorz. The mayor is elected as such as well by public election while the heads of the other directorates are assigned by the collegiate. The executive body holds its meetings in the Erlacherhof, built by architect Albrecht St\u00fcrler after 1747. Answer: ", "completion": "Alexander Tsch\u00e4pp\u00e4t"}
{"prompt": "How are children mistreated in Nigeria? Nigeria's human rights record remains poor; According to the US Department of State, the most significant human rights problems are: use of excessive force by security forces; impunity for abuses by security forces; arbitrary arrests; prolonged pretrial detention; judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary; rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners, detainees and suspects; harsh and life\u2011threatening prison and detention centre conditions; human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and forced labour; societal violence and vigilante killings; child labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation; female genital mutilation (FGM); domestic violence; discrimination based on sex, ethnicity, region and religion. Answer: ", "completion": "child labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation"}
{"prompt": "Who wrote Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa? In the past, Qutb Shahi rulers and Nizams attracted artists, architects and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as mushairas (poetic symposia). The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of Deccani Urdu literature leading to works such as the Deccani Masnavi and Diwan poetry, which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu. Lazzat Un Nisa, a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts, contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts. The reign of the Nizams saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education. In 1824, a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry, named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, authored by Mah Laqa Bai\u2014the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan\u2014was published in Hyderabad. Answer: ", "completion": "Mah Laqa Bai"}
{"prompt": "Which language did the Romans introduce to Galicia? The Roman legions first entered the area under Decimus Junius Brutus in 137\u2013136 BC, but the country was only incorporated into the Roman Empire by the time of Augustus (29 BC \u2013 19 BC). The Romans were interested in Galicia mainly for its mineral resources, most notably gold. Under Roman rule, most Galician hillforts began to be \u2013 sometimes forcibly \u2013 abandoned, and Gallaeci served frequently in the Roman army as auxiliary troops. Romans brought new technologies, new travel routes, new forms of organizing property, and a new language; latin. The Roman Empire established its control over Galicia through camps (castra) as Aquis Querquennis, Ciadella camp or Lucus Augusti (Lugo), roads (viae) and monuments as the lighthouse known as Tower of Hercules, in Corunna, but the remoteness and lesser interest of the country since the 2nd century of our era, when the gold mines stopped being productive, led to a lesser degree of Romanization. In the 3rd century it was made a province, under the name Gallaecia, which included also northern Portugal, Asturias, and a large section of what today is known as Castile and Le\u00f3n. Answer: ", "completion": "latin"}
{"prompt": "Who did Beyonce have a relationship with? Beyonc\u00e9 is believed to have first started a relationship with Jay Z after a collaboration on \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\", which appeared on his seventh album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse (2002). Beyonc\u00e9 appeared as Jay Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, which would further fuel speculation of their relationship. On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z were married without publicity. As of April 2014, the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together. The couple are known for their private relationship, although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years. Beyonc\u00e9 suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4, and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris. Answer: ", "completion": "Jay Z"}
{"prompt": "What is zinc coated with to influence the look of pennies? Other widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium solder, and commercial bronze. Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes. Alloys of 85\u201388% zinc, 4\u201310% copper, and 2\u20138% aluminium find limited use in certain types of machine bearings. Zinc is the primary metal used in making American one cent coins since 1982. The zinc core is coated with a thin layer of copper to give the impression of a copper coin. In 1994, 33,200 tonnes (36,600 short tons) of zinc were used to produce 13.6 billion pennies in the United States. Answer: ", "completion": "thin layer of copper"}
{"prompt": "How many countries assisted in the defense of South Korea? Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the closing days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and\u2014by agreement with the United States\u2014occupied Korea north of the 38th parallel. U.S. forces subsequently occupied the south and Japan surrendered. By 1948, two separate governments had been set up. Both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces\u2014supported by the Soviet Union and China\u2014invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950. On that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83: Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation and dispatch of the UN Forces in Korea. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the defense of South Korea, with the United States providing 88% of the UN's military personnel. Answer: ", "completion": "Twenty-one"}
{"prompt": "Where did Agassiz study during the 1840s? Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a permanent laboratory exists inside a glacier under the Jungfraujoch, devoted exclusively to the study of Alpine glaciers. Answer: ", "completion": "the Unteraar Glacier"}
{"prompt": "What did the Russians beleive the Rus were? Controversy persists over whether the Rus\u2019 were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs. This uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of contemporary sources. Attempts to address this question instead rely on archaeological evidence, the accounts of foreign observers, legends and literature from centuries later. To some extent the controversy is related to the foundation myths of modern states in the region. According to the \"Normanist\" view, the Rus' were Scandinavians, while Russian and Ukrainian nationalist historians generally argue that the Rus' were themselves Slavs. Normanist theories focus on the earliest written source for the East Slavs, the Russian Primary Chronicle, although even this account was not produced until the 12th century. Nationalist accounts have suggested that the Rus' were present before the arrival of the Varangians, noting that only a handful of Scandinavian words can be found in modern Russian and that Scandinavian names in the early chronicles were soon replaced by Slavic names. Nevertheless, archaeological evidence from the area suggests that a Scandinavian population was present during the 10th century at the latest. On balance, it seems likely that the Rus' proper were a small minority of Scandinavians who formed an elite ruling class, while the great majority of their subjects were Slavs. Considering the linguistic arguments mounted by nationalist scholars, if the proto-Rus' were Scandinavians, they must have quickly become nativized, adopting Slavic languages and other cultural practices. Answer: ", "completion": "Slavs"}
{"prompt": "About how many South Africans speak Afrikaans as their primary language? It is the third language of South Africa in terms of native speakers (~13.5%), of whom 53 percent are Coloureds and 42.4 percent Whites. In 1996, 40 percent of South Africans reported to know Afrikaans at least at a very basic level of communication. It is the lingua franca in Namibia, where it is spoken natively in 11 percent of households. In total, Afrikaans is the first language in South Africa alone of about 6.8 million people and is estimated to be a second language for at least 10 million people worldwide, compared to over 23 million and 5 million respectively, for Dutch. Answer: ", "completion": "6.8 million"}
{"prompt": "Along with quantum physics generally, what scientific doctrine caused some physicists to embrace idealism? Idealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, \"There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for natural philosophy, the crude materialism of the older physicists.\" This book influenced Einstein's regard for the importance of the observer in scientific measurements[citation needed]. In \u00a7 5 of that book, Pearson asserted that \"...science is in reality a classification and analysis of the contents of the mind....\" Also, \"...the field of science is much more consciousness than an external world.\" Answer: ", "completion": "relativity"}
{"prompt": "How many Earth years does Neptune orbit the sun? Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Among the giant planets in the Solar System, Neptune is the most dense. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus, which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune.[c] Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 astronomical units (4.50\u00d7109 km). Named after the Roman god of the sea, its astronomical symbol is \u2646, a stylised version of the god Neptune's trident. Answer: ", "completion": "164.8 years"}
{"prompt": "As of 2013, who was the Marshall Islands Minister of Foreign Affairs? Following the 2013 emergencies, the Minister of Foreign Affairs Tony de Brum was encouraged by the Obama administration in the United States to turn the crises into an opportunity to promote action against climate change. De Brum demanded new commitment and international leadership to stave off further climate disasters from battering his country and other similarly vulnerable countries. In September 2013, the Marshall Islands hosted the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit. De Brum proposed a Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership to galvanize concrete action on climate change. Answer: ", "completion": "Tony de Brum"}
{"prompt": "Where is the MAC Football Championship game played? In college sports, Detroit's central location within the Mid-American Conference has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to Cleveland starting in 2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field in Detroit since 2004, and annually attracts 25,000 to 30,000 fans. The University of Detroit Mercy has a NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football Little Caesars Pizza Bowl is held at Ford Field each December. Answer: ", "completion": "Ford Field"}
{"prompt": "What is the range of perceptible pitch steps to human hearing? The just-noticeable difference (jnd) (the threshold at which a change is perceived) depends on the tone's frequency content. Below 500 Hz, the jnd is about 3 Hz for sine waves, and 1 Hz for complex tones; above 1000 Hz, the jnd for sine waves is about 0.6% (about 10 cents). The jnd is typically tested by playing two tones in quick succession with the listener asked if there was a difference in their pitches. The jnd becomes smaller if the two tones are played simultaneously as the listener is then able to discern beat frequencies. The total number of perceptible pitch steps in the range of human hearing is about 1,400; the total number of notes in the equal-tempered scale, from 16 to 16,000 Hz, is 120. Answer: ", "completion": "1,400"}
{"prompt": "How many total times has Schwarzenegger won the Mr. Universe title? Charles \"Wag\" Bennett, one of the judges at the 1966 competition, was impressed with Schwarzenegger and he offered to coach him. As Schwarzenegger had little money, Bennett invited him to stay in his crowded family home above one of his two gyms in Forest Gate, London, England. Yorton's leg definition had been judged superior, and Schwarzenegger, under a training program devised by Bennett, concentrated on improving the muscle definition and power in his legs. Staying in the East End of London helped Schwarzenegger improve his rudimentary grasp of the English language. Also in 1966, Schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol Reg Park, who became his friend and mentor. The training paid off and, in 1967, Schwarzenegger won the title for the first time, becoming the youngest ever Mr. Universe at the age of 20. He would go on to win the title a further three times. Schwarzenegger then flew back to Munich, training for four to six hours daily, attending business school and working in a health club (Rolf Putziger's gym where he worked and trained from 1966\u20131968), returning in 1968 to London to win his next Mr. Universe title. He frequently told Roger C. Field, his English coach and friend in Munich at that time, \"I'm going to become the greatest actor!\" Answer: ", "completion": "four"}
{"prompt": "The concept of native title was established by what court case? In other cases, such as New Zealand and Canada, treaties allowed native peoples to maintain a minimum amount of autonomy. In the case of indigenous Australians, unlike with the M\u0101ori of New Zealand, no treaty was ever entered into with the indigenous peoples entitling the Europeans to land ownership, under the doctrine of terra nullius (later overturned by Mabo v Queensland, establishing the concept of native title well after colonization was already a fait accompli). Such treaties between colonizers and indigenous peoples are an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century, the treaties being discussed have international standing as has been stated in a treaty study by the UN. Answer: ", "completion": "Mabo v Queensland"}
{"prompt": "What are the typical elevations of the Blue Ridge Mountains? The Blue Ridge Mountains, rising in southern Pennsylvania and there known as South Mountain, attain elevations of about 2,000 ft (600 m) in that state. South Mountain achieves its highest point just below the Mason-Dixon line in Maryland at Quirauk Mountain 2,145 ft (654 m) and then diminishes in height southward to the Potomac River. Once in Virginia the Blue Ridge again reaches 2,000 ft (600 m) and higher. In the Virginia Blue Ridge, the following are some of the highest peaks north of the Roanoke River: Stony Man 4,031 ft (1,229 m), Hawksbill Mountain 4,066 ft (1,239 m), Apple Orchard Mountain 4,225 ft (1,288 m) and Peaks of Otter 4,001 and 3,875 ft (1,220 and 1,181 m). South of the Roanoke River, along the Blue Ridge, are Virginia's highest peaks including Whitetop Mountain 5,520 ft (1,680 m) and Mount Rogers 5,729 ft (1,746 m), the highest point in the Commonwealth. Answer: ", "completion": "2,000 ft"}
{"prompt": "What term would Brace prefer forensic anthropologists use? \"Race\" is still sometimes used within forensic anthropology (when analyzing skeletal remains), biomedical research, and race-based medicine. Brace has criticized this, the practice of forensic anthropologists for using the controversial concept \"race\" out of convention when they in fact should be talking about regional ancestry. He argues that while forensic anthropologists can determine that a skeletal remain comes from a person with ancestors in a specific region of Africa, categorizing that skeletal as being \"black\" is a socially constructed category that is only meaningful in the particular context of the United States, and which is not itself scientifically valid. Answer: ", "completion": "regional ancestry"}
{"prompt": "Fear of what caused the Moldovan parliament to reject changing the name of the country's language to Romanian in 1996? There have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to serve political purposes. One example is Moldovan. In 1996, the Moldovan parliament, citing fears of \"Romanian expansionism\", rejected a proposal from President Mircea Snegur to change the name of the language to Romanian, and in 2003 a Moldovan\u2013Romanian dictionary was published, purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages. Linguists of the Romanian Academy reacted by declaring that all the Moldovan words were also Romanian words; while in Moldova, the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Ion B\u0103rbu\u0163\u0103, described the dictionary as a politically motivated \"absurdity\". Answer: ", "completion": "Romanian expansionism"}
{"prompt": "What gathering is the work of the Gurukul School of Theatre? Kathmandu is home to Nepali cinema and theaters. The city contains several theaters, including the National Dance Theatre in Kanti Path, the Ganga Theatre, the Himalayan Theatre and the Aarohan Theater Group founded in 1982. The M. Art Theater is based in the city. The Gurukul School of Theatre organizes the Kathmandu International Theater Festival, attracting artists from all over the world. A mini theater is also located at the Hanumandhoka Durbar Square, established by the Durbar Conservation and Promotion Committee. Answer: ", "completion": "Kathmandu International Theater Festival"}
{"prompt": "What age did Portugal pioneer? The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. By 1139, Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from Le\u00f3n. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers. Answer: ", "completion": "Age of Discovery"}
{"prompt": "What religion did Arabs bring to Egypt? The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine\u2013Sasanian War of 602\u2013628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639\u201342, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity. Answer: ", "completion": "Sunni Islam"}
{"prompt": "How long is the B-52H scheduled to remain in service of the USAF? The service's B-2A aircraft entered service in the 1990s, its B-1B aircraft in the 1980s and its current B-52H aircraft in the early 1960s. The B-52 Stratofortress airframe design is over 60 years old and the B-52H aircraft currently in the active inventory were all built between 1960 and 1962. The B-52H is scheduled to remain in service for another 30 years, which would keep the airframe in service for nearly 90 years, an unprecedented length of service for any aircraft. The B-21 is projected to replace the B-52 and parts of the B-1B force by the mid-2020s. Answer: ", "completion": "30 years"}
{"prompt": "Who filed the lawsuits against the Universities? On November 17, 2014, Students for Fair Admissions, an offshoot of the Project on Fair Representation, filed lawsuits in federal district court challenging the admissions practices of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The UNC-Chapel Hill lawsuit alleges discrimination against white and Asian students, while the Harvard lawsuit focuses on discrimination against Asian applicants. Both universities requested the court to halt the lawsuits until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law by ruling in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin for the second time. This Supreme Court case will likely be decided in June 2016 or slightly earlier. Answer: ", "completion": "Students for Fair Admissions"}
{"prompt": "What general size are the cavities in the cells of very dense latewood? In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities. The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood the greater the density and strength. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of earlywood and latewood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion and nature of the latewood in the ring. Answer: ", "completion": "very small"}
{"prompt": "When was the Rebellion of the Seven States? At the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies\u2014including the capital region\u2014existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed some of them as kings. By 157 BC, the Han court had replaced all of these kings with royal Liu family members, since the loyalty of non-relatives to the throne was questioned. After several insurrections by Han kings\u2014the largest being the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC\u2014the imperial court enacted a series of reforms beginning in 145 BC limiting the size and power of these kingdoms and dividing their former territories into new centrally controlled commanderies. Kings were no longer able to appoint their own staff; this duty was assumed by the imperial court. Kings became nominal heads of their fiefs and collected a portion of tax revenues as their personal incomes. The kingdoms were never entirely abolished and existed throughout the remainder of Western and Eastern Han. Answer: ", "completion": "154 BC"}
{"prompt": " What do residents of Seattle believe in matters of religion? Seattle is widely considered one of the most liberal cities in the United States, even surpassing its neighbor, Portland, Oregon. Support for issues such as same-sex marriage and reproductive rights are largely taken for granted in local politics. In the 2012 U.S. general election, an overwhelming majority of Seattleites voted to approve Referendum 74 and legalize gay marriage in Washington state. In the same election, an overwhelming majority of Seattleites also voted to approve the legalization of the recreational use of cannabis in the state. Like much of the Pacific Northwest (which has the lowest rate of church attendance in the United States and consistently reports the highest percentage of atheism), church attendance, religious belief, and political influence of religious leaders are much lower than in other parts of America. Answer: ", "completion": "atheism"}
{"prompt": "To which other abbey was Westminster Abbey second in wealth? In 1535, the abbey's annual income of \u00a32400\u20132800[citation needed] (\u00a31,310,000 to \u00a31,530,000 as of 2016), during the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries rendered it second in wealth only to Glastonbury Abbey. Answer: ", "completion": "Glastonbury Abbey"}
{"prompt": "Name a company that is still working on the CAFS accellerator? Another approach to hardware support for database management was ICL's CAFS accelerator, a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities. In the long term, these efforts were generally unsuccessful because specialized database machines could not keep pace with the rapid development and progress of general-purpose computers. Thus most database systems nowadays are software systems running on general-purpose hardware, using general-purpose computer data storage. However this idea is still pursued for certain applications by some companies like Netezza and Oracle (Exadata). Answer: ", "completion": "Netezza and Oracle (Exadata)"}
{"prompt": "Eisenhower was a president of what country? Yugoslavia had a liberal travel policy permitting foreigners to freely travel through the country and its citizens to travel worldwide, whereas it was limited by most Communist countries. A number[quantify] of Yugoslav citizens worked throughout Western Europe. Tito met many world leaders during his rule, such as Soviet rulers Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev; Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, Indian politicians Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi; British Prime Ministers Winston Churchill, James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher; U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter; other political leaders, dignitaries and heads of state that Tito met at least once in his lifetime included Che Guevara, Fidel Castro, Yasser Arafat, Willy Brandt, Helmut Schmidt, Georges Pompidou, Queen Elizabeth II, Hua Guofeng, Kim Il Sung, Sukarno, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Suharto, Idi Amin, Haile Selassie, Kenneth Kaunda, Gaddafi, Erich Honecker, Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu, J\u00e1nos K\u00e1d\u00e1r and Urho Kekkonen. He also met numerous celebrities. Answer: ", "completion": "U.S."}
{"prompt": "Whose family are the Ahl al-Bayt a part of? Imamah (Arabic: \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629\u200e) is the Shia Islam doctrine (belief) of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad, and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority (Ismah) as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of Muhammad. These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance to their tariqa followers as is the case of the living Imams of the Nizari Ismaili tariqah. Answer: ", "completion": "Muhammad"}
{"prompt": "Why aren't some sound clusters used in modern Czech? While Old Czech had a basic alphabet from which a general set of orthographical correspondences was drawn, it did not have a standard orthography. It also contained a number of sound clusters which no longer exist; allowing \u011b (/j\u025b/) after soft consonants, which has since shifted to e (/\u025b/), and allowing complex consonant clusters to be pronounced all at once rather than syllabically. A phonological phenomenon, Havlik's law (which began in Proto-Slavic and took various forms in other Slavic languages), appeared in Old Czech; counting backwards from the end of a clause, every odd-numbered yer was vocalized as a vowel, while the other yers disappeared. Answer: ", "completion": "no longer exist"}
{"prompt": "Who was said to have canceled an official trip to China in protest? Wary of protests, the Indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in New Delhi, and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets. Chinese intelligence's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly 'vulnerable' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi. The Indian media reported that India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, cancelled an official trip to Beijing in protest, though both Nath and Chinese sources have denied it. Answer: ", "completion": "Kamal Nath"}
{"prompt": "What percentage of the city's population is Caucasian? The city's population in 2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic white), 25.5% black (23% non-Hispanic black), 0.7% Native American, and 12.7% Asian. Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the population, while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of blacks declined over a decade. Answer: ", "completion": "44%"}
{"prompt": "Who did Chopin have at his last Parisian concert in 1848? Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65. Answer: ", "completion": "Auguste Franchomme"}
{"prompt": "The political scene of Estonia is similar to other countries in what continent? Estonia is a parliamentary representative democratic republic in which the Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government and which includes a multi-party system. The political culture is stable in Estonia, where power is held between two and three parties that have been in politics for a long time. This situation is similar to other countries in Northern Europe. The former Prime Minister of Estonia, Andrus Ansip, is also Europe's longest-serving Prime Minister (from 2005 until 2014). The current Estonian Prime Minister is Taavi R\u00f5ivas, who is the former Minister of Social Affairs and the head of the Estonian Reform Party. Answer: ", "completion": "Northern Europe"}
{"prompt": "What was founded by Kanye West and his mother? West, alongside his mother, founded the \"Kanye West Foundation\" in Chicago in 2003, tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education. In 2007, the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their \"Ed in '08\" campaign. As spokesman for the campaign, West appeared in a series of PSAs for the organization, and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in August of that year. Answer: ", "completion": "Kanye West Foundation"}
{"prompt": "What is the superorder containing the Anseriformes? The earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans and screamers) and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse, and their allies, together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies). The earliest fossil remains of true birds come from the possible galliform Austinornis lentus, dated to about 85 million years ago, but the dates for the actual splits are much debated by scientists. The Aves are agreed to have evolved in the Cretaceous, and the split between the Galloanseri from other Neognathes occurred before the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, but there are different opinions about whether the radiation of the remaining Neognathes occurred before or after the extinction of the other dinosaurs. This disagreement is in part caused by a divergence in the evidence; molecular dating suggests a Cretaceous radiation, while fossil evidence supports a Cenozoic radiation. Attempts to reconcile the molecular and fossil evidence have proved controversial, but recent results show that all the extant groups of birds originated from only a small handful of species that survived the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction. Answer: ", "completion": "Galloanserae"}
{"prompt": "How many years does a degree-granting university in Canada spend teaching students? In Canada, \"college\" generally refers to a two-year, non-degree-granting institution, while \"university\" connotes a four-year, degree-granting institution. Universities may be sub-classified (as in the Macleans rankings) into large research universities with many PhD granting programs and medical schools (for example, McGill University); \"comprehensive\" universities that have some PhDs but aren't geared toward research (such as Waterloo); and smaller, primarily undergraduate universities (such as St. Francis Xavier). Answer: ", "completion": "four"}
{"prompt": "What factor caused inflation in the Ottoman empire? The stagnation and decline, Stephen Lee argues, was relentless after the death of Suleiman in 1566, interrupted by a few short revivals or reform and recovery. The decline gathered speed so that the Empire in 1699 was, \"a mere shadow of that which intimidated East and West alike in 1566.\" Although there are dissenting scholars, most historians point to \"degenerate Sultans, incompetent Grand Viziers, debilitated and ill-equipped armies, corrupt officials, avaricious speculators, grasping enemies, and treacherous friends.\" The main cause was a failure of leadership, as Lee argues the first 10 sultans from 1292 to 1566, with one exception, had performed admirably. The next 13 sultans from 1566 to 1703, with two exceptions, were lackadaisical or incompetent rulers, says Lee. In a highly centralized system, the failure at the center proved fatal. A direct result was the strengthening of provincial elites who increasingly ignored Constantinople. Secondly the military strength of European enemies grew stronger and stronger, while the Ottoman armies and arms scarcely improved. Finally the Ottoman economic system grew distorted and impoverished, as war caused inflation, world trade moved in other directions, and the deterioration of law and order made economic progress difficult. Answer: ", "completion": "war"}
{"prompt": "What monopolistic practice draws criticism of Comcast? Comcast has been criticized for multiple reasons. The company's customer satisfaction often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry. Comcast has violated net neutrality practices in the past; and, despite Comcast's commitment to a narrow definition of net neutrality, critics advocate a definition of which precludes distinction between Comcast's private network services and the rest of the Internet. Critics also point out a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast's service area; there is limited competition among cable providers. Given Comcast's negotiating power as a large ISP, some suspect that Comcast could leverage paid peering agreements to unfairly influence end-user connection speeds. Its ownership of both content production (in NBCUniversal) and content distribution (as an ISP) has raised antitrust concerns. These issues, in addition to others, led to Comcast being dubbed \"The Worst Company in America\" by The Consumerist in 2014 and 2010. Answer: ", "completion": "a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast's service area"}
{"prompt": "In what city did Goring display the advance equipment? The deliberate separation of the Luftwaffe from the rest of the military structure encouraged the emergence of a major \"communications gap\" between Hitler and the Luftwaffe, which other factors helped to exacerbate. For one thing, G\u00f6ring's fear of Hitler led him to falsify or misrepresent what information was available in the direction of an uncritical and over-optimistic interpretation of air strength. When G\u00f6ring decided against continuing Wever's original heavy bomber programme in 1937, the Reichsmarschall's own explanation was that Hitler wanted to know only how many bombers there were, not how many engines each had. In July 1939, G\u00f6ring arranged a display of the Luftwaffe's most advanced equipment at Rechlin, to give the impression the air force was more prepared for a strategic air war than was actually the case. Answer: ", "completion": "Rechlin"}
{"prompt": "What was the result from the discontinuation of using the line for deliveries? Historical aspects of the Expo line route are noteworthy. It uses the right-of-way for the Santa Monica Air Line that provided electric-powered freight and passenger service between Los Angeles and Santa Monica beginning in the 1920s. Service was discontinued in 1953 but diesel-powered freight deliveries to warehouses along the route continued until March 11, 1988. The abandonment of the line spurred concerns within the community and the entire right-of-way was purchased from Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The line was built in 1875 as the steam-powered Los Angeles and Independence Railroad to bring mining ore to ships in Santa Monica harbor and as a passenger excursion train to the beach. Answer: ", "completion": "was purchased"}
{"prompt": "The resurgence of traditional pop was one of the factors that led to what change in the music market? The early 1990s marked the softening of urban R&B at the same time alternative rock emerged and traditional pop saw a significant resurgence. This in part led to a widening of the market, not only allowing to cater to more niche markets, but it also became customary for artists to make AC-friendly singles. Answer: ", "completion": "widening of the market"}
{"prompt": "What kind of practices do some cultures highly regard? Physical pain is an important political topic in relation to various issues, including pain management policy, drug control, animal rights or animal welfare, torture, and pain compliance. In various contexts, the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of corporal punishment is used as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer, or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable. In some cultures, extreme practices such as mortification of the flesh or painful rites of passage are highly regarded. Answer: ", "completion": "extreme"}
{"prompt": "What types of instruments are present on his fourth album? West's fourth studio album, 808s & Heartbreak (2008), marked an even more radical departure from his previous releases, largely abandoning rap and hip hop stylings in favor of a stark electropop sound composed of virtual synthesis, the Roland TR-808 drum machine, and explicitly auto-tuned vocal tracks. Drawing inspiration from artists such as Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George, and maintaining a \"minimal but functional\" approach towards the album's studio production, West explored the electronic feel produced by Auto-Tune and utilized the sounds created by the 808, manipulating its pitch to produce a distorted, electronic sound; he then sought to juxtapose mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of taiko drums and choir monks. The album's music features austere production and elements such as dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano, and drew comparisons to the work of 1980s post-punk and new wave groups, with West himself later confessing an affinity with British post-punk group Joy Division. Rolling Stone journalist Matthew Trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote in a 2012 article, \"Now that popular music has finally caught up to it, 808s & Heartbreak has revealed itself to be Kanye\u2019s most vulnerable work, and perhaps his most brilliant.\" Answer: ", "completion": "dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano"}
{"prompt": "What happens when European Leagues sell their televsion rights individually? The Premier League sells its television rights on a collective basis. This is in contrast to some other European Leagues, including La Liga, in which each club sells its rights individually, leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs. The money is divided into three parts: half is divided equally between the clubs; one quarter is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position, the top club getting twenty times as much as the bottom club, and equal steps all the way down the table; the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television, with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this. The income from overseas rights is divided equally between the twenty clubs. Answer: ", "completion": "a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs"}
{"prompt": "What years did the Yongle Emperor reign? However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese\u2014especially lay Chinese\u2014studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912\u20131949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor, Morris Rossabi writes that the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402\u20131424) \"was the first Ming ruler actively to seek an extension of relations with Tibet.\" Answer: ", "completion": "1402\u20131424"}
{"prompt": "Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon? The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions\u2014themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandh\u0101ra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon. Answer: ", "completion": "Menander"}
{"prompt": "What do unrecognized faiths and denominations in Eritrea have to undergo? According to recent estimates, 50% of the population adheres to Christianity, Islam 48%, while 2% of the population follows other religions including traditional African religion and animism. According to a study made by Pew Research Center, 63% adheres to Christianity and 36% adheres to Islam. Since May 2002, the government of Eritrea has officially recognized the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Oriental Orthodox), Sunni Islam, the Eritrean Catholic Church (a Metropolitanate sui juris) and the Evangelical Lutheran church. All other faiths and denominations are required to undergo a registration process. Among other things, the government's registration system requires religious groups to submit personal information on their membership to be allowed to worship. Answer: ", "completion": "a registration process"}
{"prompt": "What requirements do engineered wood products meet? Engineered wood products, glued building products \"engineered\" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together wood strands, veneers, lumber or other forms of wood fiber with glue to form a larger, more efficient composite structural unit. Answer: ", "completion": "application-specific performance requirements"}
{"prompt": "Starting in Manhattan, the George Washington Bridge terminates in what New Jersey county? The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge, connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest. The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903, and is the first steel-wire suspension bridge. Answer: ", "completion": "Bergen"}
{"prompt": "If the mission is achieved, professionals will apply what they've learned to what goal? Its mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development. Answer: ", "completion": "the country's development"}
{"prompt": "The development of Estonian national identity was accompanied with what era? As a result of the abolition of serfdom and the availability of education to the native Estonian-speaking population, an active Estonian nationalist movement developed in the 19th century.[citation needed] It began on a cultural level, resulting in the establishment of Estonian language literature, theatre and professional music and led on to the formation of the Estonian national identity and the Age of Awakening. Among the leaders of the movement were Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson. Answer: ", "completion": "the Age of Awakening"}
{"prompt": "What is the 2000-watt society initiative designed to cut by more than half by 2050? The former ten-year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants was the result of a citizens' initiative voted on in 1990 which had passed with 54.5% Yes vs. 45.5% No votes. Plans for a new nuclear plant in the Canton of Bern have been put on hold after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011. The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is the office responsible for all questions relating to energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC). The agency is supporting the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation's energy use by more than half by the year 2050. Answer: ", "completion": "the nation's energy use"}
{"prompt": "IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles? In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants paid the market price in redemption for the land (the average for the empire was 34% above the market price). All land taken from Polish peasants since 1846 was to be returned without redemption payments. The ex serfs could only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta. 90% of the ex serfs in the empire who actually gained land after 1861 were in the 8 western provinces. Along with Romania, Polish landless or domestic serfs were the only ones to be given land after serfdom was abolished. All this was to punish the szlachta's role in the uprisings of 1830 and 1863. By 1864 80% of szlachta were d\u00e9class\u00e9, 1/4 petty nobles were worse off than the average serf, 48.9% of land in Russian Poland was in peasant hands, nobles still held 46%. In Second Polish Republic the privileges of the nobility were lawfully abolished by the March Constitution in 1921 and as such not granted by any future Polish law. Answer: ", "completion": "62.8%"}
{"prompt": "How was the setting for the Image versions of Marvel characters different from the official comics? In 1996, Marvel had some of its titles participate in \"Heroes Reborn\", a crossover that allowed Marvel to relaunch some of its flagship characters such as the Avengers and the Fantastic Four, and outsource them to the studios of two of the former Marvel artists turned Image Comics founders, Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld. The relaunched titles, which saw the characters transported to a parallel universe with a history distinct from the mainstream Marvel Universe, were a solid success amidst a generally struggling industry, but Marvel discontinued the experiment after a one-year run and returned the characters to the Marvel Universe proper. In 1998, the company launched the imprint Marvel Knights, taking place within Marvel continuity; helmed by soon-to-become editor-in-chief Joe Quesada, it featured tough, gritty stories showcasing such characters as the Inhumans, Black Panther and Daredevil. Answer: ", "completion": "a parallel universe with a history distinct from the mainstream"}
{"prompt": "What happened to the right to mint coinage? In 1422 King W\u0142adys\u0142aw II Jagie\u0142\u0142o by the Privilege of Czerwi\u0144sk (Polish: \"przywilej czerwi\u0144ski\") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Senat of Poland), including the right to mint coinage. Answer: ", "completion": "ceded"}
{"prompt": "Which edition of the Guinness Book of World Record states that no female artist sold more records than Madonna? The 1998 edition of Guinness Book of World Records stated: \"No female artist has sold more records than Madonna around the world\". In 1999 Madonna signed to play a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart but left the project, citing \"creative differences\" with director Wes Craven. She recorded the single \"Beautiful Stranger\" for the 1999 film Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me. It reached number 19 on the Hot 100 solely on radio airplay. Madonna won a Grammy Award for \"Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media\". Answer: ", "completion": "1998"}
{"prompt": "What id Multics use to simplify plain text data? Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems, adopted this convention from Multics. The original Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS, on the other hand, used carriage return (CR) alone as a line terminator; however, since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system, they now use line feed (LF) as well. Answer: ", "completion": "line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator"}
{"prompt": "What rank did iPod achieve among various computer products in 2006? iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence,[not in citation given] to most innovative audio product, to fourth best computer product of 2006. iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has \"altered the landscape for portable audio players\". Several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia, which play AAC files rather than WMA. Answer: ", "completion": "fourth"}
{"prompt": "How much money has GE said it will invest in 2008 for clean technology R&D? GE has said that it will invest $1.4 billion in clean technology research and development in 2008 as part of its Ecomagination initiative. As of October 2008, the scheme had resulted in 70 green products being brought to market, ranging from halogen lamps to biogas engines. In 2007, GE raised the annual revenue target for its Ecomagination initiative from $20 billion in 2010 to $25 billion following positive market response to its new product lines. In 2010, GE continued to raise its investment by adding $10 billion into Ecomagination over the next five years. Answer: ", "completion": "$1.4 billion"}
{"prompt": "How many children does Kanye have with Kim? West began an on-and-off relationship with designer Alexis Phifer in 2002, and they became engaged in August 2006. The pair ended their 18-month engagement in 2008. West subsequently dated model Amber Rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010. West began dating reality star and longtime friend Kim Kardashian in April 2012. West and Kardashian became engaged in October 2013, and married on May 24, 2014 at Fort di Belvedere in Florence, Italy. Their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage, with West taking issue with the couple's portrayal in the media. They have two children: daughter North \"Nori\" West (born June 15, 2013) and son Saint West (born December 5, 2015). In April 2015, West and Kardashian traveled to Jerusalem to have North baptized in the Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James. The couple's high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage; The New York Times referred to their marriage as \"a historic blizzard of celebrity.\" Answer: ", "completion": "2"}
{"prompt": "Which publisher is Marvel's biggest rival? All of these elements struck a chord with the older readers, such as college-aged adults, and they successfully gained in a way not seen before. In 1965, Spider-Man and the Hulk were both featured in Esquire magazine's list of 28 college campus heroes, alongside John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan. In 2009 writer Geoff Boucher reflected that, \"Superman and DC Comics instantly seemed like boring old Pat Boone; Marvel felt like The Beatles and the British Invasion. It was Kirby's artwork with its tension and psychedelia that made it perfect for the times\u2014or was it Lee's bravado and melodrama, which was somehow insecure and brash at the same time?\" Answer: ", "completion": "DC Comics"}
{"prompt": "When was 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge' published? A generation later, the Irish Anglican bishop, George Berkeley (1685\u20131753), determined that Locke's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism. In response to Locke, he put forth in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) an important challenge to empiricism in which things only exist either as a result of their being perceived, or by virtue of the fact that they are an entity doing the perceiving. (For Berkeley, God fills in for humans by doing the perceiving whenever humans are not around to do it.) In his text Alciphron, Berkeley maintained that any order humans may see in nature is the language or handwriting of God. Berkeley's approach to empiricism would later come to be called subjective idealism. Answer: ", "completion": "1710"}
{"prompt": "How do the citizens of Monroeville quote lines of the book? According to a National Geographic article, the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture; yet Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances, because \"she abhors anything that trades on the book's fame\". To underscore this sentiment, Lee demanded that a book of recipes named Calpurnia's Cookbook not be published and sold out of the Monroe County Heritage Museum. David Lister in The Independent states that Lee's refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more, and her silence \"makes Bob Dylan look like a media tart\". Despite her discouragement, a rising number of tourists made to Monroeville a destination, hoping to see Lee's inspiration for the book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them \"Mockingbird groupies\", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic \"Hell, no!\" Answer: ", "completion": "like Scripture"}
{"prompt": "In which time period did the study of nutrition begin? According to Walter Gratzer, the study of nutrition probably began during the 6th century BC. In China, the concept of Qi developed, a spirit or \"wind\" similar to what Western Europeans later called pneuma. Food was classified into \"hot\" (for example, meats, blood, ginger, and hot spices) and \"cold\" (green vegetables) in China, India, Malaya, and Persia. Humours developed perhaps first in China alongside qi. Ho the Physician concluded that diseases are caused by deficiencies of elements (Wu Xing: fire, water, earth, wood, and metal), and he classified diseases as well as prescribed diets. About the same time in Italy, Alcmaeon of Croton (a Greek) wrote of the importance of equilibrium between what goes in and what goes out, and warned that imbalance would result disease marked by obesity or emaciation. Answer: ", "completion": "6th century BC"}
{"prompt": "Along with Morocco and Tunisia, in what country are the Darijas spoken? In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken North African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, North African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur'an. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names. Answer: ", "completion": "Algeria"}
{"prompt": "What day did the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar open its doors to customers? In December 2014, Myanmar signed an agreement to set up its first stock exchange. The Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co. Ltd will be set up with Myanma Economic Bank sharing 51 percent, Japan's Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd 30.25 percent and Japan Exchange Group 18.75 percent. The Yangon Stock Exchange (YSX) officially opened for business on Friday, March 25, 2016. First Myanmar Investment Co., Ltd. (FMI) became the first stock to be traded after receiving approval for an opening price of 26,000 kyats ($22). Answer: ", "completion": "Yangon Stock Exchange (YSX) officially opened for business on Friday, March 25, 2016."}
{"prompt": "At what point did Hayek claim dictatorships may be necessary? Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, \"As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictatorship to democratic government devoid of liberalism. My personal impression \u2013 and this is valid for South America \u2013 is that in Chile, for example, we will witness a transition from a dictatorial government to a liberal government.\" In a letter to the London Times, he defended the Pinochet regime and said that he had \"not been able to find a single person even in much maligned Chile who did not agree that personal freedom was much greater under Pinochet than it had been under Allende.\" Hayek admitted that \"it is not very likely that this will succeed, even if, at a particular point in time, it may be the only hope there is.\", he explained, however, \"It is not certain hope, because it will always depend on the goodwill of an individual, and there are very few individuals one can trust. But if it is the sole opportunity which exists at a particular moment it may be the best solution despite this. And only if and when the dictatorial government is visibly directing its steps towards limited democracy\". Answer: ", "completion": "a transitional period"}
{"prompt": "When did the scholar project begin? The city is home to New Haven Promise, a scholarship funded by Yale University for students who meet the requirements. Students must be enrolled in a public high school (charters included) for four years, be a resident of the city during that time, carry a 3.0 cumulative grade-point average, have a 90-percent attendance rate and perform 40 hours of service to the city. The initiative was launched in 2010 and there are currently more than 500 Scholars enrolled in qualifying Connecticut colleges and universities. There are more than 60 cities in the country that have a Promise-type program for their students. Answer: ", "completion": "2010"}
{"prompt": "What court in South Africa has authority over the SCA? In South Africa, a \"two apex\" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court, which is the highest court in matters involving the interpretation and application of the Constitution. But in August 2013 the Constitution was amended to make the Constitutional Court the country's single apex court, superior to the SCA in all matters, both constitutional and non-constitutional. Answer: ", "completion": "the Constitutional Court"}
{"prompt": "In which direction is Puerto Rico from the island of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy? Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy (French: Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy, French pronunciation: \u200b[s\u025b\u0303ba\u0281telemi]), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy (French: Collectivit\u00e9 territoriale de Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy), is an overseas collectivity of France. Often abbreviated to Saint-Barth in French, or St. Barts or St. Barths in English, the indigenous people called the island Ouanalao. St. Barth\u00e9lemy lies about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the west in the Greater Antilles. Answer: ", "completion": "west"}
{"prompt": "What year did Estonia start their economic rise based on strong exports? Because of the global economic recession that began in 2007, the GDP of Estonia decreased by 1.4% in the 2nd quarter of 2008, over 3% in the 3rd quarter of 2008, and over 9% in the 4th quarter of 2008. The Estonian government made a supplementary negative budget, which was passed by Riigikogu. The revenue of the budget was decreased for 2008 by EEK 6.1 billion and the expenditure by EEK 3.2 billion. In 2010, the economic situation stabilized and started a growth based on strong exports. In the fourth quarter of 2010, Estonian industrial output increased by 23% compared to the year before. The country has been experiencing economic growth ever since. Answer: ", "completion": "2010"}
{"prompt": "What was prevalent in Brazilian culture during slavery? From the years 1500 to 1850, an estimated 3.5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil; the territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas. Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individuals. Brazil has the largest population of Afro-descendants outside of Africa. In contrast to the US, during the slavery period and after, the Portuguese colonial government and later Brazilian government did not pass formal anti-miscegenation or segregation laws. As in other Latin countries, intermarriage was prevalent during the colonial period and continued afterward. In addition, people of mixed race (pardo) often tended to marry white, and their descendants became accepted as white. As a result, some of the European descended population also has West African or Amerindian blood. According to the last census of the 20th century, in which Brazilians could choose from five color/ethnic categories with which they identified, 54% of individuals identified as white, 6.2% identified as black, and 39.5% identified as pardo (brown) \u2014 a broad multi-racial category, including tri-racial persons. Answer: ", "completion": "intermarriage"}
{"prompt": "What else, other than antioxidants, helps protect body systems? The list of nutrients that people are known to require is, in the words of Marion Nestle, \"almost certainly incomplete\". As of 2014, nutrients are thought to be of two types: macro-nutrients which are needed in relatively large amounts, and micronutrients which are needed in smaller quantities. A type of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, i.e. non-digestible material such as cellulose, is required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons, although the exact reasons remain unclear. Other micronutrients include antioxidants and phytochemicals, which are said to influence (or protect) some body systems. Their necessity is not as well established as in the case of, for instance, vitamins. Answer: ", "completion": "phytochemicals"}
{"prompt": "What's the storage capacity of the iPod Shuffle? Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued). Answer: ", "completion": "2 GB"}
{"prompt": "What do Samoans call the historical day of the Mau demonstration? The New Zealand police attempted to arrest one of the leaders in the demonstration. When he resisted, a struggle developed between the police and the Mau. The officers began to fire randomly into the crowd and a Lewis machine gun, mounted in preparation for this demonstration, was used to disperse the demonstrators. Chief Tamasese was shot from behind and killed while trying to bring calm and order to the Mau demonstrators, screaming \"Peace, Samoa\". Ten others died that day and approximately 50 were injured by gunshot wounds and police batons. That day would come to be known in Samoa as Black Saturday. The Mau grew, remaining steadfastly non-violent, and expanded to include a highly influential women's branch. Answer: ", "completion": "Black Saturday"}
{"prompt": "When was the USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip adopted as the standard by the USB Implementers Forum USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0 that eliminates the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB. It was adopted as a standard by the USB Implementers Forum in 2007. The HSIC physical layer uses about 50% less power and 75% less board area compared to traditional USB 2.0. HSIC uses two signals at 1.2 V and has a throughput of 480 Mbit/s. Maximum PCB trace length for HSIC is 10 cm. It does not have low enough latency to support RAM memory sharing between two chips. Answer: ", "completion": "2007"}
{"prompt": "What, in addition to its work against obstetric fistula, is UNFPA campaigning against? The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), formerly the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, is a UN organization. The UNFPA says it \"is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe and every young person's potential is fulfilled.\" Their work involves the improvement of reproductive health; including creation of national strategies and protocols, and providing supplies and services. The organization has recently been known for its worldwide campaign against obstetric fistula and female genital mutilation. Answer: ", "completion": "female genital mutilation"}
{"prompt": "What was contained in the Henrican articles and the Pacta conventa? Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish\u2013Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign two documents\u2014the Pacta conventa (\"agreed pacts\")\u2014a confirmation of the king's pre-election promises, and Henrican articles (artyku\u0142y henrykowskie, named after the first freely elected king, Henry of Valois). The latter document served as a virtual Polish constitution and contained the basic laws of the Commonwealth: Answer: ", "completion": "basic laws of the Commonwealth"}
{"prompt": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release her fifth studio album? On December 13, 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fifth consecutive number-one album in the US. This made her the first woman in the chart's history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one. Beyonc\u00e9 received critical acclaim and commercial success, selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days; The New York Times noted the album's unconventional, unexpected release as significant. Musically an electro-R&B album, it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work, such as \"bulimia, postnatal depression [and] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood\". The single \"Drunk in Love\", featuring Jay Z, peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In April 2014, after much speculation in the weeks before, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z officially announced their On the Run Tour. It served as the couple's first co-headlining stadium tour together. On August 24, 2014, she received the Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. Knowles also took home three competitive awards: Best Video with a Social Message and Best Cinematography for \"Pretty Hurts\", as well as best collaboration for \"Drunk in Love\". In November, Forbes reported that Beyonc\u00e9 was the top-earning woman in music for the second year in a row\u2014earning $115 million in the year, more than double her earnings in 2013. Beyonc\u00e9 was reissued with new material in three forms: as an extended play, a box set, as well as a full platinum edition. Answer: ", "completion": "December 13, 2013"}
{"prompt": "How many provinces were there at the height of Qing China? Qing China reached its largest extent during the 18th century, when it ruled China proper (eighteen provinces) as well as the areas of present-day Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet, at approximately 13 million km2 in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China proper, but later this number was increased to 22, with Manchuria and Xinjiang being divided or turned into provinces. Taiwan, originally part of Fujian province, became a province of its own in the late 19th century, but was ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 following the First Sino-Japanese War. In addition, many surrounding countries, such as Korea (Joseon dynasty), Vietnam frequently paid tribute to China during much of this period. Khanate of Kokand were forced to submit as protectorate and pay tribute to the Qing dynasty in China between 1774 and 1798. Answer: ", "completion": "22"}
{"prompt": "What kind of symmetry do annelids have? The annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes. In addition, the Pogonophora, Echiura and Sipuncula, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes. Annelids are considered members of the Lophotrochozoa, a \"super-phylum\" of protostomes that also includes molluscs, brachiopods, flatworms and nemerteans. Answer: ", "completion": "bilateral"}
{"prompt": "How many tourists visited the Smoky Mountains and Blue Ridge parkway in 2013? Every year the Appalachian Mountains attract several million tourists to the Western part of the state, including the historic Biltmore Estate. The scenic Blue Ridge Parkway and Great Smoky Mountains National Park are the two most visited national park and unit in the United States with over 25 million visitors in 2013. The City of Asheville is consistently voted as one of the top places to visit and live in the United States, known for its rich art deco architecture, mountain scenery and outdoor activities, and liberal and happy residents. Answer: ", "completion": "over 25 million"}
{"prompt": "What store led the Indonesian markets until 2010 when it closed? The middle up segment is mainly occupied by Metro Department Store originated from Singapore and Sogo from Japan. 2007 saw the re-opening of Jakarta's Seibu, poised to be the largest and second most upscale department store in Indonesia after Harvey Nichols, which the latter closed in 2010 and yet plans to return. Other international department stores include Debenhams and Marks & Spencer. Galeries Lafayette also joins the Indonesian market in 2013 inside Pacific Place Mall. This department store is targeting middle up market with price range from affordable to luxury, poised to be the largest upscale department store. Galeries Lafayette, Debenhams, Harvey Nichols, Marks & Spencer, Seibu and Sogo are all operated by PT. Mitra Adiperkasa. Answer: ", "completion": "Harvey Nichols"}
{"prompt": "What year did the end of Imperial China occur? On 12 February 1912, after rounds of negotiations, Longyu issued an imperial edict bringing about the abdication of the child emperor Puyi. This brought an end to over 2,000 years of Imperial China and began an extended period of instability of warlord factionalism. The unorganized political and economic systems combined with a widespread criticism of Chinese culture led to questioning and doubt about the future. In the 1930s, the Empire of Japan invaded Northeast China and founded Manchukuo in 1932, with Puyi, as the emperor. After the invasion by the Soviet Union, Manchukuo collapsed in 1945. Answer: ", "completion": "1912"}
{"prompt": "When was the order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy established? The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is the \"order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy\", rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations and public service outside the Civil Service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V, and comprises five classes, in civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male, or dame if female. There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Answer: ", "completion": "4 June 1917"}
{"prompt": "How many passengers used the Zurich airport in 2012? Swiss private-public managed road network is funded by road tolls and vehicle taxes. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute system requires the purchase of a vignette (toll sticker)\u2014which costs 40 Swiss francs\u2014for one calendar year in order to use its roadways, for both passenger cars and trucks. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute network has a total length of 1,638 km (1,018 mi) (as of 2000) and has, by an area of 41,290 km2 (15,940 sq mi), also one of the highest motorway densities in the world. Z\u00fcrich Airport is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway, which handled 22.8 million passengers in 2012. The other international airports are Geneva Airport (13.9 million passengers in 2012), EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg which is located in France, Bern Airport, Lugano Airport, St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport and Sion Airport. Swiss International Air Lines is the flag carrier of Switzerland. Its main hub is Z\u00fcrich. Answer: ", "completion": "22.8 million"}
{"prompt": "When was Chiswick House designed? At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic \"architect earl\", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington; in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk. The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. Answer: ", "completion": "1729"}
{"prompt": "Regarding atoms, what are values in between certain energy levels considered by the Planck constant? Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the \"quantum of action\", now called the Planck constant. Classical physics cannot explain this fact. In many cases, such as for monochromatic light or for atoms, this quantum of action also implies that only certain energy levels are allowed, and values in between are forbidden. Answer: ", "completion": "forbidden"}
{"prompt": "The Footlight Players started creating theatrical productions in what year? Charleston's oldest community theater group, the Footlight Players, has provided theatrical productions since 1931. A variety of performing arts venues includes the historic Dock Street Theatre. The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers, journalists, and clients from across the nation. Charleston is known for its local seafood, which plays a key role in the city's renowned cuisine, comprising staple dishes such as gumbo, she-crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and shrimp and grits. Rice is the staple in many dishes, reflecting the rice culture of the Low Country. The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and French elements. Answer: ", "completion": "1931"}
{"prompt": "Marmontel contrasted \"the opinion of men of letters\" with what? The word \"public\" implies the highest level of inclusivity \u2013 the public sphere by definition should be open to all. However, this sphere was only public to relative degrees. Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the \"public\" with that of the people: Condorcet contrasted \"opinion\" with populace, Marmontel \"the opinion of men of letters\" with \"the opinion of the multitude,\" and d'Alembert the \"truly enlightened public\" with \"the blind and noisy multitude\". Additionally, most institutions of the public sphere excluded both women and the lower classes. Cross-class influences occurred through noble and lower class participation in areas such as the coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges. Answer: ", "completion": "\"the opinion of the multitude,\""}
{"prompt": "When is the Tucson Folk Festival held? For the past 25 years, the Tucson Folk Festival has taken place the first Saturday and Sunday of May in downtown Tucson's El Presidio Park. In addition to nationally known headline acts each evening, the Festival highlights over 100 local and regional musicians on five stages is one of the largest free festivals in the country. All stages are within easy walking distance. Organized by the Tucson Kitchen Musicians Association, volunteers make this festival possible. KXCI 91.3-FM, Arizona's only community radio station, is a major partner, broadcasting from the Plaza Stage throughout the weekend. In addition, there are numerous workshops, events for children, sing-alongs, and a popular singer/songwriter contest. Musicians typically play 30-minute sets, supported by professional audio staff volunteers. A variety of food and crafts are available at the festival, as well as local micro-brews. All proceeds from sales go to fund future festivals. Answer: ", "completion": "the first Saturday and Sunday of May"}
{"prompt": "From the perspective of historical linguists, what are Romance languages dialects of? Many historical linguists view any speech form as a dialect of the older medium of communication from which it developed.[citation needed] This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin, modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek, Tok Pisin as a dialect of English, and North Germanic as dialects of Old Norse. This paradigm is not entirely problem-free. It sees genetic relationships as paramount: the \"dialects\" of a \"language\" (which itself may be a \"dialect\" of a yet older language) may or may not be mutually intelligible. Moreover, a parent language may spawn several \"dialects\" which themselves subdivide any number of times, with some \"branches\" of the tree changing more rapidly than others. Answer: ", "completion": "Latin"}
{"prompt": "When year did Prince Albert die? Widowed in 1861, the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle, Balmoral Castle and Osborne House. For many years the palace was seldom used, even neglected. In 1864, a note was found pinned to the fence of Buckingham Palace, saying: \"These commanding premises to be let or sold, in consequence of the late occupant's declining business.\" Eventually, public opinion forced the Queen to return to London, though even then she preferred to live elsewhere whenever possible. Court functions were still held at Windsor Castle, presided over by the sombre Queen habitually dressed in mourning black, while Buckingham Palace remained shuttered for most of the year. Answer: ", "completion": "1861"}
{"prompt": "What cultures influenced Nepal in the later Malla era? During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, the institutionalization of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others. Answer: ", "completion": "India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe"}
{"prompt": "Who was nominated for President during the 1964 Democratic National Convention? The city hosted the 1964 Democratic National Convention which nominated Lyndon Johnson for President and Hubert Humphrey as Vice President. The convention and the press coverage it generated, however, cast a harsh light on Atlantic City, which by then was in the midst of a long period of economic decline. Many felt that the friendship between Johnson and Governor of New Jersey Richard J. Hughes led Atlantic City to host the Democratic Convention. Answer: ", "completion": "Lyndon Johnson"}
{"prompt": "Travel from Puerto Rico to Bermuda would be in which direction? Bermuda is a group of low-forming volcanoes located in the Atlantic Ocean, near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea, roughly 578 nautical miles (1,070 km (665 mi)) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 594 nautical miles (1,100 km (684 mi)) southeast of Martha's Vineyard of Massachusetts. It is 898 nautical miles (1,664 km (1,034 mi)) northeast of Miami, Florida, and 667 nautical miles (1,236 km (768 mi)) from Cape Sable Island, in Nova Scotia, Canada. The islands lie due east of Fripp Island, South Carolina, west of Portugal and north of Puerto Rico. Answer: ", "completion": "north"}
{"prompt": "In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war? Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as \"a crime without a name\". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them. Answer: ", "completion": "as \"a crime without a name\""}
{"prompt": "What is typically limited to an individual? Hunting big game typically requires a \"tag\" for each animal harvested. Tags must be purchased in addition to the hunting license, and the number of tags issued to an individual is typically limited. In cases where there are more prospective hunters than the quota for that species, tags are usually assigned by lottery. Tags may be further restricted to a specific area, or wildlife management unit. Hunting migratory waterfowl requires a duck stamp from the Fish and Wildlife Service in addition to the appropriate state hunting license. Answer: ", "completion": "number of tags issued"}
{"prompt": "What was the name of the new anesthetic given to Victoria for the birth of Leopold? In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her \"continuance of hysterics\" over a \"miserable trifle\". Answer: ", "completion": "chloroform"}
{"prompt": "What was the name of the law passed by Arnold Schwarzenegger? California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the \"Donda West Law\", legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery. Answer: ", "completion": "\"Donda West Law\""}
{"prompt": "When water was creating the oceans what was happening to atmospheric water vapor? Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Earth's mass impacting the planet in a glancing blow. Some of this object's mass merged with the Earth, significantly altering its internal composition, and a portion was ejected into space. Some of the material survived to form an orbiting moon. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered from comets, produced the oceans. Answer: ", "completion": "Condensing"}
{"prompt": "What French colony did Great Britain conquer in Queen Anne's War? Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754\u201363) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War. Answer: ", "completion": "Acadia"}
{"prompt": "The Prime Minister is elected by who? According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister. The position of Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet. Answer: ", "completion": "the Parliament"}
{"prompt": "What did George Mason state that judges could do to a law? James Wilson said during the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 that, \"Laws may be unjust, may be unwise, may be dangerous, may be destructive; and yet not be so unconstitutional as to justify the Judges in refusing to give them effect.\" George Mason agreed that judges \"could declare an unconstitutional law void. But with regard to every law, however unjust, oppressive or pernicious, which did not come plainly under this description, they would be under the necessity as judges to give it a free course.\" Chief Justice John Marshall (joined by Justice Joseph Story) took a similar position in 1827: \"When its existence as law is denied, that existence cannot be proved by showing what are the qualities of a law.\" Answer: ", "completion": "declare an unconstitutional law void"}
{"prompt": "What percentage of New Yorkers use public transportation to get to work? Public transport is essential in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit. This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where about 90% of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace. According to the US Census Bureau, New York City residents spend an average of 38.4 minutes a day getting to work, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities. New York is the only US city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car. Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans. Answer: ", "completion": "54.6"}
{"prompt": "Who made Beijing his capital? First, the Manchus had entered \"China proper\" because Dorgon responded decisively to Wu Sangui's appeal. Then, after capturing Beijing, instead of sacking the city as the rebels had done, Dorgon insisted, over the protests of other Manchu princes, on making it the dynastic capital and reappointing most Ming officials. Choosing Beijing as the capital had not been a straightforward decision, since no major Chinese dynasty had directly taken over its immediate predecessor's capital. Keeping the Ming capital and bureaucracy intact helped quickly stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country. However, not all of Dorgon's policies were equally popular nor easily implemented. Answer: ", "completion": "Dorgon"}
{"prompt": "What year was the Gemini project confirmed? Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing, in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini, a two-man spacecraft that would support the later three-man Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back, and extra-vehicular activity to accomplish useful work outside the spacecraft. Answer: ", "completion": "1962"}
{"prompt": "About how many people get a Toxocara infection each year? Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans. Answer: ", "completion": "10,000"}
{"prompt": "Genetic studies on the Ashkenazim have tried to determine how much of their ancestry is derived from European populations and from where? Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have been conducted to determine how much of their ancestry comes from the Levant, and how much derives from European populations. These studies\u2014researching both their paternal and maternal lineages\u2014point to a significant prevalence of ancient Levantine origins. But they have arrived at diverging conclusions regarding both the degree and the sources of their European ancestry. These diverging conclusions focus particularly on the extent of the European genetic origin observed in Ashkenazi maternal lineages. Answer: ", "completion": "the Levant"}
{"prompt": "After the fall of Napoleon, many countries retained what system of law? After the fall of Napoleon, not only was Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies. Answer: ", "completion": "Napoleonic Code"}
{"prompt": "Why did the Normans adopt a Byzantine art style? The heyday of mosaic making in Sicily was the age of the independent Norman kingdom in the 12th century. The Norman kings adopted the Byzantine tradition of mosaic decoration to enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule. Greek masters working in Sicily developed their own style, that shows the influence of Western European and Islamic artistic tendencies. Best examples of Sicilian mosaic art are the Cappella Palatina of Roger II, the Martorana church in Palermo and the cathedrals of Cefal\u00f9 and Monreale. Answer: ", "completion": "enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule"}
{"prompt": "List two alternatives to rotary stepper motors in printer applications. Stepper motors were and still are often used in computer printers, optical scanners, and digital photocopiers to move the optical scanning element, the print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers. Likewise, many computer plotters (which since the early 1990s have been replaced with large-format inkjet and laser printers) used rotary stepper motors for pen and platen movement; the typical alternatives here were either linear stepper motors or servomotors with closed-loop analog control systems. Answer: ", "completion": "linear stepper motors or servomotors"}
{"prompt": "What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin? But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: \"Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red.\" The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the skin color of men. An ivory painter's palette found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun had small compartments with pigments of red ochre and five other colors. The Egyptians used the root of the rubia, or madder plant, to make a dye, later known as alizarin, and also used it to color white power to use as a pigment, which became known as madder lake, alizarin or alizarin crimson. Answer: ", "completion": "the rubia"}
{"prompt": "What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux? The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years. Answer: ", "completion": "5.2 years"}
{"prompt": "How were older notions of race used? As another example, she points to work by Thomas et al., who sought to distinguish between the Y chromosomes of Jewish priests (Kohanim), (in Judaism, membership in the priesthood is passed on through the father's line) and the Y chromosomes of non-Jews. Abu el-Haj concluded that this new \"race science\" calls attention to the importance of \"ancestry\" (narrowly defined, as it does not include all ancestors) in some religions and in popular culture, and people's desire to use science to confirm their claims about ancestry; this \"race science\", she argues, is fundamentally different from older notions of race that were used to explain differences in human behaviour or social status: Answer: ", "completion": "to explain differences in human behaviour or social status"}
{"prompt": "What 2 bodies of water does Suez connect? The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt considered the most important centre of the maritime transport in the Middle East, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows ship transport between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfiq at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, 3 km (1.9 mi) from the half-way point. Answer: ", "completion": "Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea"}
{"prompt": "The prefrontal cortex is the largest in what animals? Most of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision. The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30 distinguishable brain areas, with a complex web of interconnections. It has been estimated that visual processing areas occupy more than half of the total surface of the primate neocortex. The prefrontal cortex carries out functions that include planning, working memory, motivation, attention, and executive control. It takes up a much larger proportion of the brain for primates than for other species, and an especially large fraction of the human brain. Answer: ", "completion": "primates"}
{"prompt": "Visitors from what faith routinely visit the stupa? The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha Amitabha. It is surrounded with a brick wall with 147 niches, each with four or five prayer wheels engraved with the mantra, om mani padme hum. At the northern entrance where visitors must pass is a shrine dedicated to Ajima, the goddess of smallpox. Every year the stupa attracts many Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims who perform full body prostrations in the inner lower enclosure, walk around the stupa with prayer wheels, chant, and pray. Thousands of prayer flags are hoisted up from the top of the stupa downwards and dot the perimeter of the complex. The influx of many Tibetan refugees from China has seen the construction of over 50 Tibetan gompas (monasteries) around Boudhanath. Answer: ", "completion": "Tibetan Buddhist"}
{"prompt": "What is man always seen as? Concerning humanity as the image of Christ, English Dominican spirituality concentrated on the moral implications of image-bearing rather than the philosophical foundations of the imago Dei. The process of Christ's life, and the process of image-bearing, amends humanity to God's image. The idea of the \"image of God\" demonstrates both the ability of man to move toward God (as partakers in Christ's redeeming sacrifice), and that, on some level, man is always an image of God. As their love and knowledge of God grows and is sanctified by faith and experience, the image of God within man becomes ever more bright and clear. Answer: ", "completion": "an image of God"}
{"prompt": "What are the old Masonic document referred as? Since the middle of the 19th century, Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges, dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century. Alluding to the membership of a lodge of operative masons, they relate a mythologised history of the craft, the duties of its grades, and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining. The fifteenth century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia. Answer: ", "completion": "Old Charges"}
{"prompt": "Who were the candidates in the vice presidential debate at Washington University? Washington University has been selected by the Commission on Presidential Debates to host more presidential and vice-presidential debates than any other institution in history. United States presidential election debates were held at the Washington University Athletic Complex in 1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016. A presidential debate was planned to occur in 1996, but owing to scheduling difficulties between the candidates, the debate was canceled. The university hosted the only 2008 vice presidential debate, between Republican Sarah Palin and Democrat Joe Biden, on October 2, 2008, also at the Washington University Athletic Complex. Answer: ", "completion": "Republican Sarah Palin and Democrat Joe Biden"}
{"prompt": "What was the Kensington System? Victoria later described her childhood as \"rather melancholy\". Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called \"Kensington System\", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover. The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them. The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's bastard children, and perhaps prompted the emergence of Victorian morality by insisting that her daughter avoid any appearance of sexual impropriety. Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles spaniel, Dash. Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin, but she spoke only English at home. Answer: ", "completion": "an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess"}
{"prompt": "What organization operates the missile test site? The United States Army maintains the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on Kwajalein Atoll. Marshallese land owners receive rent for the base. Answer: ", "completion": "United States Army"}
{"prompt": "Before new research, what was the definition of federalism? Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union. Answer: ", "completion": "a division of sovereignty between two levels of government"}
{"prompt": "Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question? Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less common or non-existent in grammar schools. Providing post-16 education cost-effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools, because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students. This is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11\u201316 schools, with the post-16 provision provided by Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges. Comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably. In addition, government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain. Answer: ", "completion": "City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes"}
{"prompt": "Where is the radiation patterns in the vertical plane shown? For horizontal propagation between transmitting and receiving antennas situated near the ground reasonably far from each other, the distances traveled by tne direct and reflected rays are nearly the same. There is almost no relative phase shift. If the emission is polarized vertically, the two fields (direct and reflected) add and there is maximum of received signal. If the signal is polarized horizontally, the two signals subtract and the received signal is largely cancelled. The vertical plane radiation patterns are shown in the image at right. With vertical polarization there is always a maximum for \u03b8=0, horizontal propagation (left pattern). For horizontal polarization, there is cancellation at that angle. Note that the above formulae and these plots assume the ground as a perfect conductor. These plots of the radiation pattern correspond to a distance between the antenna and its image of 2.5\u03bb. As the antenna height is increased, the number of lobes increases as well. Answer: ", "completion": "image at right"}
{"prompt": "What empire had established an embassy in Anxi? Even before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered information on Shendu (Indus River valley of North India) and Anxi (the Parthian Empire). All of these countries eventually received Han embassies. These connections marked the beginning of the Silk Road trade network that extended to the Roman Empire, bringing Han items like silk to Rome and Roman goods such as glasswares to China. Answer: ", "completion": "Han"}
{"prompt": "What are the two national Islamic holidays? Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. Approximately 87%\u201395% of them are Sunni and roughly 3% are Shia and roughly 7% are non-denominational Muslims. The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions. Answer: ", "completion": "Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon"}
{"prompt": "When did the bike sharing system of the city begin? The local government continuously strives for a reduction of massive traffic congestion, and has increased incentives for making a bicycle-friendly city. This includes North America's second-largest bicycle sharing system, EcoBici, launched in 2010, in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45 minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year. There are, as of September 2013, 276 stations with 4,000 bicycles across an area stretching from the Historic center to Polanco. within 300 metres (980 feet) of one another and are fully automatic using a transponder based card. Bicycle-service users have access to several permanent Ciclov\u00edas (dedicated bike paths/lanes/streets), including ones along Paseo de la Reforma and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one running 59 kilometres (37 miles) from Polanco to Fierro del Toro, which is located south of Cumbres del Ajusco National Park, near the Morelos state line. The city's initiative is inspired by forward thinking examples, such as Denmark's Copenhagenization. Answer: ", "completion": "2010"}
{"prompt": "What common complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents? Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+\n2 (unstable), and UO2+\n2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively. A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+\n2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+\n2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate. Answer: ", "completion": "uranyl acetate"}
{"prompt": "What is the biggest celebration held in local events in Burma ? In a traditional village, the monastery is the centre of cultural life. Monks are venerated and supported by the lay people. A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu is the most important coming of age events for a boy, during which he enters the monastery for a short time. All male children in Buddhist families are encouraged to be a novice (beginner for Buddhism) before the age of twenty and to be a monk after the age of twenty. Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies (\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101e) at the same time. Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year, the most important being the pagoda festival. Many villages have a guardian nat, and superstition and taboos are commonplace. Answer: ", "completion": "the most important being the pagoda festival"}
{"prompt": "Which bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger call his \"ticket to America\"? Schwarzenegger served in the Austrian Army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required at the time of all 18-year-old Austrian males. During his army service, he won the Junior Mr. Europe contest. He went AWOL during basic training so he could take part in the competition and spent a week in military prison: \"Participating in the competition meant so much to me that I didn't carefully think through the consequences.\" He won another bodybuilding contest in Graz, at Steirer Hof Hotel (where he had placed second). He was voted best built man of Europe, which made him famous. \"The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America \u2013 the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich.\" Schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966, attending the NABBA Mr. Universe competition in London. He would come in second in the Mr. Universe competition, not having the muscle definition of American winner Chester Yorton. Answer: ", "completion": "Mr. Universe"}
{"prompt": "Hoe often do hurricanes hit North Carolina? Severe weather occurs regularly in North Carolina. On the average, a hurricane hits the state once a decade. Destructive hurricanes that have struck the state include Hurricane Fran, Hurricane Floyd, and Hurricane Hazel, the strongest storm to make landfall in the state, as a Category 4 in 1954. Hurricane Isabel stands out as the most damaging of the 21st century. Tropical storms arrive every 3 or 4 years. In addition, many hurricanes and tropical storms graze the state. In some years, several hurricanes or tropical storms can directly strike the state or brush across the coastal areas. Only Florida and Louisiana are hit by hurricanes more often. Although many people believe that hurricanes menace only coastal areas, the rare hurricane which moves inland quickly enough can cause severe damage; for example, in 1989, Hurricane Hugo caused heavy damage in Charlotte and even as far inland as the Blue Ridge Mountains in the northwestern part of the state. On the average, North Carolina has 50 days of thunderstorm activity per year, with some storms becoming severe enough to produce hail, flash floods, and damaging winds. Answer: ", "completion": "once a decade"}
{"prompt": "Meninges separate what structure from the brain? The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain. Blood vessels enter the central nervous system through holes in the meningeal layers. The cells in the blood vessel walls are joined tightly to one another, forming the blood\u2013brain barrier, which blocks the passage of many toxins and pathogens (though at the same time blocking antibodies and some drugs, thereby presenting special challenges in treatment of diseases of the brain). Answer: ", "completion": "the skull"}
{"prompt": "Where is the North Hills Shopping center? Midtown Raleigh is a residential and commercial area just North of the I-440 Beltline and is part of North Raleigh. It is roughly framed by Glenwood/Creedmoor Road to the West, Wake Forest Road to the East, and Millbrook Road to the North. It includes shopping centers such as North Hills and Crabtree Valley Mall. It also includes North Hills Park and part of the Raleigh Greenway System. The term was coined by the Greater Raleigh Chamber of Commerce, developer John Kane and planning director Mitchell Silver. The News & Observer newspaper started using the term for marketing purposes only. The Midtown Raleigh Alliance was founded on July 25, 2011 as a way for community leaders to promote the area. Answer: ", "completion": "Midtown Raleigh"}
{"prompt": "How old did biblical scholars think the Earth was? Modern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Beno\u00eet de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-\u00c9tienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and recorded their observations on some of the first geological maps. Aided by chemical experimentation, naturalists such as Scotland's John Walker, Sweden's Torbern Bergman, and Germany's Abraham Werner created comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals\u2014a collective achievement that transformed geology into a cutting edge field by the end of the eighteenth century. These early geologists also proposed a generalized interpretations of Earth history that led James Hutton, Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart, following in the steps of Steno, to argue that layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained: a principle first applied to the geology of the Paris Basin. The use of index fossils became a powerful tool for making geological maps, because it allowed geologists to correlate the rocks in one locality with those of similar age in other, distant localities. Over the first half of the 19th century, geologists such as Charles Lyell, Adam Sedgwick, and Roderick Murchison applied the new technique to rocks throughout Europe and eastern North America, setting the stage for more detailed, government-funded mapping projects in later decades. Answer: ", "completion": "6,000 years"}
{"prompt": "What was the name of the first satellite launched for the system? The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on 30 October 2000, followed by BeiDou-1B on 20 December 2000. The third satellite, BeiDou-1C (a backup satellite), was put into orbit on 25 May 2003. The successful launch of BeiDou-1C also meant the establishment of the BeiDou-1 navigation system. Answer: ", "completion": "BeiDou-1A"}
{"prompt": "What party did The Times support in 2001 and 2005 general elections? Though traditionally a moderate newspaper and sometimes a supporter of the Conservative Party, it supported the Labour Party in the 2001 and 2005 general elections. In 2004, according to MORI, the voting intentions of its readership were 40% for the Conservative Party, 29% for the Liberal Democrats, and 26% for Labour. The Times had an average daily circulation of 394,448 in March 2014; in the same period, The Sunday Times had an average daily circulation of 839,077. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006. It has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the digitized paper is online from Gage Cengage publisher. Answer: ", "completion": "Labour Party"}
{"prompt": "When did Hayek start working on Abuse of Reason? During World War II, Hayek began the \u2018Abuse of Reason\u2019 project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek was highly critical of what he termed scientism: a false understanding of the methods of science that has been mistakenly forced upon the social sciences, but that is contrary to the practices of genuine science. Usually, scientism involves combining the philosophers' ancient demand for demonstrative justification with the associationists' false view that all scientific explanations are simple two-variable linear relationships. Answer: ", "completion": "During World War II"}
{"prompt": "Chlorothiazide helped reduce the mortality rate among those with what disease? In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered and developed chlorothiazide, which remains the most widely used antihypertensive drug today. This development was associated with a substantial decline in the mortality rate among people with hypertension. The inventors were recognized by a Public Health Lasker Award in 1975 for \"the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension\". Answer: ", "completion": "hypertension"}
{"prompt": "What former U.S. president is believed to have stayed in New Haven at the home of Roger Sherman? Grove Street Cemetery, a National Historic Landmark which lies adjacent to Yale's campus, contains the graves of Roger Sherman, Eli Whitney, Noah Webster, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Charles Goodyear and Walter Camp, among other notable burials. The cemetery is known for its grand Egyptian Revival gateway. The Union League Club of New Haven building, located on Chapel Street, is notable for not only being a historic Beaux-Arts building, but also is built on the site where Roger Sherman's home once stood; George Washington is known to have stayed at the Sherman residence while President in 1789 (one of three times Washington visited New Haven throughout his lifetime). Answer: ", "completion": "George Washington"}
{"prompt": "How many people were killed in the incendry attack on Tokyo on March 9-10, 1945? Towards the end of the war as the role of strategic bombing became more important, a new command for the U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific was created to oversee all U.S. strategic bombing in the hemisphere, under United States Army Air Forces General Curtis LeMay. Japanese industrial production plunged as nearly half of the built-up areas of 67 cities were destroyed by B-29 firebombing raids. On 9\u201310 March 1945 alone, about 100,000 people were killed in a conflagration caused by an incendiary attack on Tokyo. LeMay also oversaw Operation Starvation, in which the inland waterways of Japan were extensively mined by air, which disrupted the small amount of remaining Japanese coastal sea traffic. On 26 July 1945, the President of the United States Harry S. Truman, the President of the Nationalist Government of China Chiang Kai-shek and the Prime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill issued the Potsdam Declaration, which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference. This ultimatum stated that, if Japan did not surrender, it would face \"prompt and utter destruction.\" Answer: ", "completion": "100,000"}
{"prompt": "When did the commercial colonization of India begin? The development of New Imperialism saw the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers. The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company, in 1765, when the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar, or in 1772, when the Company established a capital in Calcutta, appointed its first Governor-General, Warren Hastings, and became directly involved in governance. Answer: ", "completion": "1757"}
{"prompt": "What battle ended a British invasion from Canada in the Revolutionary War? The British, for their part, lacked both a unified command and a clear strategy for winning. With the use of the Royal Navy, the British were able to capture coastal cities, but control of the countryside eluded them. A British sortie from Canada in 1777 ended with the disastrous surrender of a British army at Saratoga. With the coming in 1777 of General von Steuben, the training and discipline along Prussian lines began, and the Continental Army began to evolve into a modern force. France and Spain then entered the war against Great Britain as Allies of the US, ending its naval advantage and escalating the conflict into a world war. The Netherlands later joined France, and the British were outnumbered on land and sea in a world war, as they had no major allies apart from Indian tribes. Answer: ", "completion": "Saratoga"}
{"prompt": "Where was the Pacific Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed? Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok. Answer: ", "completion": "Vladivostok"}
{"prompt": "What university were some of Tucson's famous writers associated with? The accomplished and awarded writers (poets, novelists, dramatists, nonfiction writers) who have lived in Tucson include Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace. Some were associated with the University of Arizona, but many were independent writers who chose to make Tucson their home. The city is particularly active in publishing and presenting contemporary innovative poetry in various ways. Examples are the Chax Press, a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions, and the University of Arizona Poetry Center, which has a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops. Answer: ", "completion": "University of Arizona"}
{"prompt": "Which state was Article 23 used to reintegrate? Later, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed \"any other parts of Germany\" to join, was rephrased. It had been used in 1957 to reintegrate the Saar Protectorate as the Saarland into the Federal Republic, and this was used as a model for German reunification in 1990. The amended article now defines the participation of the Federal Council and the 16 German states in matters concerning the European Union. Answer: ", "completion": "Saar Protectorate"}
{"prompt": "Out of which organization's headquarters did the original FA Premier League staff operate out of? In 1992, the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate. This meant a break-up of the 104-year-old Football League that had operated until then with four divisions; the Premier League would operate with a single division and the Football League with three. There was no change in competition format; the same number of teams competed in the top flight, and promotion and relegation between the Premier League and the new First Division remained the same as the old First and Second Divisions with three teams relegated from the league and three promoted. Answer: ", "completion": "Football Association"}
{"prompt": "What lays at the bottom of the Inn Valley Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the bottom of the valley while the top of the valley consists of erosion from earlier ice ages. Glacial valleys have characteristically steep walls (reliefs); valleys with lower reliefs and talus slopes are remnants of glacial troughs or previously infilled valleys. Moraines, piles of rock picked up during the movement of the glacier, accumulate at edges, center and the terminus of glaciers. Answer: ", "completion": "Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age"}
{"prompt": "What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the western front? By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or \"doughboys\" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918. Answer: ", "completion": "the Armistice"}
{"prompt": "What are most of the arguements by anti-masonic muslims centered on? Many Islamic anti-Masonic arguments are closely tied to both antisemitism and Anti-Zionism, though other criticisms are made such as linking Freemasonry to al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah). Some Muslim anti-Masons argue that Freemasonry promotes the interests of the Jews around the world and that one of its aims is to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque in order to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. In article 28 of its Covenant, Hamas states that Freemasonry, Rotary, and other similar groups \"work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions ...\" Answer: ", "completion": "antisemitism and Anti-Zionism"}
{"prompt": "How long did the Sea Wolves stay in Hartford? While some teams have enjoyed considerable on-field and even financial success, many teams in the history of the league have enjoyed little success either on or off of the field of play. There are a number of franchises which existed in the form of a number of largely-unrelated teams under numerous management groups until they folded (an example is the New York CityHawks whose owners transferred the team from New York to Hartford to become the New England Sea Wolves after two seasons, then after another two seasons were sold and became the Toronto Phantoms, who lasted another two seasons until folding). There are a number of reasons why these teams failed, including financially weak ownership groups, lack of deep financial support from some owners otherwise capable of providing it, lack of media exposure, and the host city's evident lack of interest in its team or the sport as a whole. Answer: ", "completion": "two seasons"}
{"prompt": "In 1950 what player was successful for Real Madrid? During the 1950s the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo di St\u00e9fano, who finally played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success. The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock-out round of the European Cup, with Madrid receiving unfavourable treatment from the referee. In 2002, the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the \"Match of The Century\" by Spanish media, and Madrid's win was watched by more than 500 million people. Answer: ", "completion": "Alfredo di St\u00e9fano"}
{"prompt": "Where did early support for Darwin's findings come from? Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague \"law of development\" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design. Early support for Darwin's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862. Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection. Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research, including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line. Answer: ", "completion": "the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862"}
{"prompt": "What did the 1998 version of ISO 12232 not permit? Despite these detailed standard definitions, cameras typically do not clearly indicate whether the user \"ISO\" setting refers to the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes. Because the 1998 version of ISO 12232 did not permit measurement of camera output that had lossy compression, it was not possible to correctly apply any of those measurements to cameras that did not produce sRGB files in an uncompressed format such as TIFF. Following the publication of CIPA DC-004 in 2006, Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras are required to specify whether a sensitivity rating is REI or SOS.[citation needed] Answer: ", "completion": "measurement of camera output that had lossy compression"}
{"prompt": "Who taught children before they began school in Hungary? Formal schooling did not start in Hungary until the age of ten. Instead, governesses taught von Neumann, his brothers and his cousins. Max believed that knowledge of languages other than Hungarian was essential, so the children were tutored in English, French, German and Italian. By the age of 8, von Neumann was familiar with differential and integral calculus, but he was particularly interested in history, reading his way through Wilhelm Oncken's Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen. A copy was contained in a private library Max purchased. One of the rooms in the apartment was converted into a library and reading room, with bookshelves from ceiling to floor. Answer: ", "completion": "governesses"}
{"prompt": "How many CDs had been distrubuted worldwide by 2007? In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time. Answer: ", "completion": "200 billion"}
{"prompt": "What did the first model for communication consist of? The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise. Answer: ", "completion": "sender, channel, and receiver"}
{"prompt": "What species did the elephants at the Gash River seem to form a symbiotic relationship with? Lions are said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region. There is also a small population of elephants that roam in some parts of the country. Dik-diks can also be found in many areas. The endangered African wild ass can be seen in Denakalia Region. Other local wildlife include bushbucks, duikers, greater kudus, klipspringers, African leopards, oryxs and crocodiles., The spotted hyena is widespread and fairly common. Between 1955 and 2001 there were no reported sightings of elephant herds, and they are thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence. In December 2001 a herd of about 30, including 10 juveniles, was observed in the vicinity of the Gash River. The elephants seemed to have formed a symbiotic relationship with olive baboons, with the baboons using the water holes dug by the elephants, while the elephants use the tree-top baboons as an early warning system. Answer: ", "completion": "olive baboons"}
{"prompt": "What kind of error was found in Twilight Princess for Wii? Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of Twilight Princess, an exploit known as the \"Twilight Hack\" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console. A properly designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code, which could include Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) programs and homebrew Wii applications. Versions 3.3 and 3.4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability. Answer: ", "completion": "buffer overflow vulnerability"}
{"prompt": "Where in Africa is Namibia? Namibia (i/n\u0259\u02c8m\u026abi\u0259/, /n\u00e6\u02c8-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German: Republik Namibia (help\u00b7info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibi\u00eb) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates it from that country. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations. Answer: ", "completion": "southern"}
{"prompt": "Which vegetable were they found to have been farming? The earliest evidence of human inhabitants of modern day Chihuahua was discovered in the area of Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado. Clovis points have been found in northeastern Chihuahua that have been dated from 12,000 BC to 7000 BC. It is thought that these inhabitants were hunter gatherers. Inhabitants of the state later developed farming with the domestication of corn. An archeological site in northern Chihuahua known as Cerro Juanaque\u00f1a revealed squash cultivation, irrigation techniques, and ceramic artifacts dating to around 2000 BC. Answer: ", "completion": "corn"}
{"prompt": "What is the gold production income of poor families in Mali? Small-scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world. This form of mining uses labour-intensive and low-tech methods. It is informal sector of the economy. Human Rights Watch group estimates that about 12 percent of global gold production comes from artisanal mines. In west Africa, in countries such as Mali - the third largest exporter of gold in Africa - between 20,000 and 40,000 children work in artisanal mining. Locally known as orpaillage, children as young as 6 years old work with their families. These children and families suffer chronic exposure to toxic chemicals including mercury, and do hazardous work such as digging shafts and working underground, pulling up, carrying and crushing the ore. The poor work practices harm the long term health of children, as well as release hundreds of tons of mercury every year into local rivers, ground water and lakes. Gold is important to the economy of Mali and Ghana. For Mali, it is the second largest earner of its export revenue. For many poor families with children, it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income. Answer: ", "completion": "primary and sometimes the only source of income"}
{"prompt": "How much energy do geese conserve flying in a flock? Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12\u201320% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than when they were flying alone. Answer: ", "completion": "12\u201320%"}
{"prompt": "What does UTF-16 expand? Unicode can be implemented by different character encodings. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2. UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character, all of which have the same code values in both UTF-8 and ASCII encoding, and up to four bytes for other characters. UCS-2 uses a 16-bit code unit (two 8-bit bytes) for each character but cannot encode every character in the current Unicode standard. UTF-16 extends UCS-2, using one 16-bit unit for the characters that were representable in UCS-2 and two 16-bit units (4 \u00d7 8 bits) to handle each of the additional characters. Answer: ", "completion": "UCS-2"}
{"prompt": "What year did Reuben Greenberg retire as Chief of Charleston Police Department? The City of Charleston Police Department, with a total of 452 sworn officers, 137 civilians, and 27 reserve police officers, is South Carolina's largest police department. Their procedures on cracking down on drug use and gang violence in the city are used as models to other cities to do the same.[citation needed] According to the final 2005 FBI Crime Reports, Charleston crime level is worse than the national average in almost every major category. Greg Mullen, the former Deputy Chief of the Virginia Beach, Virginia Police Department, serves as the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department. The former Charleston police chief was Reuben Greenberg, who resigned August 12, 2005. Greenberg was credited with creating a polite police force that kept police brutality well in check, even as it developed a visible presence in community policing and a significant reduction in crime rates. Answer: ", "completion": "2005"}
{"prompt": "What products sometimes retain their native names in both English and Spanish? Over the course of thousands of years, American indigenous peoples domesticated, bred and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute 50\u201360% of all crops in cultivation worldwide. In certain cases, the indigenous peoples developed entirely new species and strains through artificial selection, as was the case in the domestication and breeding of maize from wild teosinte grasses in the valleys of southern Mexico. Numerous such agricultural products retain their native names in the English and Spanish lexicons. Answer: ", "completion": "agricultural"}
{"prompt": "What is becoming increasingly economic in both developing and devloped countries? As of 2012, renewable energy plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries globally. Renewables are becoming increasingly economic in both developing and developed countries. Prices for renewable energy technologies, primarily wind power and solar power, continued to drop, making renewables competitive with conventional energy sources. Without a level playing field, however, high market penetration of renewables is still dependent on a robust promotional policies. Fossil fuel subsidies, which are far higher than those for renewable energy, remain in place and quickly need to be phased out. Answer: ", "completion": "Renewables"}
{"prompt": "What did the Chinese get paid for their goods? By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order. In the following century, markets continued to expand as in the late Ming period, but with more trade between regions, a greater dependence on overseas markets and a greatly increased population. After the re-opening of the southeast coast, which had been closed in the late 17th century, foreign trade was quickly re-established, and was expanding at 4% per annum throughout the latter part of the 18th century. China continued to export tea, silk and manufactures, creating a large, favorable trade balance with the West. The resulting inflow of silver expanded the money supply, facilitating the growth of competitive and stable markets. Answer: ", "completion": "silver"}
{"prompt": "What was the average family size in Atlantic City? There were 15,504 households, of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.9% were married couples living together, 22.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.8% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.34. Answer: ", "completion": "3.34"}
{"prompt": "What do many consider an example of institutional racism in law enforcement? In the United States, the practice of racial profiling has been ruled to be both unconstitutional and a violation of civil rights. There is active debate regarding the cause of a marked correlation between the recorded crimes, punishments meted out, and the country's populations. Many consider de facto racial profiling an example of institutional racism in law enforcement. The history of misuse of racial categories to impact adversely one or more groups and/or to offer protection and advantage to another has a clear impact on debate of the legitimate use of known phenotypical or genotypical characteristics tied to the presumed race of both victims and perpetrators by the government. Answer: ", "completion": "de facto racial profiling"}
{"prompt": "Where is the Wide Lane Sports Facility located? Southampton is also home to one of the most successful College American Football teams in the UK, the Southampton Stags, who play at the Wide Lane Sports Facility in Eastleigh. Answer: ", "completion": "Eastleigh"}
{"prompt": "How are vowel alternances in Catalan? Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs. Answer: ", "completion": "active"}
{"prompt": "What is causing contreversy as to the concept of sexual orientation? Sexual orientation is argued as a concept that evolved in the industrialized West, and there is a controversy as to the universality of its application in other societies or cultures. Non-westernized concepts of male sexuality differ essentially from the way sexuality is seen and classified under the Western system of sexual orientation.[unreliable source?] The validity of the notion of sexual orientation as defined in the West, as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period, has also been questioned within the industrialized Western society). Answer: ", "completion": "the universality of its application in other societies or cultures"}
{"prompt": "What organization created the Cryptologic Spectrum? In 2013 a lot of media coverage was given to unclassified NSA's study in Cryptologic Spectrum that concluded that Tito did not speak the language as a native, and had features of other Slavic languages (Russian and Polish). The hypothesis that \"a non-Yugoslav, perhaps a Russian or a Pole\" assumed Tito's identity was included. The report also notes Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107's impressions of Tito's Russian origins. Answer: ", "completion": "NSA"}
{"prompt": "Where did Grateful Dead play? The music hall and cabaret are famous Paris institutions. The Moulin Rouge was opened in 1889. It was highly visible because of its large red imitation windmill on its roof, and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French Cancan. It helped make famous the singers Mistinguett and \u00c9dith Piaf and the painter Toulouse-Lautrec, who made posters for the venue. In 1911, the dance hall Olympia Paris invented the grand staircase as a settling for its shows, competing with its great rival, the Folies Berg\u00e8re, Its stars in the 1920s included the American singer and dancer Josephine Baker. The Casino de Paris presented many famous French singers, including Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier, and Tino Rossi. Other famous Paris music halls include Le Lido, on the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, opened in 1946; and the Crazy Horse Saloon, featuring strip-tease, dance and magic, opened in 1951. The Olympia Paris has presented Edith Piaf, Marlene Dietrich, Miles Davis, Judy Garland, and the Grateful Dead. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly visitors to the city. Answer: ", "completion": "The Olympia Paris"}
{"prompt": "Canada had which biggest army during the Second World War? At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the Soviet Union, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect. Answer: ", "completion": "the largest volunteer army ever"}
{"prompt": "When was the recession declared over? The Black Wednesday economic disaster in September 1992 left the Conservative government's reputation for monetary excellence in tatters, and by the end of that year Labour had a comfortable lead over the Tories in the opinion polls. Although the recession was declared over in April 1993 and a period of strong and sustained economic growth followed, coupled with a relatively swift fall in unemployment, the Labour lead in the opinion polls remained strong. However, Smith died from a heart attack in May 1994. Answer: ", "completion": "April 1993"}
{"prompt": "When did Spielberg join the Boy Scouts? In 1958, he became a Boy Scout and fulfilled a requirement for the photography merit badge by making a nine-minute 8 mm film entitled The Last Gunfight. Years later, Spielberg recalled to a magazine interviewer, \"My dad's still-camera was broken, so I asked the scoutmaster if I could tell a story with my father's movie camera. He said yes, and I got an idea to do a Western. I made it and got my merit badge. That was how it all started.\" At age thirteen, while living in Phoenix, Spielberg won a prize for a 40-minute war film he titled Escape to Nowhere, using a cast composed of other high school friends. That motivated him to make 15 more amateur 8mm films.:548 In 1963, at age sixteen, Spielberg wrote and directed his first independent film, a 140-minute science fiction adventure called Firelight, which would later inspire Close Encounters. The film was made for $500, most of which came from his father, and was shown in a local cinema for one evening, which earned back its cost. Answer: ", "completion": "1958"}
{"prompt": "What conflict caused Britain to blockade trade? By far the largest military action in which the United States engaged during this era was the War of 1812. With Britain locked in a major war with Napoleon's France, its policy was to block American shipments to France. The United States sought to remain neutral while pursuing overseas trade. Britain cut the trade and impressed seamen on American ships into the Royal Navy, despite intense protests. Britain supported an Indian insurrection in the American Midwest, with the goal of creating an Indian state there that would block American expansion. The United States finally declared war on the United Kingdom in 1812, the first time the U.S. had officially declared war. Not hopeful of defeating the Royal Navy, the U.S. attacked the British Empire by invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip. The invasion of Canada was a debacle, though concurrent wars with Native Americans on the western front (Tecumseh's War and the Creek War) were more successful. After defeating Napoleon in 1814, Britain sent large veteran armies to invade New York, raid Washington and capture the key control of the Mississippi River at New Orleans. The New York invasion was a fiasco after the much larger British army retreated to Canada. The raiders succeeded in the burning of Washington on 25 August 1814, but were repulsed in their Chesapeake Bay Campaign at the Battle of Baltimore and the British commander killed. The major invasion in Louisiana was stopped by a one-sided military battle that killed the top three British generals and thousands of soldiers. The winners were the commanding general of the Battle of New Orleans, Major General Andrew Jackson, who became president and the Americans who basked in a victory over a much more powerful nation. The peace treaty proved successful, and the U.S. and Britain never again went to war. The losers were the Indians, who never gained the independent territory in the Midwest promised by Britain. Answer: ", "completion": "a major war with Napoleon's France"}
{"prompt": "What did the British-French commanders send to disrupt Russian communications and supplies? In spring 1855, the allied British-French commanders decided to send an Anglo-French naval squadron into the Azov Sea to undermine Russian communications and supplies to besieged Sevastopol. On 12 May 1855, British-French warships entered the Kerch Strait and destroyed the coast battery of the Kamishevaya Bay. On 21 May 1855, the gunboats and armed steamers attacked the seaport of Taganrog, the most important hub near Rostov on Don. The vast amounts of food, especially bread, wheat, barley, and rye that were amassed in the city after the outbreak of war were prevented from being exported. Answer: ", "completion": "Anglo-French naval squadron"}
{"prompt": "What type of filing is used before beginning human trials? In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approval, three phases of progressively larger human clinical trials may be conducted. Phase I generally studies toxicity using healthy volunteers. Phase II can include pharmacokinetics and dosing in patients, and Phase III is a very large study of efficacy in the intended patient population. Following the successful completion of phase III testing, a New Drug Application is submitted to the FDA. The FDA review the data and if the product is seen as having a positive benefit-risk assessment, approval to market the product in the US is granted. Answer: ", "completion": "Investigational New Drug"}
{"prompt": "What book did Martine Rothblatt publish? Several websites assert that Israel is the 51st state due to the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States. An example of this concept can be found in 2003 when Martine Rothblatt published a book called Two Stars for Peace that argued for the addition of Israel and the Palestinian territories surrounding it as the 51st state in the Union. The American State of Canaan, is a book published by Prof. Alfred de Grazia, political science and sociologist, in March 2009, proposing the creation of the 51st and 52nd states from Israel and the Palestinian territories. Answer: ", "completion": "Two Stars for Peace"}
{"prompt": "The first two-stage rocket was developed in what year? Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions. It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets. Answer: ", "completion": "1949"}
{"prompt": "What is the meaning of Akkadia Apllu Enlil? A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name, The Hittite form Apaliunas (dx-ap-pa-li-u-na-a\u0161) is attested in the Manapa-Tarhunta letter, perhaps related to Hurrian (and certainly the Etruscan) Aplu, a god of plague, in turn likely from Akkadian Aplu Enlil meaning simply \"the son of Enlil\", a title that was given to the god Nergal, who was linked to Shamash, Babylonian god of the sun. The role of Apollo as god of plague is evident in the invocation of Apollo Smintheus (\"mouse Apollo\") by Chryses, the Trojan priest of Apollo, with the purpose of sending a plague against the Greeks (the reasoning behind a god of the plague becoming a god of healing is of course apotropaic, meaning that the god responsible for bringing the plague must be appeased in order to remove the plague). Answer: ", "completion": "the son of Enlil"}
{"prompt": "Who did The Times support in 2012 for the election of the U.S. president? The Times occasionally makes endorsements for foreign elections. In November 2012, it endorsed a second term for Barack Obama although it also expressed reservations about his foreign policy. Answer: ", "completion": "Barack Obama"}
{"prompt": "What is the Arabic for situation? The Necessary exists 'due-to-Its-Self', and has no quiddity/essence (mahiyya) other than existence (wujud). Furthermore, It is 'One' (wahid ahad) since there cannot be more than one 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' without differentia (fasl) to distinguish them from each other. Yet, to require differentia entails that they exist 'due-to-themselves' as well as 'due to what is other than themselves'; and this is contradictory. However, if no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then there is no sense in which these 'Existents' are not one and the same. Avicenna adds that the 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' has no genus (jins), nor a definition (hadd), nor a counterpart (nadd), nor an opposite (did), and is detached (bari) from matter (madda), quality (kayf), quantity (kam), place (ayn), situation (wad), and time (waqt). Answer: ", "completion": "wad"}
{"prompt": "To the edge of what empire did Osman I push Turkish settlements? Ertu\u011frul, the father of Osman I (founder of the Ottoman Empire), arrived in Anatolia from Merv (Turkmenistan) with 400 horsemen to aid the Seljuks of Rum against the Byzantines. After the demise of the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in the 14th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent, mostly Turkish states, the so-called Ghazi emirates. One of the emirates was led by Osman I (1258\u20131326), from whom the name Ottoman is derived. Osman I extended the frontiers of Turkish settlement toward the edge of the Byzantine Empire. It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours, as the history of medieval Anatolia is still little known. Answer: ", "completion": "Byzantine Empire"}
{"prompt": "How many games are needed to win? The competition is open to any eligible club down to Levels 10 of the English football league system - all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League and Football League (Levels 1 to 4), and several hundred \"non-league\" teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System (Levels 5 to 10). A record 763 clubs competed in 2011\u201312. The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final. Entrants are not seeded, although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds - the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen. Answer: ", "completion": "six to fourteen"}
{"prompt": "Two-fifths of the state's territory was divided between how many families? The D\u00edaz administration made political decisions and took legal measures that allowed the elite throughout Mexico to concentrate the nation's wealth by favoring monopolies. During this time, two-fifths of the state's territory was divided among 17 rich families which owned practically all of the arable land in Chihuahua. The state economy grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato; the economy in Chihuahua was dominated by agriculture and mining. The D\u00edaz administration helped Governor Luis Terrazas by funding the Municipal Public Library in Chihuahua City and passing a federal initiative for the construction of the railroad from Chihuahua City to Ciudad J\u00faarez. By 1881, the Central Mexican Railroad was completed which connected Mexico City to Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. In 1883 telephone lines were installed throughout the state, allowing communication between Chihuahua City and Aldama. By 1888 the telephone services were extended from the capital to the cites of Julimes, Meoqui, and Hidalgo del Parral; the telecommunication network in the state covered an estimated 3,500 kilometers. The need of laborers to construct the extensive infrastructure projects resulted in a significant Asian immigration, mostly from China. Asian immigrants soon become integral to the state economy by opening restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels. By the end of the Terrazas term, the state experienced an increase in commerce, mining, and banking. When the banks were nationalized, Chihuahua became the most important banking state in Mexico. Answer: ", "completion": "17"}
{"prompt": "Who was Nasser's opponent in Lebanon? In Lebanon, clashes between pro-Nasser factions and supporters of staunch Nasser opponent, then-President Camille Chamoun, culminated in civil strife by May. The former sought to unite with the UAR, while the latter sought Lebanon's continued independence. Nasser delegated oversight of the issue to Sarraj, who provided limited aid to Nasser's Lebanese supporters through money, light arms, and officer training\u2014short of the large-scale support that Chamoun alleged. Nasser did not covet Lebanon, seeing it as a \"special case\", but sought to prevent Chamoun from a second presidential term. Answer: ", "completion": "Camille Chamoun"}
{"prompt": "Where have cases in the Jehovah's Witnesses favor been heard outside of the U.S.? In the United States, their persistent legal challenges prompted a series of state and federal court rulings that reinforced judicial protections for civil liberties. Among the rights strengthened by Witness court victories in the United States are the protection of religious conduct from federal and state interference, the right to abstain from patriotic rituals and military service, the right of patients to refuse medical treatment, and the right to engage in public discourse. Similar cases in their favor have been heard in Canada. Answer: ", "completion": "Canada"}
{"prompt": "What wars took place during the late 18th century and early 19th century? During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions. Answer: ", "completion": "the Napoleonic Wars"}
{"prompt": "What is Brasilia's proper city population? The city has a unique status in Brazil, as it is an administrative division rather than a legal municipality like other cities in Brazil. The name 'Bras\u00edlia' is commonly used as a synonym for the Federal District through synecdoche; However, the Federal District is composed of 31 administrative regions, only one of which is Bras\u00edlia proper, with a population of 209,926 in a 2011 survey; Demographic publications generally do not make this distinction and list the population of Bras\u00edlia as synonymous with the population of the Federal District, considering the whole of it as its metropolitan area. The city was one of the main host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Additionally, Bras\u00edlia hosted the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup. Answer: ", "completion": "209,926"}
{"prompt": "Documents released in 2009 showed that Shell made regular payments to which entity? In 2010, a leaked cable revealed that Shell claims to have inserted staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government and know \"everything that was being done in those ministries\", according to Shell's top executive in Nigeria. The same executive also boasted that the Nigerian government had forgotten about the extent of Shell's infiltration. Documents released in 2009 (but not used in the court case) reveal that Shell regularly made payments to the Nigerian military in order to prevent protests. Answer: ", "completion": "the Nigerian military"}
{"prompt": "What annelid's rear end do Samoans like to eat? Earthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effective bait than artificial flies, and worms can be kept for several days in a tin lined with damp moss. Ragworms are commercially important as bait and as food sources for aquaculture, and there have been proposals to farm them in order to reduce over-fishing of their natural populations. Some marine polychaetes' predation on molluscs causes serious losses to fishery and aquaculture operations. Answer: ", "completion": "Palolo worm"}
{"prompt": "Of all cities in the US, Boston received the highest amount of funding from where? Boston's colleges and universities have a significant effect on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than $4.8 billion annually to the city's economy. The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for biotechnology, with the Milken Institute rating Boston as the top life sciences cluster in the country. Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States. Answer: ", "completion": "the National Institutes of Health"}
{"prompt": "Which Nigerian political party was mostly Christian? Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth Realm on 1 October 1960. Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Nigerian People's Congress (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith, and the Igbo and Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe. Azikiwe became Nigeria's maiden Governor-General in 1960. The opposition comprised the comparatively liberal Action Group (AG), which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo. The cultural and political differences between Nigeria's dominant ethnic groups \u2013 the Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') and Yoruba ('Westerners') \u2013 were sharp. Answer: ", "completion": "National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons"}
{"prompt": "What was the project involving Steve Wynn nicknamed? With the redevelopment of Las Vegas and the opening of two casinos in Connecticut in the early 1990s, along with newly built casinos in the nearby Philadelphia metro area in the 2000s, Atlantic City's tourism began to decline due to its failure to diversify away from gaming. Determined to expand, in 1999 the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partnered with Las Vegas casino mogul Steve Wynn to develop a new roadway to a barren section of the city near the Marina. Nicknamed \"The Tunnel Project\", Steve Wynn planned the proposed 'Mirage Atlantic City' around the idea that he would connect the $330 million tunnel stretching 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from the Atlantic City Expressway to his new resort. The roadway was later officially named the Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector, and funnels incoming traffic off of the expressway into the city's marina district and Brigantine, New Jersey. Answer: ", "completion": "The Tunnel Project"}
{"prompt": "At what battle was Seleucus killed ? After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus (\"the thunderbolt\"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years. Answer: ", "completion": "Battle of Corupedium"}
{"prompt": "Sometime sit is hard to tell if actions are legal or illegal because governement officials have what kind of power? The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning \"rule by thieves\". Answer: ", "completion": "broad or ill-defined"}
{"prompt": "How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believed cultural change can be based on? Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Hence Modernization could be similar or related to the enlightenment but a 'looser' term set to ideal and values that flourish. a belief in objectivity progress. Also seen as a belief in a secular society (free from religious influences) example objective and rational, science vs religion and finally been modern means not being religious. Answer: ", "completion": "29 ways"}
{"prompt": "When did Alexander the Great reach India? By 326 BC, Alexander the Great had conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire and had reached the northwest frontiers of the Indian subcontinent. There he defeated King Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes (near modern-day Jhelum, Pakistan) and conquered much of the Punjab. Alexander's march east put him in confrontation with the Nanda Empire of Magadha and the Gangaridai of Bengal. His army, exhausted and frightened by the prospect of facing larger Indian armies at the Ganges River, mutinied at the Hyphasis (modern Beas River) and refused to march further East. Alexander, after the meeting with his officer, Coenus, and learning about the might of Nanda Empire, was convinced that it was better to return. Answer: ", "completion": "326 BC"}
{"prompt": "Where does a bill go after it is signed? After the President signs a bill into law (or Congress enacts it over his veto), it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) where it is assigned a law number, and prepared for publication as a slip law. Public laws, but not private laws, are also given legal statutory citation by the OFR. At the end of each session of Congress, the slip laws are compiled into bound volumes called the United States Statutes at Large, and they are known as session laws. The Statutes at Large present a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted. Answer: ", "completion": "Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)"}
{"prompt": "How many legs do adult insects contain? Many adult insects use six legs for walking and have adopted a tripedal gait. The tripedal gait allows for rapid walking while always having a stable stance and has been studied extensively in cockroaches. The legs are used in alternate triangles touching the ground. For the first step, the middle right leg and the front and rear left legs are in contact with the ground and move the insect forward, while the front and rear right leg and the middle left leg are lifted and moved forward to a new position. When they touch the ground to form a new stable triangle the other legs can be lifted and brought forward in turn and so on. The purest form of the tripedal gait is seen in insects moving at high speeds. However, this type of locomotion is not rigid and insects can adapt a variety of gaits. For example, when moving slowly, turning, or avoiding obstacles, four or more feet may be touching the ground. Insects can also adapt their gait to cope with the loss of one or more limbs. Answer: ", "completion": "six"}
{"prompt": "What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird? Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings. Answer: ", "completion": "Feelings"}
{"prompt": "Who does Scout revere above everyone else? Scholars have characterized To Kill a Mockingbird as both a Southern Gothic and coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel. The grotesque and near-supernatural qualities of Boo Radley and his house, and the element of racial injustice involving Tom Robinson contribute to the aura of the Gothic in the novel. Lee used the term \"Gothic\" to describe the architecture of Maycomb's courthouse and in regard to Dill's exaggeratedly morbid performances as Boo Radley. Outsiders are also an important element of Southern Gothic texts and Scout and Jem's questions about the hierarchy in the town cause scholars to compare the novel to Catcher in the Rye and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Despite challenging the town's systems, Scout reveres Atticus as an authority above all others, because he believes that following one's conscience is the highest priority, even when the result is social ostracism. However, scholars debate about the Southern Gothic classification, noting that Boo Radley is in fact human, protective, and benevolent. Furthermore, in addressing themes such as alcoholism, incest, rape, and racial violence, Lee wrote about her small town realistically rather than melodramatically. She portrays the problems of individual characters as universal underlying issues in every society. Answer: ", "completion": "Atticus"}
{"prompt": "Who began probing Nintendo's business? Nintendo was accused of antitrust behavior because of the strict licensing requirements. The United States Department of Justice and several states began probing Nintendo's business practices, leading to the involvement of Congress and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The FTC conducted an extensive investigation which included interviewing hundreds of retailers. During the FTC probe, Nintendo changed the terms of its publisher licensing agreements to eliminate the two-year rule and other restrictive terms. Nintendo and the FTC settled the case in April 1991, with Nintendo required to send vouchers giving a $5 discount off to a new game, to every person that had purchased a NES title between June 1988 and December 1990. GameSpy remarked that Nintendo's punishment was particularly weak giving the case's findings, although it has been speculated that the FTC did not want to damage the video game industry in the United States. Answer: ", "completion": "United States Department of Justice"}
{"prompt": "What was Phil Skinner's birth name? Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia, and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community. He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo. Skinner began teaching part-time at age 18, until the Great Depression forced him to begin teaching full-time and learn a broader range of instruments. Skinner founded the Sydney Mandolin Orchestra, the oldest surviving mandolin orchestra in Australia. Answer: ", "completion": "Harry Skinner"}
{"prompt": "When did Britain first invade Afghanistan? During the 19th century, Britain and the Russian Empire vied to fill the power vacuums that had been left by the declining Ottoman Empire, Qajar dynasty and Qing Dynasty. This rivalry in Eurasia came to be known as the \"Great Game\". As far as Britain was concerned, defeats inflicted by Russia on Persia and Turkey demonstrated its imperial ambitions and capabilities and stoked fears in Britain of an overland invasion of India. In 1839, Britain moved to pre-empt this by invading Afghanistan, but the First Anglo-Afghan War was a disaster for Britain. Answer: ", "completion": "1839"}
{"prompt": "The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what? Ultimately, the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial, and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments. Answer: ", "completion": "artificial"}
{"prompt": "What was Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki's occupation? The rival of Takeda Shingen (1521\u20131573) was Uesugi Kenshin (1530\u20131578), a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the \"way of the warrior as death\". Japanese historian Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki describes Uesugi's beliefs as: \"Those who are reluctant to give up their lives and embrace death are not true warriors.... Go to the battlefield firmly confident of victory, and you will come home with no wounds whatever. Engage in combat fully determined to die and you will be alive; wish to survive in the battle and you will surely meet death. When you leave the house determined not to see it again you will come home safely; when you have any thought of returning you will not return. You may not be in the wrong to think that the world is always subject to change, but the warrior must not entertain this way of thinking, for his fate is always determined.\" Answer: ", "completion": "Japanese historian"}
{"prompt": "What is not used in practical products? Today, nearly all commonly used video compression methods (e.g., those in standards approved by the ITU-T or ISO) apply a discrete cosine transform (DCT) for spatial redundancy reduction. The DCT that is widely used in this regard was introduced by N. Ahmed, T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao in 1974. Other methods, such as fractal compression, matching pursuit and the use of a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) have been the subject of some research, but are typically not used in practical products (except for the use of wavelet coding as still-image coders without motion compensation). Interest in fractal compression seems to be waning, due to recent theoretical analysis showing a comparative lack of effectiveness of such methods. Answer: ", "completion": "fractal compression"}
{"prompt": "Were premandolins quiet or loud instruments? Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder\u2014using four courses of metal strings, which exert more pressure than the gut strings. The modern soundboard is designed to withstand the pressure of metal strings that would break earlier instruments. The soundboard comes in many shapes\u2014but generally round or teardrop-shaped, sometimes with scrolls or other projections. There is usually one or more sound holes in the soundboard, either round, oval, or shaped like a calligraphic F (f-hole). A round or oval sound hole may be covered or bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling. Answer: ", "completion": "quiet instruments"}
{"prompt": "How numerous would the number of races be if one gene can distinguish races? Another way to look at differences between populations is to measure genetic differences rather than physical differences between groups. The mid-20th-century anthropologist William C. Boyd defined race as: \"A population which differs significantly from other populations in regard to the frequency of one or more of the genes it possesses. It is an arbitrary matter which, and how many, gene loci we choose to consider as a significant 'constellation'\". Leonard Lieberman and Rodney Kirk have pointed out that \"the paramount weakness of this statement is that if one gene can distinguish races then the number of races is as numerous as the number of human couples reproducing.\" Moreover, the anthropologist Stephen Molnar has suggested that the discordance of clines inevitably results in a multiplication of races that renders the concept itself useless. The Human Genome Project states \"People who have lived in the same geographic region for many generations may have some alleles in common, but no allele will be found in all members of one population and in no members of any other.\" Answer: ", "completion": "number of human couples reproducing"}
{"prompt": "What is another name for lead glass? Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion and was formerly used in producing high-quality lenses, but due to its radioactivity has been replaced by lanthanum oxide in modern eyeglasses.[citation needed] Iron can be incorporated into glass to absorb infrared energy, for example in heat absorbing filters for movie projectors, while cerium(IV) oxide can be used for glass that absorbs UV wavelengths. Answer: ", "completion": "flint glass"}
{"prompt": "What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from? Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms, and statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 that prescribed the rights of commoners. Answer: ", "completion": "rights of commoners"}
{"prompt": "Inhabitants of Judah are known as what? Israelites enjoyed political independence twice in ancient history, first during the periods of the Biblical judges followed by the United Monarchy.[disputed \u2013 discuss] After the fall of the United Monarchy the land was divided into Israel and Judah. The term Jew originated from the Roman \"Judean\" and denoted someone from the southern kingdom of Judah. The shift of ethnonym from \"Israelites\" to \"Jews\" (inhabitant of Judah), although not contained in the Torah, is made explicit in the Book of Esther (4th century BCE), a book in the Ketuvim, the third section of the Jewish Tanakh. In 587 BC Nebuchadnezzar II, King of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, besieged Jerusalem, destroyed the First Temple, and deported the most prominent citizens of Judah. In 586 BC, Judah itself ceased to be an independent kingdom, and its remaining Jews were left stateless. The Babylonian exile ended in 539 BCE when the Achaemenid Empire conquered Babylon and Cyrus the Great allowed the exiled Jews to return to Yehud and rebuild their Temple. The Second Temple was completed in 515 BCE. Yehud province was a peaceful part of the Achaemenid Empire until the fall of the Empire in c. 333 BCE to Alexander the Great. Jews were also politically independent during the Hasmonean dynasty spanning from 140 to 37 BCE and to some degree under the Herodian dynasty from 37 BCE to 6 CE. Since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, most Jews have lived in diaspora. As an ethnic minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.[citation needed] Answer: ", "completion": "Jews"}
{"prompt": "Why did the Sumerian farmers make their oxen stomp the ground? As is known from the \"Sumerian Farmer's Almanac\", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop. Answer: ", "completion": "kill weeds"}
{"prompt": "What artistic accomplishments can earn students a prize? Prizes are awarded on the results of trials (internal exams), GCSE and AS-levels. In addition, many subjects and activities have specially endowed prizes, several of which are awarded by visiting experts. The most prestigious is the Newcastle Scholarship, awarded on the strength of an examination, consisting of two papers in philosophical theology, moral theory and applied ethics. Also of note are the Gladstone Memorial Prize and the Coutts Prize, awarded on the results of trials and AS-level examinations in C; and the Huxley Prize, awarded for a project on a scientific subject. Other specialist prizes include the Newcastle Classical Prize; the Rosebery Exhibition for History; the Queen\u2019s Prizes for French and German; the Duke of Newcastle\u2019s Russian Prize; the Beddington Spanish Prize; the Strafford and Bowman Shakespeare Prizes; the Tomline and Russell Prizes in Mathematics; the Sotheby Prize for History of Art; the Waddington Prize for Theology and Philosophy; the Birley Prize for History; The Lower Boy Rosebery Prize and the Wilder Prize for Theology. Prizes are awarded too for excellence in such activities as painting, sculpture, ceramics, playing musical instruments, musical composition, declamation, silverwork, and design. Answer: ", "completion": "painting, sculpture, ceramics, playing musical instruments, musical composition, declamation, silverwork, and design"}
{"prompt": "What is the oldest school of Shaivism? P\u0101\u015bupata Shaivism (P\u0101\u015bupata, \"of Pa\u015bupati\") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Pa\u015bu in Pa\u015bupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulterior. Whereas, Pati means the cause (or principium), the word designates the Lord, who is the cause of the universe, the pati, or the ruler. Pashupatas disapproved of Vaishnava theology, known for its doctrine servitude of souls to the Supreme Being, on the grounds that dependence upon anything could not be the means of cessation of pain and other desired ends. They recognised that those depending upon another and longing for independence will not be emancipated because they still depend upon something other than themselves. According to P\u0101\u015bupatas, soul possesses the attributes of the Supreme Deity when it becomes liberated from the 'germ of every pain'. Answer: ", "completion": "P\u0101\u015bupata Shaivism"}
{"prompt": "To what time did the Council require the date of the vernal equinox to be set? The Council of Trent approved a plan in 1563 for correcting the calendrical errors, requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift. This would allow for a more consistent and accurate scheduling of the feast of Easter. In 1577, a Compendium was sent to expert mathematicians outside the reform commission for comments. Some of these experts, including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto, believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the sun and moon, rather than using a tabular method, but these recommendations were not adopted. The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius (or Lilio). Answer: ", "completion": "325"}
{"prompt": "When did Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama live? The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the fifth century BCE. It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch. Answer: ", "completion": "fifth century BCE"}
{"prompt": "What year was the Estonian Cultural Autonomy law established? The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law that was passed in 1925 was unique in Europe at that time. Cultural autonomies could be granted to minorities numbering more than 3,000 people with longstanding ties to the Republic of Estonia. Before the Soviet occupation, the Germans and Jewish minorities managed to elect a cultural council. The Law on Cultural Autonomy for National Minorities was reinstated in 1993. Historically, large parts of Estonia's northwestern coast and islands have been populated by indigenous ethnically Rannarootslased (Coastal Swedes). Answer: ", "completion": "1925"}
{"prompt": "What system deemed non-Muslims subjects of the empire but unbound by Muslim law? Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest group of non-Muslim subjects (or zimmi) of the Islamic Ottoman state, the Orthodox millet was granted a number of special privileges in the fields of politics and commerce, and had to pay higher taxes than Muslim subjects. Answer: ", "completion": "the millet system"}
{"prompt": "If your computer runs Vista, what's the maximum number of start and end rules you can have for each time zone setting? As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987\u20132006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps. Answer: ", "completion": "two"}
{"prompt": "What argument do those opposing statehood use? In November 2012, a referendum resulted in 54 percent of respondents voting to reject the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution, while a second question resulted in 61 percent of voters identifying statehood as the preferred alternative to the current territorial status. The 2012 referendum was by far the most successful referendum for statehood advocates and support for statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum. However, more than one in four voters abstained from answering the question on the preferred alternative status. Statehood opponents have argued that the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included. If abstentions are considered, the result of the referendum is much closer to 44 percent for statehood, a number that falls under the 50 percent majority mark. Answer: ", "completion": "the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included"}
{"prompt": "Where does education psychology draw from? Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialties within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks (Lucas, Blazek, & Raley, 2006). Answer: ", "completion": "contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences"}
{"prompt": "What form of Federalism is characterized by where sovereignty resides in the whole? Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union. Answer: ", "completion": "federal state (or federation)"}
{"prompt": "How many members did the WVS have at the end of 1941? The WVS (Women's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence) was set up under the direction of Samuel Hoare, Home Secretary in 1938 specifically in the event of air raids. Hoare considered it the female branch of the ARP. They organised the evacuation of children, established centres for those displaced by bombing, and operated canteens, salvage and recycling schemes. By the end of 1941, the WVS had one million members. Prior to the outbreak of war, civilians were issued with 50 million respirators (gas masks). These were issued in the event of bombing taking place with gas before evacuation. Answer: ", "completion": "one million"}
{"prompt": "What type of drugs reduced the risk of strokes and heart disease for people with high blood pressure? A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death (RR 0.89), stroke (RR 0.63), coronary heart disease (RR 0.84), and cardiovascular events (RR 0.70) in people with high blood pressure. In the ensuring years other classes of antihypertensive drug were developed and found wide acceptance in combination therapy, including loop diuretics (Lasix/furosemide, Hoechst Pharmaceuticals, 1963), beta blockers (ICI Pharmaceuticals, 1964) ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. ACE inhibitors reduce the risk of new onset kidney disease [RR 0.71] and death [RR 0.84] in diabetic patients, irrespective of whether they have hypertension. Answer: ", "completion": "thiazide antihypertensive drugs"}
{"prompt": "When was the renewal and re-equipment effort started? The 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment (main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called \"core capabilities\" (such as the air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet \u2013 the C-130 Hercules \u2013 and the army's truck and armoured vehicle fleets). In addition, new systems (such as C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters) have also been acquired for the Armed Forces. Although the viability of the Canada First Defence Strategy continues to suffer setbacks from challenging and evolving fiscal and other factors, it originally aimed to: Answer: ", "completion": "2006"}
{"prompt": "What is one of the issues with affirmative action? Proponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal; however, minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America, they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account. Furthermore, those in favor of affirmative action see it as an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice. \"Job discrimination is grounded in prejudice and exclusion, whereas affirmative action is an effort to overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion. The most effective way to cure society of exclusionary practices is to make special efforts at inclusion, which is exactly what affirmative action does.\" Answer: ", "completion": "inherently unequal"}
{"prompt": "What is a main practical difficulty in determining n? There are both practical and theoretical difficulties in determining h. The practical difficulties can be illustrated by the fact that the two most accurate methods, the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method, do not appear to agree with one another. The most likely reason is that the measurement uncertainty for one (or both) of the methods has been estimated too low \u2013 it is (or they are) not as precise as is currently believed \u2013 but for the time being there is no indication which method is at fault. Answer: ", "completion": "the two most accurate methods, the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method, do not appear to agree with one another"}
{"prompt": "The Crete ecoregion is known as what? Phytogeographically, Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency, the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions: the Illyrian deciduous forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rhodope montane mixed forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests. Answer: ", "completion": "Mediterranean forests"}
{"prompt": "Familiarty with the style expected for any given composer is required for what kind of performance? Performance of classical music repertoire requires a proficiency in sight-reading and ensemble playing, harmonic principles, strong ear training (to correct and adjust pitches by ear), knowledge of performance practice (e.g., Baroque ornamentation), and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom expected for a given composer or musical work (e.g., a Brahms symphony or a Mozart concerto). Answer: ", "completion": "classical music"}
{"prompt": "A group of 8 bits is called what? In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers (28 = 256); either from 0 to 255 or \u2212128 to +127. To store larger numbers, several consecutive bytes may be used (typically, two, four or eight). When negative numbers are required, they are usually stored in two's complement notation. Other arrangements are possible, but are usually not seen outside of specialized applications or historical contexts. A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be represented numerically. Modern computers have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory. Answer: ", "completion": "a byte"}
{"prompt": "How many museums are in Oklahoma? Oklahoma is in the nation's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts, ranking 17th, and contains more than 300 museums. The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States, and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman, one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country, documents the natural history of the region. The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa, which also holds the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West. Answer: ", "completion": "more than 300"}
{"prompt": "The idea that identity is made of components that are identified by individuals is what idea? These different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidity, contingency, negotiated and so on. Brubaker and Cooper note a tendency in many scholars to confuse identity as a category of practice and as a category of analysis (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 5). Indeed, many scholars demonstrate a tendency to follow their own preconceptions of identity, following more or less the frameworks listed above, rather than taking into account the mechanisms by which the concept is crystallised as reality. In this environment, some analysts, such as Brubaker and Cooper, have suggested doing away with the concept completely (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 1). Others, by contrast, have sought to introduce alternative concepts in an attempt to capture the dynamic and fluid qualities of human social self-expression. Hall (1992, 1996), for example, suggests treating identity as a process, to take into account the reality of diverse and ever-changing social experience. Some scholars have introduced the idea of identification, whereby identity is perceived as made up of different components that are 'identified' and interpreted by individuals. The construction of an individual sense of self is achieved by personal choices regarding who and what to associate with. Such approaches are liberating in their recognition of the role of the individual in social interaction and the construction of identity. Answer: ", "completion": "the idea of identification"}
{"prompt": "How many barrels of crude were upgraders making per day by 2015? Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100 ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400 ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility. The process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta during the 1920s. After extraction from the sand, the bitumen is fed into a bitumen upgrader which converts it into a light crude oil equivalent. This synthetic substance is fluid enough to be transferred through conventional oil pipelines and can be fed into conventional oil refineries without any further treatment. By 2015 Canadian bitumen upgraders were producing over 1 million barrels (160\u00d710^3 m3) per day of synthetic crude oil, of which 75% was exported to oil refineries in the United States. Answer: ", "completion": "1 million barrels"}
{"prompt": "Which city has the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe? Melbourne has the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe, a population comparable to some larger Greek cities like Larissa and Volos. Thessaloniki is Melbourne's Greek sister city. The Vietnamese surname Nguyen is the second most common in Melbourne's phone book after Smith. The city also features substantial Indian, Sri Lankan, and Malaysian-born communities, in addition to recent South African and Sudanese influxes. The cultural diversity is reflected in the city's restaurants that serve international cuisines. Answer: ", "completion": "Melbourne"}
{"prompt": "How is paperfoam commonly disposed of? Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as paperfoam, the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper. Answer: ", "completion": "recycled"}
{"prompt": "Why did von Neumann join government work? Von Neumann entered government service (Manhattan Project) primarily because he felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism, Fascism and Soviet Communism. During a Senate committee hearing he described his political ideology as \"violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm\". He was quoted in 1950 remarking, \"If you say why not bomb [the Soviets] tomorrow, I say, why not today? If you say today at five o'clock, I say why not one o'clock?\" Answer: ", "completion": "felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism"}
{"prompt": "Who supervised sacred rites during the era of kings? In the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices increased. By the late Republican era, the flamines were supervised by the pontifical collegia. The rex sacrorum had become a relatively obscure priesthood with an entirely symbolic title: his religious duties still included the daily, ritual announcement of festivals and priestly duties within two or three of the latter but his most important priestly role \u2013 the supervision of the Vestals and their rites \u2013 fell to the more politically powerful and influential pontifex maximus. Answer: ", "completion": "rex sacrorum"}
{"prompt": "What community rejects the idea there are biologically distinct races? The concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct \"races\", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community. Since all human beings belong to the same species, the ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intolerance) rejects theories based on the existence of different \"races\". However, in its Recommendation ECRI uses this term in order to ensure that those persons who are generally and erroneously perceived as belonging to \"another race\" are not excluded from the protection provided for by the legislation. The law claims to reject the existence of \"race\", yet penalize situations where someone is treated less favourably on this ground. Answer: ", "completion": "scientific"}
{"prompt": "What Israel-Arab satirist is internationally known? In 1966, Shmuel Yosef Agnon shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with German Jewish author Nelly Sachs. Leading Israeli poets have been Yehuda Amichai, Nathan Alterman and Rachel Bluwstein. Internationally famous contemporary Israeli novelists include Amos Oz, Etgar Keret and David Grossman. The Israeli-Arab satirist Sayed Kashua (who writes in Hebrew) is also internationally known.[citation needed] Israel has also been the home of two leading Palestinian poets and writers: Emile Habibi, whose novel The Secret Life of Saeed the Pessoptimist, and other writings, won him the Israel prize for Arabic literature; and Mahmoud Darwish, considered by many to be \"the Palestinian national poet.\" Darwish was born and raised in northern Israel, but lived his adult life abroad after joining the Palestine Liberation Organization.[citation needed] Answer: ", "completion": "Sayed Kashua"}
{"prompt": "What year did the sixth season of American Idol first air? Season six began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers. Answer: ", "completion": "2007"}
{"prompt": "How much money was used to strengthen the construction of the school? Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a major overhaul of his school. During that time he obtained more than 400,000 yuan (US$60,000) from the county education department, money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school, as well as secure its concrete floors. Answer: ", "completion": "400,000 yuan"}
{"prompt": "How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die? Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?\u20131623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the east exit of Tokyo Station is known as Yaesu (\u516b\u91cd\u6d32). Yaesu is a corruption of the Dutchman's Japanese name, Yayousu (\u8036\u694a\u5b50). Also in common with Adam's, Joostens was given a Red Seal Ship (\u6731\u5370\u8239) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground. Answer: ", "completion": "drowned after his ship ran aground"}
{"prompt": "What lacquer is bitumen used to make for iron and steel production? Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel, and it is also used in paint and marker inks by some graffiti supply companies to increase the weather resistance and permanence of the paint or ink, and to make the color much darker.[citation needed] Asphalt/bitumen is also used to seal some alkaline batteries during the manufacturing process. Answer: ", "completion": "Japan black"}
{"prompt": "How many mortgage loans did Clayton Holdings review in their analysis? In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, officers of Clayton Holdings\u2014the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe\u2014testified that Clayton's review of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scarcely 54% of the loans met their originators\u2019 underwriting standards. The analysis (conducted on behalf of 23 investment and commercial banks, including 7 \"too big to fail\" banks) additionally showed that 28% of the sampled loans did not meet the minimal standards of any issuer. Clayton's analysis further showed that 39% of these loans (i.e. those not meeting any issuer's minimal underwriting standards) were subsequently securitized and sold to investors. Answer: ", "completion": "900,000"}
{"prompt": "What is the tuition per academic year at Memorial University of Newfoundland? St. John's is served by the Eastern School District, the largest school district in Newfoundland and Labrador by student population. There are currently 36 primary, elementary and secondary schools in the city of St. John's, including three private schools. St. John's also includes one school that is part of the province-wide Conseil Scolaire Francophone (CSF), the Francophone public school district. It also contains two private schools, St. Bonaventure's College and Lakecrest Independent. Atlantic Canada's largest university, Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN), is located in St. John's. MUN provides comprehensive education and grants degrees in several fields and its historical strengths in engineering, business, geology, and medicine, make MUN one of the top comprehensive universities in Canada. The Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland (MI) or simply Marine Institute, is a post-secondary ocean and marine polytechnic located in St. John's and is affiliated with Memorial University of Newfoundland. MUN also offers the lowest tuition in Canada ($2,644, per Academic Year) Answer: ", "completion": "$2,644"}
{"prompt": "What scandal prompted Palmerstons removal in 1851? Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen. She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen. Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister. The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby. Answer: ", "completion": "he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister"}
{"prompt": "From what time has the Latin alphabet been used to transcribe Sanskrit? Since the late 18th century, Sanskrit has been transliterated using the Latin alphabet. The system most commonly used today is the IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration), which has been the academic standard since 1888. ASCII-based transliteration schemes have also evolved because of difficulties representing Sanskrit characters in computer systems. These include Harvard-Kyoto and ITRANS, a transliteration scheme that is used widely on the Internet, especially in Usenet and in email, for considerations of speed of entry as well as rendering issues. With the wide availability of Unicode-aware web browsers, IAST has become common online. It is also possible to type using an alphanumeric keyboard and transliterate to Devanagari using software like Mac OS X's international support. Answer: ", "completion": "late 18th century"}
{"prompt": "What part did Mozart and Beethoven often improvise? The primacy of the composer's written score has also led, today, to a relatively minor role played by improvisation in classical music, in sharp contrast to the practice of musicians who lived during the baroque, classical and romantic era. Improvisation in classical music performance was common during both the Baroque and early romantic eras, yet lessened strongly during the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries. During the classical era, Mozart and Beethoven often improvised the cadenzas to their piano concertos (and thereby encouraged others to do so), but they also provided written cadenzas for use by other soloists. In opera, the practice of singing strictly by the score, i.e. come scritto, was famously propagated by soprano Maria Callas, who called this practice 'straitjacketing' and implied that it allows the intention of the composer to be understood better, especially during studying the music for the first time. Answer: ", "completion": "the cadenzas to their piano concertos"}
{"prompt": "When was the case of Reynolds v. United States? Jefferson's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court. In Reynolds v. United States (1879) the Court wrote that Jefferson's comments \"may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the [First] Amendment.\" In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), Justice Hugo Black wrote: \"In the words of Thomas Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state.\" Answer: ", "completion": "1879"}
{"prompt": "What was the modern Conservative party created from? The modern Conservative Party was created out of the 'Pittite' Tories of the early 19th century. In the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results. Following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coalition of forces. Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto in 1834 which set out the basic principles of Conservatism; \u2013 the necessity in specific cases of reform in order to survive, but an opposition to unnecessary change, that could lead to \"a perpetual vortex of agitation\". Meanwhile, the Whigs, along with free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel, and independent Radicals, formed the Liberal Party under Lord Palmerston in 1859, and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle-class, under the long leadership of William Ewart Gladstone. Answer: ", "completion": "the 'Pittite' Tories"}
{"prompt": "What are states not bound by? The other major implication of the Erie doctrine is that federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue (and thus no federal supremacy issue) in a case. When hearing claims under state law pursuant to diversity jurisdiction, federal trial courts must apply the statutory and decisional law of the state in which they sit, as if they were a court of that state, even if they believe that the relevant state law is irrational or just bad public policy. And under Erie, deference is one-way only: state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law. Answer: ", "completion": "federal interpretations of state law"}
{"prompt": "Research by what institution of higher learning showed that most New Yorkers support bicycle sharing? New York's high rate of public transit use, over 200,000 daily cyclists as of 2014, and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States. Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%. In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings, Walk Score named New York City the most walkable large city in the United States. Citibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the city's bike-share project in the summer of 2013. Research conducted by Quinnipiac University showed that a majority of New Yorkers support the initiative. New York City's numerical \"in-season cycling indicator\" of bicycling in the city hit an all-time high in 2013. Answer: ", "completion": "Quinnipiac University"}
{"prompt": "What is Setwin otherwise known as? The most commonly used forms of medium distance transport in Hyderabad include government owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws. Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre and carry over 130 million passengers daily across the entire network.:76 Hyderabad's light rail transportation system, the Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS), is a three line suburban rail service used by over 160,000 passengers daily. Complementing these government services are minibus routes operated by Setwin (Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities). Intercity rail services also operate from Hyderabad; the main, and largest, station is Secunderabad Railway Station, which serves as Indian Railways' South Central Railway zone headquarters and a hub for both buses and MMTS light rail services connecting Secunderabad and Hyderabad. Other major railway stations in Hyderabad are Hyderabad Deccan Station, Kachiguda Railway Station, Begumpet Railway Station, Malkajgiri Railway Station and Lingampally Railway Station. The Hyderabad Metro, a new rapid transit system, is to be added to the existing public transport infrastructure and is scheduled to operate three lines by 2015. Answer: ", "completion": "Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities"}
{"prompt": "Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what? During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-\u03b2-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone some months later. There is evidence that these steroids act directly not only on the primary and secondary sexual characteristics but also have an effect on the development and regulation of the immune system, including an increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity. There is also some evidence that cell surface receptors on B cells and macrophages may detect sex hormones in the system. Answer: ", "completion": "increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity"}
{"prompt": "How is that set up? Sometimes passenger elevators are used as a city transport along with funiculars. For example, there is a 3-station underground public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, which takes passengers from the top of a hill above the Black Sea on which hotels are perched, to a tunnel located on the beach below. At Casco Viejo station in the Bilbao Metro, the elevator that provides access to the station from a hilltop neighborhood doubles as city transportation: the station's ticket barriers are set up in such a way that passengers can pay to reach the elevator from the entrance in the lower city, or vice versa. See also the Elevators for urban transport section. Answer: ", "completion": "ticket barriers are set up in such a way that passengers can pay to reach the elevator from the entrance in the lower city, or vice versa"}
{"prompt": "What was proven about the alleged threats to Barcelona before the game? In 1943, Barcelona faced rivals Real Madrid in the semi-finals of Copa del General\u00edsimo (now the Copa del Rey). The first match at Les Corts was won by Barcelona 3\u20130. Real Madrid comfortably won the second leg, beating Barcelona 11\u20131. According to football writer Sid Lowe, \"There have been relatively few mentions of the game [since] and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid. Indeed, the 11\u20131 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona's history.\" It has been alleged by local journalist Paco Aguilar that Barcelona's players were threatened by police in the changing room, though nothing was ever proven. Answer: ", "completion": "nothing"}
{"prompt": "Which two major rivers are located in the Cordilleran system? The east coast Appalachian system, originally forest covered, is relatively low and narrow and is bordered on the southeast and south by an important coastal plain. The Cordilleran system on the western side of the continent is lofty, broad and complicated having two branches, the Rocky Mountain System and the Pacific Mountain System. In between these mountain systems lie the Intermontaine Plateaus. Both the Columbia River and Colorado River rise far inland near the easternmost members of the Cordilleran system, and flow through plateaus and intermontaine basins to the ocean. Heavy forests cover the northwest coast, but elsewhere trees are found only on the higher ranges below the Alpine region. The intermontane valleys, plateaus and basins range from treeless to desert with the most arid region being in the southwest. Answer: ", "completion": "Columbia River and Colorado River"}
{"prompt": "When did the Thermidorian Reaction take place? Some contemporaries alleged that Bonaparte was put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres following their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794, but Napoleon's secretary Bourrienne disputed the allegation in his memoirs. According to Bourrienne, jealousy was responsible, between the Army of the Alps and the Army of Italy (with whom Napoleon was seconded at the time). Bonaparte dispatched an impassioned defense in a letter to the commissar Salicetti, and he was subsequently acquitted of any wrongdoing. Answer: ", "completion": "July 1794"}
{"prompt": "These theorems have to assume what theory is correct? While the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest moments of the universe's history. The Penrose\u2013Hawking singularity theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of cosmic time. However, these theorems assume that general relativity is correct, but general relativity must break down before the universe reaches the Planck temperature, and a correct treatment of quantum gravity may avoid the singularity. Answer: ", "completion": "general relativity"}
{"prompt": "How long was Disraeli in office? Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert's death. The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men, though she was not in favour of votes for women. Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. \"Everyone likes flattery,\" he said, \"and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel.\" With the phrase \"we authors, Ma'am\", he complimented her. Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival, William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were \"a public meeting rather than a woman\". Answer: ", "completion": "matter of months"}
{"prompt": "Who feared engaging in direct conflict with the United States? The Chinese intervention in late October 1950 bolstered the Korean People's Air Force (KPAF) of North Korea with the MiG-15, one of the world's most advanced jet fighters. The fast, heavily armed MiG outflew first-generation UN jets such as the F-80 (United States Air Force) and Gloster Meteors (Royal Australian Air Force), posing a real threat to B-29 Superfortress bombers even under fighter escort. Fearful of confronting the United States directly, the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role, but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian. This known direct Soviet participation was a casus belli that the UN Command deliberately overlooked, lest the war for the Korean peninsula expand to include the Soviet Union, and potentially escalate into atomic warfare. Answer: ", "completion": "Soviet Union"}
{"prompt": "Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics? European comics studies began with T\u00f6pffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual\u2013verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text\u2013image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed \"closure\". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or \"multiframe\", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Beno\u00eet Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' po\u00efetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of \"les litt\u00e9ratures dessin\u00e9es\" (or \"drawn literatures\"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound \"grammars\" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music. Answer: ", "completion": "Neil Cohn"}
{"prompt": "On what ship did German ambassadors arrive in the Marshall Islands? Although the Spanish Empire had a residual claim on the Marshalls in 1874, when she began asserting her sovereignty over the Carolines, she made no effort to prevent the German Empire from gaining a foothold there. Britain also raised no objection to a German protectorate over the Marshalls in exchange for German recognition of Britain's rights in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. On October 13, 1885, SMS Nautilus under Captain R\u00f6tger brought German emissaries to Jaluit. They signed a treaty with Kabua, whom the Germans had earlier recognized as \"King of the Ralik Islands,\" on October 15. Answer: ", "completion": "SMS Nautilus"}
{"prompt": "Where is the Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum located? In modern Iran, he is considered a national icon, and is often regarded as one of the greatest Persians to have ever lived. A monument was erected outside the Bukhara museum[year needed]. The Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum in Hamadan was built in 1952. Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan (Iran), Avicenna Research Institute in Tehran (Iran), the ibn S\u012bn\u0101 Tajik State Medical University in Dushanbe, Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences at Aligarh, India, Avicenna School in Karachi and Avicenna Medical College in Lahore, Pakistan Ibne Sina Balkh Medical School in his native province of Balkh in Afghanistan, Ibni Sina Faculty Of Medicine of Ankara University Ankara, Turkey and Ibn Sina Integrated School in Marawi City (Philippines) are all named in his honour. His portrait hangs in the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris. There is also a crater on the Moon named Avicenna and a plant genus Avicennia. Answer: ", "completion": "Hamadan"}
{"prompt": "What system did Arthur Cronquist put forth in 1968, but not publish in full form until 1981? The internal classification of this group has undergone considerable revision. The Cronquist system, proposed by Arthur Cronquist in 1968 and published in its full form in 1981, is still widely used but is no longer believed to accurately reflect phylogeny. A consensus about how the flowering plants should be arranged has recently begun to emerge through the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG), which published an influential reclassification of the angiosperms in 1998. Updates incorporating more recent research were published as APG II in 2003 and as APG III in 2009. Answer: ", "completion": "The Cronquist system"}
{"prompt": "Heroic deeds are often a theme of what type of Rajasthani song? The Ghoomar dance from Jodhpur Marwar and Kalbeliya dance of Jaisalmer have gained international recognition. Folk music is a large part of Rajasthani culture. Kathputli, Bhopa, Chang, Teratali, Ghindr, Kachchhighori, and Tejaji are examples of traditional Rajasthani culture. Folk songs are commonly ballads which relate heroic deeds and love stories; and religious or devotional songs known as bhajans and banis which are often accompanied by musical instruments like dholak, sitar, and sarangi are also sung. Answer: ", "completion": "Folk songs"}
{"prompt": "When did comic books make an appearance? Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent. Answer: ", "completion": "1930s"}
{"prompt": "When did the wars against Spanish rule occur? The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule. Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries. The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century, from 1808 until 1829, directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain. The conflict started with short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville. Answer: ", "completion": "1808 until 1829"}
{"prompt": "What year did Queen Victoria die? In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black. On 25 January, Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped lift her body into the coffin. She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her funeral was held on Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. As she was laid to rest at the mausoleum, it began to snow. Answer: ", "completion": "1897"}
{"prompt": "Which road runs from the Washington Bridge to the Henry Hudson Parkway? 181st Street is a major thoroughfare running through the Washington Heights neighborhood. It runs from the Washington Bridge in the east, to the Henry Hudson Parkway in the west, near the George Washington Bridge and the Hudson River. The west end is called Plaza Lafayette. Answer: ", "completion": "181st Street"}
{"prompt": "When was Richmond first settled? The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609, and in 1610\u20131611. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737. It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the Revolutionary War period, several notable events occurred in the city, including Patrick Henry's \"Give me liberty or give me death\" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church, and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America. The city entered the 20th century with one of the world's first successful electric streetcar systems, as well as a national hub of African-American commerce and culture, the Jackson Ward neighborhood. Answer: ", "completion": "1609"}
{"prompt": "The chirigotas, choirs and comparsas are the most famous of what? The most famous groups are the chirigotas, choirs and comparsas. The chirigotas are well known witty, satiric popular groups who sing about politics, new times and household topics, wearing the same costume, which they prepare for the whole year. The Choirs (coros) are wider groups that go on open carts through the streets singing with an orchestra of guitars and lutes. Their signature piece is the \"Carnival Tango\", alternating comical and serious repertory. The comparsas are the serious counterpart of the chirigota in C\u00e1diz, and the poetic lyrics and the criticism are their main ingredients. They have a more elaborated polyphony that is easily recognizable by the typical countertenor voice. Answer: ", "completion": "groups"}
{"prompt": "Who provides helpful information to Link? When Link enters the Twilight Realm, the void that corrupts parts of Hyrule, he transforms into a wolf.[h] He is eventually able to transform between his Hylian and wolf forms at will. As a wolf, Link loses the ability to use his sword, shield, or any secondary items; he instead attacks by biting, and defends primarily by dodging attacks. However, \"Wolf Link\" gains several key advantages in return\u2014he moves faster than he does as a human (though riding Epona is still faster) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items, and has improved senses, including the ability to follow scent trails.[i] He also carries Midna, a small imp-like creature who gives him hints, uses an energy field to attack enemies, helps him jump long distances, and eventually allows Link to \"warp\" to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld.[j] Using Link's wolf senses, the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight, as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes.[k] Answer: ", "completion": "Midna"}
{"prompt": "What notable idealist was responsible for a \"world ground\" theory? Christian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the \"world ground\" in which all things find their unity: it has been widely accepted by Protestant theologians. Several modern religious movements, for example the organizations within the New Thought Movement and the Unity Church, may be said to have a particularly idealist orientation. The theology of Christian Science includes a form of idealism: it teaches that all that truly exists is God and God's ideas; that the world as it appears to the senses is a distortion of the underlying spiritual reality, a distortion that may be corrected (both conceptually and in terms of human experience) through a reorientation (spiritualization) of thought. Answer: ", "completion": "Hermann Lotze"}
{"prompt": "What did they transcribe Florida's name as? While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528, the members of the Narv\u00e1ez expedition, including \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca, found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee, Florida whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen [a.pa\u02c8la.t\u0283\u025bn]. The name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. P\u00e1nfilo de Narv\u00e1ez's expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15, 1528, and applied the name. Now spelled \"Appalachian,\" it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US. Answer: ", "completion": "Apalchen"}
{"prompt": "Where was Chopin's funeral held? The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded. Answer: ", "completion": "the Church of the Madeleine in Paris"}
{"prompt": "Where did armistice negotiations occur? For the remainder of the Korean War the UN Command and the PVA fought, but exchanged little territory; the stalemate held. Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued, and protracted armistice negotiations began 10 July 1951 at Kaesong. On the Chinese side, Zhou Enlai directed peace talks, and Li Kenong and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team. Combat continued while the belligerents negotiated; the UN Command forces' goal was to recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory. The PVA and the KPA attempted similar operations, and later effected military and psychological operations in order to test the UN Command's resolve to continue the war. Answer: ", "completion": "Kaesong"}
{"prompt": "What empire began promulgating a new vocabulary? Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the \"far east\" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indies. The Crimean War brought a change in vocabulary with the introduction of terms more familiar to the late 19th century. The Russian Empire had entered a more aggressive phase, becoming militarily active against the Ottoman Empire and also against China, with territorial aggrandizement explicitly in mind. Rethinking its policy the British government decided that the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power. It therefore undertook to oppose the Russians in both places, one result being the Crimean War. During that war the administration of the British Empire began promulgating a new vocabulary, giving specific regional meaning to \"the Near East,\" the Ottoman Empire, and \"the Far East,\" the East Indies. The two terms were now compound nouns often shown hyphenated. Answer: ", "completion": "the British Empire"}
{"prompt": "When was the abacus first seen between? The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. The period c. 2700 \u2013 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube. Answer: ", "completion": "2700 \u2013 2300 BC"}
{"prompt": "When did union forces occupy coastal areas of North carolina? After secession, some North Carolinians refused to support the Confederacy. Some of the yeoman farmers in the state's mountains and western Piedmont region remained neutral during the Civil War, while some covertly supported the Union cause during the conflict. Approximately 2,000 North Carolinians from western North Carolina enlisted in the Union Army and fought for the North in the war. Two additional Union Army regiments were raised in the coastal areas of the state, which were occupied by Union forces in 1862 and 1863. Numerous slaves escaped to Union lines, where they became essentially free. Answer: ", "completion": "1862 and 1863"}
{"prompt": "What does SECARMY stand for? As a uniformed military service, the Army is part of the Department of the Army, which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant, the Secretary of the Army (SECARMY), and by a chief military officer, the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In the fiscal year 2016, the projected end strength for the Regular Army (USA) was 475,000 soldiers; the Army National Guard (ARNG) had 342,000 soldiers, and the United States Army Reserve (USAR) had 198,000 soldiers; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,015,000 soldiers. As a branch of the armed forces, the mission of the U.S. Army is \"to fight and win our Nation's wars, by providing prompt, sustained, land dominance, across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict, in support of combatant commanders.\" The service participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force. Answer: ", "completion": "Secretary of the Army"}
{"prompt": "How did Mark Anthony's love die? The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome. Nevertheless, Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest. Answer: ", "completion": "suicide"}
{"prompt": "In kilometers, how far off the coast was Smeaton's Tower originally built? After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of Plymouth Hoe, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces. Guided tours are available in the summer months. Further west is Smeaton's Tower, which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles (23 km) off shore, but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the Hoe in 1877. It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room. Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Answer: ", "completion": "23"}
{"prompt": "Who is the ruler of the Congo? The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist\u2013Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years. Answer: ", "completion": "Denis Sassou Nguesso"}
{"prompt": "What types of services will be offered by the BeiDou system? There are two levels of service provided \u2014 a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military. The free civilian service has a 10-meter location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s. The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 centimetres, can be used for communication, and will supply information about the system status to the user. To date, the military service has been granted only to the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan. Answer: ", "completion": "a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military"}
{"prompt": "What prize was awarded to the winning amateur dirctor film at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival? Short Films, Big Ideas was launched at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival in partnership with cinelan. Stories included breakthroughs in Slingshot (water vapor distillation system), cancer research, energy production, pain management and food access. Each of the 30 films received world premiere screenings at a major international film festival, including the Sundance Film Festival and the Tribeca Film Festival. The winning amateur director film, The Cyborg Foundation, was awarded a US$100,000 prize at the 2013 at Sundance Film Festival.[citation needed] According to GE, the campaign garnered more than 1.5 billion total media impressions, 14 million online views, and was seen in 156 countries.[citation needed] Answer: ", "completion": "US$100,000"}
{"prompt": "When did Ottoman rule occur in Cyprus? The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC. As a strategic location in the Middle East, it was subsequently occupied by several major powers, including the empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians, from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great. Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt, the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire, Arab caliphates for a short period, the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians, was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 (de jure until 1914). Answer: ", "completion": "between 1571 and 1878"}
{"prompt": "Who wrote that a Soviet invasion of Japan was unlikely? On 6 August 1945, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima in the first nuclear attack in history. In a press release issued after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Truman warned Japan to surrender or \"...expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth.\" Three days later, on 9 August, the U.S. dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki, the last nuclear attack in history. More than 140,000\u2013240,000 people died as a direct result of these two bombings. The necessity of the atomic bombings has long been debated, with detractors claiming that a naval blockade and aerial bombing campaign had already made invasion, hence the atomic bomb, unnecessary. However, other scholars have argued that the bombings shocked the Japanese government into surrender, with Emperor finally indicating his wish to stop the war. Another argument in favor of the atomic bombs is that they helped avoid Operation Downfall, or a prolonged blockade and bombing campaign, any of which would have exacted much higher casualties among Japanese civilians. Historian Richard B. Frank wrote that a Soviet invasion of Japan was never likely because they had insufficient naval capability to mount an amphibious invasion of Hokkaid\u014d. Answer: ", "completion": "Richard B. Frank"}
{"prompt": "Photodermatitis, nausea, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are all what type of side effect? Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease. Answer: ", "completion": "Adverse effects"}
{"prompt": "What codecs are supported for 360 streaming from uShare? Music, photos and videos can be played from standard USB mass storage devices, Xbox 360 proprietary storage devices (such as memory cards or Xbox 360 hard drives), and servers or computers with Windows Media Center or Windows XP with Service pack 2 or higher within the local-area network in streaming mode. As the Xbox 360 uses a modified version of the UPnP AV protocol, some alternative UPnP servers such as uShare (part of the GeeXboX project) and MythTV can also stream media to the Xbox 360, allowing for similar functionality from non-Windows servers. This is possible with video files up to HD-resolution and with several codecs (MPEG-2, MPEG-4, WMV) and container formats (WMV, MOV, TS). Answer: ", "completion": "MPEG-2, MPEG-4, WMV"}
{"prompt": "Who opened the original \"modern\" department store in America? In 1877, John Wanamaker opened the United State's first modern department store in a former Pennsylvania Railroad freight terminal in Philadelphia. Wanamakers was the first department store to offer fixed prices marked on every article and also introduced electrical illumination (1878), the telephone (1879), and the use of pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents (1880) to the department store business. Subsequent department stores founded in Philadelphia included Strawbridge and Clothier, Gimbels, Lit Brothers, and Snellenbergs. Answer: ", "completion": "John Wanamaker"}
{"prompt": "In what year was the Congress of Erfurt held? Before going to Iberia, Napoleon decided to address several lingering issues with the Russians. At the Congress of Erfurt in October 1808, Napoleon hoped to keep Russia on his side during the upcoming struggle in Spain and during any potential conflict against Austria. The two sides reached an agreement, the Erfurt Convention, that called upon Britain to cease its war against France, that recognized the Russian conquest of Finland from Sweden, and that affirmed Russian support for France in a possible war against Austria \"to the best of its ability.\" Napoleon then returned to France and prepared for war. The Grande Arm\u00e9e, under the Emperor's personal command, rapidly crossed the Ebro River in November 1808 and inflicted a series of crushing defeats against the Spanish forces. After clearing the last Spanish force guarding the capital at Somosierra, Napoleon entered Madrid on 4 December with 80,000 troops. He then unleashed his soldiers against Moore and the British forces. The British were swiftly driven to the coast, and they withdrew from Spain entirely after a last stand at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809. Answer: ", "completion": "1808"}
{"prompt": "Who created the first electrostatic device? Perhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Amp\u00e8re's force law, was discovered later by Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re in 1820. The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet (PM) was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments, brine substituting for toxic mercury. Though Barlow's wheel was an early refinement to this Faraday demonstration, these and similar homopolar motors were to remain unsuited to practical application until late in the century. Answer: ", "completion": "Andrew Gordon"}
{"prompt": "What did Seagram sell to finance their purchase of a share in MCA/Universal? Matsushita provided a cash infusion, but the clash of cultures was too great to overcome, and five years later Matsushita sold an 80% stake in MCA/Universal to Canadian drinks distributor Seagram for $5.7 billion. Seagram sold off its stake in DuPont to fund this expansion into the entertainment industry. Hoping to build an entertainment empire around Universal, Seagram bought PolyGram in 1999 and other entertainment properties, but the fluctuating profits characteristic of Hollywood were no substitute for the reliable income stream gained from the previously held shares in DuPont. Answer: ", "completion": "its stake in DuPont"}
{"prompt": "Who runs Plymouth's railroad station? Plymouth railway station, which opened in 1877, is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network. Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line. First Great Western have come under fire recently, due to widespread rail service cuts across the south-west, which affect Plymouth greatly. Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy. Answer: ", "completion": "Great Western Railway"}
{"prompt": "What do psychologists use to visually map emotional experiences? Through the use of multidimensional scaling, psychologists can map out similar emotional experiences, which allows a visual depiction of the \"emotional distance\" between experiences. A further step can be taken by looking at the map's dimensions of the emotional experiences. The emotional experiences are divided into two dimensions known as valence (how negative or positive the experience feels) and arousal (how energized or enervated the experience feels). These two dimensions can be depicted on a 2D coordinate map. This two-dimensional map was theorized to capture one important component of emotion called core affect. Core affect is not the only component to emotion, but gives the emotion its hedonic and felt energy. Answer: ", "completion": "multidimensional scaling"}
{"prompt": "What was a negative of regulating the lake's water height? The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. As the depth of the lake water fluctuated, Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding. A major labor draft, the desag\u00fce, compelled thousands of Indians over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding. Floods were not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, since during flood periods human waste polluted the city's streets. By draining the area, the mosquito population dropped as did the frequency of the diseases they spread. However, draining the wetlands also changed the habitat for fish and birds and the areas accessible for Indian cultivation close to the capital. Answer: ", "completion": "changed the habitat for fish and birds"}
{"prompt": "For what action during the Italian campaign did the royalists condemn Bonaparte? During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in his army and another for circulation in France. The royalists attacked Bonaparte for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator. All told, Napoleon's forces extracted an estimated $45 million in funds from Italy during their campaign there, another $12 million in precious metals and jewels; atop that, his forces confiscated more than three-hundred priceless paintings and sculptures. Bonaparte sent General Pierre Augereau to Paris to lead a coup d'\u00e9tat and purge the royalists on 4 September\u2014Coup of 18 Fructidor. This left Barras and his Republican allies in control again but dependent on Bonaparte, who proceeded to peace negotiations with Austria. These negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Campo Formio, and Bonaparte returned to Paris in December as a hero. He met Talleyrand, France's new Foreign Minister\u2014who later served in the same capacity for Emperor Napoleon\u2014and they began to prepare for an invasion of Britain. Answer: ", "completion": "looting"}
{"prompt": "What did a red flag signal in the Middle Ages? Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game. Answer: ", "completion": "defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it"}
{"prompt": "Bell sketched a design that looked like the work of who? Bell's patent 174,465, was issued to Bell on March 7, 1876, by the U.S. Patent Office. Bell's patent covered \"the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound\" [N 16] Bell returned to Boston the same day and the next day resumed work, drawing in his notebook a diagram similar to that in Gray's patent caveat. Answer: ", "completion": "Gray"}
{"prompt": "How many tourists visited Galicia in 2007? Galicia was late to catch the tourism boom that has swept Spain in recent decades, but the coastal regions (especially the R\u00edas Baixas and Santiago de Compostela) are now significant tourist destinations and are especially popular with visitors from other regions in Spain, where the majority of tourists come from. In 2007, 5.7 million tourists visited Galicia, an 8% growth over the previous year, and part of a continual pattern of growth in this sector. 85% of tourists who visit Galicia visit Santiago de Compostela. Tourism constitutes 12% of Galician GDP and employs about 12% of the regional workforce. Answer: ", "completion": "5.7 million"}
{"prompt": "What Apple mouse 1st used multi-touch gesture recognition? Apple was initially reluctant to embrace mice with multiple buttons and scroll wheels. Macs did not natively support pointing devices that featured multiple buttons, even from third parties, until Mac OS X arrived in 2001. Apple continued to offer only single button mice, in both wired and Bluetooth wireless versions, until August 2005, when it introduced the Mighty Mouse. While it looked like a traditional one-button mouse, it actually had four buttons and a scroll ball, capable of independent x- and y-axis movement. A Bluetooth version followed in July 2006. In October 2009, Apple introduced the Magic Mouse, which uses multi-touch gesture recognition (similar to that of the iPhone) instead of a physical scroll wheel or ball. It is available only in a wireless configuration, but the wired Mighty Mouse (re-branded as \"Apple Mouse\") is still available as an alternative. Since 2010, Apple has also offered the Magic Trackpad as a means to control Macintosh desktop computers in a way similar to laptops. Answer: ", "completion": "Magic Mouse"}
{"prompt": "A Soviet double agent working for The Times in Spain was a war correspondent during what war in the late 1930s? Kim Philby, a Soviet double agent, was a correspondent for the newspaper in Spain during the Spanish Civil War of the late 1930s. Philby was admired for his courage in obtaining high-quality reporting from the front lines of the bloody conflict. He later joined MI6 during World War II, was promoted into senior positions after the war ended, then eventually defected to the Soviet Union in 1963. Answer: ", "completion": "Spanish Civil War"}
{"prompt": "What company was forced to sell its interest in NBCUniversal as part of the purchase deal? Media outlets began reporting in late September 2009 that Comcast was in talks to buy NBCUniversal. Comcast denied the rumors at first, while NBC would not comment on them. However, CNBC itself reported on October 1 that General Electric was considering spinning NBCUniversal off into a separate company that would merge the NBC television network and its cable properties such as USA Network, Syfy and MSNBC with Comcast's content assets. GE would maintain 49% control of the new company, while Comcast owned 51%. Vivendi, which owns 20%, would have to sell its stake to GE. It was reported that under the current deal with GE that it would happen in November or December. It was also reported that Time Warner would be interested in placing a bid, until CEO Jeffrey L. Bewkes directly denied interest, leaving Comcast the sole bidder. On November 1, 2009, The New York Times reported Comcast had moved closer to a deal to purchase NBCUniversal and that a formal announcement could be made sometime the following week. Answer: ", "completion": "Vivendi"}
{"prompt": "What caused the revolution against the Qing dynasty? The last days of the Qing Dynasty were marked by civil unrest and foreign invasions. Responding to these civil failures and discontent, the Qing Imperial Court did attempt to reform the government in various ways, such as the decision to draft a constitution in 1906, the establishment of provincial legislatures in 1909, and the preparation for a national parliament in 1910. However, many of these measures were opposed by the conservatives of the Qing Court, and many reformers were either imprisoned or executed outright. The failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization caused the reformists to steer toward the road of revolution. Answer: ", "completion": "failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization"}
{"prompt": "Which entity runs the Bronx's public noncharter schools? Education in the Bronx is provided by a large number of public and private institutions, many of which draw students who live beyond the Bronx. The New York City Department of Education manages public noncharter schools in the borough. In 2000, public schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx's residents over 3 years old (out of 333,100 enrolled in all pre-college schools). There are also several public charter schools. Private schools range from \u00e9lite independent schools to religiously affiliated schools run by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations. Answer: ", "completion": "The New York City Department of Education"}
{"prompt": "Who was he accused of harming? Athanasius's first problem lay with Meletius of Lycopolis and his followers, who had failed to abide by the First Council of Nicaea. That council also anathematized Arius. Accused of mistreating Arians and Meletians, Athanasius answered those charges at a gathering of bishops in Tyre, the First Synod of Tyre, in 335. There, Eusebius of Nicomedia and other supporters of Arius deposed Athanasius. On 6 November, both sides of the dispute met with Emperor Constantine I in Constantinople. At that meeting, the Arians claimed Athanasius would try to cut off essential Egyptian grain supplies to Constantinople. He was found guilty, and sent into exile to Augusta Treverorum in Gaul (now Trier in Germany). Answer: ", "completion": "Arians and Meletians"}
{"prompt": "What are hymns to the Theotokos called in Orthodox tradition? Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the \"Lady of the Angels\". Answer: ", "completion": "The Theotokia"}
{"prompt": "The former 132nd Street Bus Depot is located between Broadway and what other drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood? The Manhattanville Bus Depot (formerly known as the 132nd Street Bus Depot) is located on West 132nd and 133rd Street between Broadway and Riverside Drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood. Answer: ", "completion": "Riverside Drive"}
{"prompt": "When did Creative and Apple come to an agreement over their intellectual property issues? On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the Made for iPod program. Answer: ", "completion": "August 24, 2006"}
{"prompt": "what is the code point of the BOM? The UCS-2 and UTF-16 encodings specify the Unicode Byte Order Mark (BOM) for use at the beginnings of text files, which may be used for byte ordering detection (or byte endianness detection). The BOM, code point U+FEFF has the important property of unambiguity on byte reorder, regardless of the Unicode encoding used; U+FFFE (the result of byte-swapping U+FEFF) does not equate to a legal character, and U+FEFF in other places, other than the beginning of text, conveys the zero-width non-break space (a character with no appearance and no effect other than preventing the formation of ligatures). Answer: ", "completion": "U+FEFF"}
{"prompt": "What region did the Israelis occupy during the talks? After the war, Nasser returned to his role as an instructor at the Royal Military Academy. He sent emissaries to forge an alliance with the Muslim Brotherhood in October 1948, but soon concluded that the religious agenda of the Brotherhood was not compatible with his nationalism. From then on, Nasser prevented the Brotherhood's influence over his cadres' activities without severing ties with the organization. Nasser was sent as a member of the Egyptian delegation to Rhodes in February 1949 to negotiate a formal armistice with Israel, and reportedly considered the terms to be humiliating, particularly because the Israelis were able to easily occupy the Eilat region while negotiating with the Arabs in March. Answer: ", "completion": "Eilat"}
{"prompt": "How much money did Umax lose when it exited the low-end Mac clone market? When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 following the company's purchase of NeXT, he ordered that the OS that had been previewed as version 7.7 be branded Mac OS 8 (in place of the never-to-appear Copland OS). Since Apple had licensed only System 7 to third parties, this move effectively ended the clone line. The decision caused significant financial losses for companies like Motorola, who produced the StarMax; Umax, who produced the SuperMac; and Power Computing, who offered several lines of Mac clones, including the PowerWave, PowerTower, and PowerTower Pro. These companies had invested substantial resources in creating their own Mac-compatible hardware. Apple bought out Power Computing's license, but allowed Umax to continue selling Mac clones until their license expired, as they had a sizeable presence in the lower-end segment that Apple did not. In September 1997 Apple extended Umax' license allowing them to sell clones with Mac OS 8, the only clone maker to do so, but with the restriction that they only sell low-end systems. Without the higher profit margins of high-end systems, however, Umax judged this would not be profitable and exited the Mac clone market in May 1998, having lost USD$36 million on the program. Answer: ", "completion": "USD$36 million"}
{"prompt": "Descending letters tend to have a part which falls where relative to the average height of a letter? Typographically, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally have the same height. The height of the minuscules varies, as some of them have parts higher or lower than the average, i.e. ascenders and descenders. In Times New Roman, for instance, b, d, f, h, k, l, t are the letters with ascenders, and g, j, p, q, y are the ones with descenders. Further to this, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts\u2014although most do have a set of alternative Lining Figures\u2014 6 and 8 make up the ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 the descender set. Answer: ", "completion": "lower than the average"}
{"prompt": "When does Kanye intend to run for president? On August 30, 2015, West was presented with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the MTV Video Music Awards. In his acceptance speech, he stated, \"Y'all might be thinking right now, 'I wonder did he smoke something before he came out here?' And the answer is: 'Yes, I rolled up a little something. I knocked the edge off.'\" At the end of his speech, he announced, \"I have decided in 2020 to run for president.\" Answer: ", "completion": "2020"}
{"prompt": "What university is Arno Tausch from? In a factor analysis of the latest wave of World Values Survey data, Arno Tausch (Corvinus University of Budapest) found that Protestantism emerges to be very close to combining religion and the traditions of liberalism. The Global Value Development Index, calculated by Tausch, relies on the World Values Survey dimensions such as trust in the state of law, no support for shadow economy, postmaterial activism, support for democracy, a non-acceptance of violence, xenophobia and racism, trust in transnational capital and Universities, confidence in the market economy, supporting gender justice, and engaging in environmental activism, etc. Answer: ", "completion": "Corvinus University of Budapest"}
{"prompt": "What was Tuscon known as 12,000 years ago? Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 2100 BC.[citation needed] The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural period, circa 1200 BC to AD 150. These people constructed irrigation canals and grew corn, beans, and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery.[citation needed] Answer: ", "completion": "southern Arizona"}
{"prompt": "When did this Civil War take place to free the Iranian peoples from Assyrian rule? From the late 10th to late 7th centuries BC, the Iranian peoples, together with the pre-Iranian kingdoms, fell under the domination of the Assyrian Empire, based in northern Mesopotamia. Under king Cyaxares, the Medes and Persians entered into an alliance with Nabopolassar of Babylon, as well as the Scythians and the Cimmerians, and together they attacked the Assyrian Empire. The civil war ravaged the Assyrian Empire between 616 BC and 605 BC, thus freeing their respective peoples from three centuries of Assyrian rule. The unification of the Median tribes under a single ruler in 728 BC led to the foundation of the Median Empire which, by 612 BC, controlled the whole Iran and the eastern Anatolia. This marked the end of the Kingdom of Urartu as well, which was subsequently conquered and dissolved. Answer: ", "completion": "between 616 BC and 605 BC"}
{"prompt": "According to Liebman, about what percentage of death penalty habeas corpus petitions were successful between 1978 and 1995? James Liebman, a professor of law at Columbia Law School, stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was \"a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995.\" Similarly, a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher, finding that between \"1976 and 1991, approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted.\" The different numbers are largely definitional, rather than substantive. Freedam's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed, while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review. Answer: ", "completion": "40"}
{"prompt": "What department store was taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2010? The design and function of department stores in Germany followed the lead of London, Paris and New York. Germany used to have a number of department stores; nowadays only a few of them remain. Next to some smaller, independent department stores these are Karstadt (in 2010 taken over by Nicolas Berggruen, also operating the KaDeWe in Berlin, the Alsterhaus in Hamburg and the Oberpollinger in Munich), GALERIA Kaufhof (part of the Metro AG). Others like Hertie, Wertheim and Horten AG were taken over by others and either fully integrated or later closed. Answer: ", "completion": "Karstadt"}
{"prompt": "When was the Crimean War? In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853\u20131856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually, the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Balkan region. Answer: ", "completion": "1853\u20131856"}
{"prompt": "In what month and year did Plymouth see its highest temperature between 1971 and 2000? Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971\u20132000) will achieve a temperature of 26.6 \u00b0C (80 \u00b0F), although in June 1976 the temperature reached 31.6 \u00b0C (89 \u00b0F), the site record. On average, 4.25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25.1 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F) or above. During the winter half of the year, the coldest night will typically fall to \u22124.1 \u00b0C (25 \u00b0F) although in January 1979 the temperature fell to \u22128.8 \u00b0C (16 \u00b0F). Typically, 18.6 nights of the year will register an air frost. Answer: ", "completion": "June 1976"}
{"prompt": "Where was Imperial's science park programme located? In December 2005, Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus, with extensive housing; however, this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and that the true scale of the scheme, which could have raised \u00a3110m for the College, was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public. One commentator observed that Imperial's scheme reflected \"the state of democracy in Kent, the transformation of a renowned scientific college into a grasping, highly aggressive, neo-corporate institution, and the defence of the status of an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty \u2013 throughout England, not just Wye \u2013 against rampant greed backed by the connivance of two important local authorities. Wye College campus was finally closed in September 2009. Answer: ", "completion": "Wye campus"}
{"prompt": "Artist of the Decade was bestowed upon Beyonce from which magazine? In The New Yorker music critic Jody Rosen described Beyonc\u00e9 as \"the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty-first century..... the result, the logical end point, of a century-plus of pop.\" When The Guardian named her Artist of the Decade, Llewyn-Smith wrote, \"Why Beyonc\u00e9? [...] Because she made not one but two of the decade's greatest singles, with Crazy in Love and Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It), not to mention her hits with Destiny's Child; and this was the decade when singles \u2013 particularly R&B singles \u2013 regained their status as pop's favourite medium. [...] [She] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years.\" In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 made the Time 100 list, Baz Luhrmann writing \"no one has that voice, no one moves the way she moves, no one can hold an audience the way she does... When Beyonc\u00e9 does an album, when Beyonc\u00e9 sings a song, when Beyonc\u00e9 does anything, it's an event, and it's broadly influential. Right now, she is the heir-apparent diva of the USA \u2014 the reigning national voice.\" In 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 was listed again on the Time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue. Answer: ", "completion": "The Guardian"}
{"prompt": "What year was mulatto left off the US Census? In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules. Answer: ", "completion": "1920"}
{"prompt": "Why was collapsing the two values into one score a problem? Weinrich et al. (1993) and Weinberg et al. (1994) criticized the scale for lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories. When applying the scale, Kinsey considered two dimensions of sexual orientation: overt sexual experience and psychosexual reactions. Valuable information was lost by collapsing the two values into one final score. A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience. It would have been quite simple for Kinsey to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information. Furthermore, there are more than two dimensions of sexuality to be considered. Beyond behavior and reactions, one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle etc. This is addressed by the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid. Answer: ", "completion": "A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience"}
{"prompt": "When did the role of dogs change to be more than guardians or walking companions? \"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs\" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression \"in the doghouse\" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced. Answer: ", "completion": "1980s"}
{"prompt": "How long ago did the first vertebrate organisms appear? The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history, but the brains of modern hagfishes, lampreys, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals show a gradient of size and complexity that roughly follows the evolutionary sequence. All of these brains contain the same set of basic anatomical components, but many are rudimentary in the hagfish, whereas in mammals the foremost part (the telencephalon) is greatly elaborated and expanded. Answer: ", "completion": "over 500 million years ago"}
{"prompt": "When did New York City annex Kingsbridge? The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were abolished in the process. In 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, the whole of the territory east of the Bronx River, including the Town of Westchester (which had voted in 1894 against consolidation) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham, were annexed to the city. City Island, a nautical community, voted to join the city in 1896. Answer: ", "completion": "1873"}
{"prompt": "Who had admiration for the ancient Estonian culture? Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750\u20131840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century. Answer: ", "completion": "Estophile educated class"}
{"prompt": "How much electricity is imported by Estonia annually? In 2007, however, a large current account deficit and rising inflation put pressure on Estonia's currency, which was pegged to the Euro, highlighting the need for growth in export-generating industries. Estonia exports mainly machinery and equipment, wood and paper, textiles, food products, furniture, and metals and chemical products. Estonia also exports 1.562 billion kilowatt hours of electricity annually. At the same time Estonia imports machinery and equipment, chemical products, textiles, food products and transportation equipment. Estonia imports 200 million kilowatt hours of electricity annually. Answer: ", "completion": "200 million kilowatt hours"}
{"prompt": "What was the name of the large air raid that took place in daylight hours in Britain? It was decided to focus on bombing Britain's industrial cities in daylight to begin with. The main focus of the bombing operations was against the city of London. The first major raid in this regard took place on 7 September. On 15 September, on a date known as the Battle of Britain Day, a large-scale raid was launched in daylight, but suffered significant loss for no lasting gain. Although there were a few large air battles fought in daylight later in the month and into October, the Luftwaffe switched its main effort to night attacks in order to reduce losses. This became official policy on 7 October. The air campaign soon got underway against London and other British cities. However, the Luftwaffe faced limitations. Its aircraft\u2014Dornier Do 17, Junkers Ju 88, and Heinkel He 111s\u2014were capable of carrying out strategic missions, but were incapable of doing greater damage because of bomb-load limitations. The Luftwaffe's decision in the interwar period to concentrate on medium bombers can be attributed to several reasons: Hitler did not intend or foresee a war with Britain in 1939; the OKL believed a medium bomber could carry out strategic missions just as well as a heavy bomber force; and Germany did not possess the resources or technical ability to produce four-engined bombers before the war. Answer: ", "completion": "Battle of Britain Day"}
{"prompt": "How many tourists visit St. Barts each year? International investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists explain the high standard of living on the island. St. Barth\u00e9lemy is considered a playground of the rich and famous,[citation needed] especially as a winter haven, and is known for its beaches, gourmet dining and high-end designers. Most of the food is imported by airplane or boat from the US or France. Tourism attracts about 200,000 visitors every year. As a result, there is a boom in house building activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island, with prices as high as \u20ac61,200,000 for a beachfront villa. Answer: ", "completion": "200,000"}
{"prompt": "How much debt was the AFL reported to have as of July 20, 2009? On July 20, 2009, Sports Business Journal reported that the AFL owed approximately $14 million to its creditors and were considering filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. In early August 2009, numerous media outlets began reporting that the AFL was folding permanently and would file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. The league released a statement on August 4 to the effect that while the league was not folding, it was suspending league operations indefinitely. Despite this, several of the league's creditors filed papers to force a Chapter 7 liquidation if the league did not do so voluntarily. This request was granted on August 7, though converted to a Chapter 11 reorganization on August 26. Answer: ", "completion": "$14 million"}
{"prompt": "Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas? The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era. Answer: ", "completion": "Licchavis"}
{"prompt": "The present-day population of Ashkenazi Jews is thought to be between which two numbers? It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figures vary for the contemporary demography of Ashkenazi Jews, oscillating between 10 million and 11.2 million. Sergio DellaPergola in a rough calculation of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews, implies that Ashkenazi make up less than 74% of Jews worldwide. Other estimates place Ashkenazi Jews as making up about 75% of Jews worldwide. Answer: ", "completion": "10 million and 11.2 million"}
{"prompt": "What is breathy voice? So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter \u27e8\u25cc\u02b0\u27e9 after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the \"voiced aspirated\" bilabial stop \u27e8b\u02b0\u27e9 in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as \u27e8b\u0324\u27e9, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter \u27e8b\u02b1\u27e9, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative \u27e8\u0266\u27e9. Answer: ", "completion": "a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds"}
{"prompt": "In addition to the Mayflower Theatre, what's Southampton's other big venue for live music? Southampton has two large live music venues, the Mayflower Theatre (formerly the Gaumont Theatre) and the Guildhall. The Guildhall has seen concerts from a wide range of popular artists including Pink Floyd, David Bowie, Delirious?, Manic Street Preachers, The Killers, The Kaiser Chiefs, Amy Winehouse, Lostprophets, The Midnight Beast, Modestep, and All Time Low. It also hosts classical concerts presented by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, City of Southampton Orchestra, Southampton Concert Orchestra, Southampton Philharmonic Choir and Southampton Choral Society. Answer: ", "completion": "the Guildhall"}
{"prompt": "Which Google affiliated website did the National Archives decide to use in 2009? On June 18, 2009, the National Archives announced the launching of a YouTube channel \"to showcase popular archived films, inform the public about upcoming events around the country, and bring National Archives exhibits to the people.\" Also in 2009, the National Archives launched a Flickr photostream to share portions of its photographic holdings with the general public. A new teaching with documents website premiered in 2010 and was developed by the education team. The website features 3,000 documents, images, and recordings from the holdings of the Archives. The site also features lesson plans and tools for creating new classroom activities and lessons. Answer: ", "completion": "YouTube"}
{"prompt": "Who discussed rumors of a mysterious \"MacIntosh\" project in 1983? After the Lisa's announcement, John Dvorak discussed rumors of a mysterious \"MacIntosh\" project at Apple in February 1983. The company announced the Macintosh 128K\u2014manufactured at an Apple factory in Fremont, California\u2014in October 1983, followed by an 18-page brochure included with various magazines in December. The Macintosh was introduced by a US$1.5 million Ridley Scott television commercial, \"1984\". It most notably aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984, and is now considered a \"watershed event\" and a \"masterpiece.\" Regis McKenna called the ad \"more successful than the Mac itself.\" \"1984\" used an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by a Picasso-style picture of the computer on her white tank top) as a means of saving humanity from the \"conformity\" of IBM's attempts to dominate the computer industry. The ad alludes to George Orwell's novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which described a dystopian future ruled by a televised \"Big Brother.\" Answer: ", "completion": "John Dvorak"}
{"prompt": "What is one family of birds have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid to their chicks? Most birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the pigeon, finch, mousebird, button-quail and bustard families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads. Some desert birds depend on water sources and sandgrouse are particularly well known for their daily congregations at waterholes. Nesting sandgrouse and many plovers carry water to their young by wetting their belly feathers. Some birds carry water for chicks at the nest in their crop or regurgitate it along with food. The pigeon family, flamingos and penguins have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid called crop milk that they provide to their chicks. Answer: ", "completion": "The pigeon family"}
{"prompt": "What year was \"fagging\" phased out of most houses? For much of Eton's history, junior boys had to act as \"fags\", or servants, to older boys. Their duties included cleaning, cooking, and running errands. A Library member was entitled to yell at any time and without notice, \"Boy, Up!\" or \"Boy, Queue!\", and all first-year boys had to come running. The last boy to arrive was given the task. These practices, known as fagging, were partially phased out of most houses in the 1970s. Captains of House and Games still sometimes give tasks to first-year boys, such as collecting the mail from School Office.[citation needed] Answer: ", "completion": "1970s"}
{"prompt": "Which Fund is dedicated for travel to non-English speaking countries? Various benefactions make it possible to give grants each year to boys who wish, for educational or cultural reasons, to work or travel abroad. These include the Busk Fund, which supports individual ventures that show particular initiative; the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund, for the promotion of visits to classical lands; the Sadler Fund, which supports, amongst others, those intending to enter the Foreign Service; and the Marsden Fund, for travel in countries where the principal language is not English. Answer: ", "completion": "Marsden Fund"}
{"prompt": "What is GRTC an initialism of? Local transit and paratransit bus service in Richmond, Henrico, and Chesterfield counties is provided by the Greater Richmond Transit Company (GRTC). The GRTC, however, serves only small parts of the suburban counties. The far West End (Innsbrook and Short Pump) and almost all of Chesterfield County have no public transportation despite dense housing, retail, and office development. According to a 2008 GRTC operations analysis report, a majority of GRTC riders utilize their services because they do not have an available alternative such as a private vehicle. Answer: ", "completion": "Greater Richmond Transit Company"}
{"prompt": "What element is used typically to establish Avogadro's constant? The X-ray crystal density method is primarily a method for determining the Avogadro constant NA but as the Avogadro constant is related to the Planck constant it also determines a value for h. The principle behind the method is to determine NA as the ratio between the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance. Crystals of silicon are used, as they are available in high quality and purity by the technology developed for the semiconductor industry. The unit cell volume is calculated from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220. The molar volume Vm(Si) requires a knowledge of the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used. The Planck constant is given by Answer: ", "completion": "Crystals of silicon"}
{"prompt": "What is so special about the Red Abbey in Cork? Cork features architecturally notable buildings originating from the Medieval to Modern periods. The only notable remnant of the Medieval era is the Red Abbey. There are two cathedrals in the city; St. Mary's Cathedral and Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral. St Mary's Cathedral, often referred to as the North Cathedral, is the Catholic cathedral of the city and was begun in 1808. Its distinctive tower was added in the 1860s. St Fin Barre's Cathedral serves the Protestant faith and is possibly the more famous of the two. It is built on the foundations of an earlier cathedral. Work began in 1862 and ended in 1879 under the direction of architect William Burges. Answer: ", "completion": "only notable remnant of the Medieval era"}
{"prompt": "What is J Dilla's occupation? In the 1990s and the new millennium, the city has produced a number of influential hip hop artists, including Eminem, the hip-hop artist with the highest cumulative sales, hip-hop producer J Dilla, rapper and producer Esham and hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. The city is also home to rappers Big Sean and Danny Brown. The band Sponge toured and produced music, with artists such as Kid Rock and Uncle Kracker. The city also has an active garage rock genre that has generated national attention with acts such as: The White Stripes, The Von Bondies, The Detroit Cobras, The Dirtbombs, Electric Six, and The Hard Lessons. Answer: ", "completion": "producer"}
{"prompt": "What Royal Navy base is present in Plymouth? Devonport Dockyard is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income. Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector. Other substantial employers include the university with almost 3,000 staff, as well as the Tamar Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies. Several employers have chosen to locate their headquarters in Plymouth, including Hemsley Fraser. Answer: ", "completion": "Devonport Dockyard"}
{"prompt": "What was discovered in long term studies? In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory effect as in clinical trials, however a long term study in dogs found toxic effects at higher doses and as a result mevastatin was believed to be too toxic for human use. Mevastatin was never marketed, because of its adverse effects of tumors, muscle deterioration, and sometimes death in laboratory dogs. Answer: ", "completion": "too toxic for human use"}
{"prompt": "What is Bermuda officially classified as? Executive authority in Bermuda is vested in the monarch and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor. The governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British Government. The current governor is George Fergusson; he was sworn in on 23 May 2012. There is also a Deputy Governor (currently David Arkley JP). Defence and foreign affairs are carried out by the United Kingdom, which also retains responsibility to ensure good government. It must approve any changes to the Constitution of Bermuda. Bermuda is classified as a British Overseas Territory, but it is the oldest British colony. In 1620, a Royal Assent granted Bermuda limited self-governance; its Parliament is the fifth oldest in the world, behind the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Tynwald of the Isle of Man, the Althing of Iceland, and Sejm of Poland. Of these, only Bermuda's and the Isle of Man's Tynwald have been in continuous existence since 1620. Answer: ", "completion": "British Overseas Territory"}
{"prompt": "Who announced over the Radio that the president had been arrested? By 26 March, the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowds turned into a full-scale tumult, and resulted into thousands of soldiers putting down their arms and joining the pro-democracy movement. That afternoon, Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Tour\u00e9 announced on the radio that he had arrested the dictatorial president, Moussa Traor\u00e9. As a consequence, opposition parties were legalized and a national congress of civil and political groups met to draft a new democratic constitution to be approved by a national referendum. Answer: ", "completion": "Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Tour\u00e9"}
{"prompt": "Who were the victors of World War II? On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, bringing it too into the war on the Allied side. China also joined the Allies, as eventually did most of the rest of the world. China was in turmoil at the time, and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla-type warfare. By the beginning of 1942, the major combatants were aligned as follows: the British Commonwealth, the United States, and the Soviet Union were fighting Germany and Italy; and the British Commonwealth, China, and the United States were fighting Japan. The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China were referred as a \"trusteeship of the powerful\" during the World War II and were recognized as the Allied \"Big Four\" in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the \"Four Policemen\" or \"Four Sheriffs\" of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II. From then through August 1945, battles raged across all of Europe, in the North Atlantic Ocean, across North Africa, throughout Southeast Asia, throughout China, across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Japan. Answer: ", "completion": "The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China"}
{"prompt": "Bell trained who in Boston? Bell's father was invited by Sarah Fuller, principal of the Boston School for Deaf Mutes (which continues today as the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf), in Boston, Massachusetts, to introduce the Visible Speech System by providing training for Fuller's instructors, but he declined the post in favor of his son. Traveling to Boston in April 1871, Bell proved successful in training the school's instructors. He was subsequently asked to repeat the program at the American Asylum for Deaf-mutes in Hartford, Connecticut, and the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts. Answer: ", "completion": "instructors"}
{"prompt": "Which type of construction is more expensive? Through-hole manufacture adds to board cost by requiring many holes to be drilled accurately, and limits the available routing area for signal traces on layers immediately below the top layer on multi-layer boards since the holes must pass through all layers to the opposite side. Once surface-mounting came into use, small-sized SMD components were used where possible, with through-hole mounting only of components unsuitably large for surface-mounting due to power requirements or mechanical limitations, or subject to mechanical stress which might damage the PCB. Answer: ", "completion": "Through-hole"}
{"prompt": "Which type of esoteric interpretation involves a transfer by proof of a verse's meaning? According to Tabatabaei, there are acceptable and unacceptable esoteric interpretations. Acceptable ta'wil refers to the meaning of a verse beyond its literal meaning; rather the implicit meaning, which ultimately is known only to God and can't be comprehended directly through human thought alone. The verses in question here refer to the human qualities of coming, going, sitting, satisfaction, anger and sorrow, which are apparently attributed to God. Unacceptable ta'wil is where one \"transfers\" the apparent meaning of a verse to a different meaning by means of a proof; this method is not without obvious inconsistencies. Although this unacceptable ta'wil has gained considerable acceptance, it is incorrect and cannot be applied to the Quranic verses. The correct interpretation is that reality a verse refers to. It is found in all verses, the decisive and the ambiguous alike; it is not a sort of a meaning of the word; it is a fact that is too sublime for words. God has dressed them with words to bring them a bit nearer to our minds; in this respect they are like proverbs that are used to create a picture in the mind, and thus help the hearer to clearly grasp the intended idea. Answer: ", "completion": "Unacceptable"}
{"prompt": "Where is the most common application of tile mosaics? A tile mosaic is a digital image made up of individual tiles, arranged in a non-overlapping fashion, e.g. to make a static image on a shower room or bathing pool floor, by breaking the image down into square pixels formed from ceramic tiles (a typical size is 1 in \u00d7 1 in (25 mm \u00d7 25 mm), as for example, on the floor of the University of Toronto pool, though sometimes larger tiles such as 2 in \u00d7 2 in (51 mm \u00d7 51 mm) are used). These digital images are coarse in resolution and often simply express text, such as the depth of the pool in various places, but some such digital images are used to show a sunset or other beach theme. Answer: ", "completion": "on a shower room or bathing pool floor"}
{"prompt": "Along what area has there been more collapsing ice shelves? Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is offset by snow falling back onto the continent. Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula. Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass. Answer: ", "completion": "Antarctic Peninsula"}
{"prompt": "What scriptures describe hunting as and acceptable occupation? Hindu scriptures describe hunting as an acceptable occupation, as well as a sport of the kingly. Even figures considered godly are described to have engaged in hunting. One of the names of the god Shiva is Mrigavyadha, which translates as \"the deer hunter\" (mriga means deer; vyadha means hunter). The word Mriga, in many Indian languages including Malayalam, not only stands for deer, but for all animals and animal instincts (Mriga Thrishna). Shiva, as Mrigavyadha, is the one who destroys the animal instincts in human beings. In the epic Ramayana, Dasharatha, the father of Rama, is said to have the ability to hunt in the dark. During one of his hunting expeditions, he accidentally killed Shravana, mistaking him for game. During Rama's exile in the forest, Ravana kidnapped his wife, Sita, from their hut, while Rama was asked by Sita to capture a golden deer, and his brother Lakshman went after him. According to the Mahabharat, Pandu, the father of the Pandavas, accidentally killed the sage Kindama and his wife with an arrow, mistaking them for a deer. Krishna is said to have died after being accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter. Answer: ", "completion": "Hindu"}
{"prompt": "What is the junction forward voltage? The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter\u2013base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to semiconductor diodes). The lower the junction forward voltage the better, as this means that less power is required to \"drive\" the transistor. The junction forward voltage for a given current decreases with increase in temperature. For a typical silicon junction the change is \u22122.1 mV/\u00b0C. In some circuits special compensating elements (sensistors) must be used to compensate for such changes. Answer: ", "completion": "the voltage applied to the emitter\u2013base junction of a BJT"}
{"prompt": "The lower case letters caused a differ in the patter, what did this cause? With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet.:435 The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to columns 6 and 7, and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard. The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting. Locating the lowercase letters in columns 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers. Answer: ", "completion": "simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers"}
{"prompt": "Some North Carolinians still refused to support what after secession? After secession, some North Carolinians refused to support the Confederacy. Some of the yeoman farmers in the state's mountains and western Piedmont region remained neutral during the Civil War, while some covertly supported the Union cause during the conflict. Approximately 2,000 North Carolinians from western North Carolina enlisted in the Union Army and fought for the North in the war. Two additional Union Army regiments were raised in the coastal areas of the state, which were occupied by Union forces in 1862 and 1863. Numerous slaves escaped to Union lines, where they became essentially free. Answer: ", "completion": "the Confederacy"}
{"prompt": "What problem rocked the PC industry in 1989? Notwithstanding these technical and commercial successes on the Macintosh platform, their systems remained fairly expensive, making them less competitive in light of the falling costs of components that made IBM PC compatibles cheaper and accelerated their adoption. In 1989, Jean-Louis Gass\u00e9e had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers, then there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry that year, forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple's margins. Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990, the first iteration of Windows which had a feature set and performance comparable to the significantly costlier Macintosh. Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers; at one point the product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names. Answer: ", "completion": "a component shortage"}
{"prompt": "How old was the mummified man discovered at the Austrian-Italian bored? A mummified man, determined to be 5,000 years old, was discovered on a glacier at the Austrian\u2013Italian border in 1991. By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La T\u00e8ne culture was well established. Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants, and the Romans had settlements in the region. In 1800 Napoleon crossed one of the mountain passes with an army of 40,000. The 18th and 19th centuries saw an influx of naturalists, writers, and artists, in particular the Romantics, followed by the golden age of alpinism as mountaineers began to ascend the peaks. In World War II, Adolf Hitler kept a base of operation in the Bavarian Alps throughout the war. Answer: ", "completion": "5,000 years old"}
{"prompt": "Which body of water and township of the same name marks the border between Melbourne and Geelong? The city reaches south-east through Dandenong to the growth corridor of Pakenham towards West Gippsland, and southward through the Dandenong Creek valley, the Mornington Peninsula and the city of Frankston taking in the peaks of Olivers Hill, Mount Martha and Arthurs Seat, extending along the shores of Port Phillip as a single conurbation to reach the exclusive suburb of Portsea and Point Nepean. In the west, it extends along the Maribyrnong River and its tributaries north towards Sunbury and the foothills of the Macedon Ranges, and along the flat volcanic plain country towards Melton in the west, Werribee at the foothills of the You Yangs granite ridge south west of the CBD. The Little River, and the township of the same name, marks the border between Melbourne and neighbouring Geelong city. Answer: ", "completion": "Little River"}
{"prompt": "Who was the first professor for the American studies program? The American studies program reflected the worldwide anti-Communist ideological struggle. Norman Holmes Pearson, who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies in London during World War II, returned to Yale and headed the new American studies program, in which scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting liberty. Popular among undergraduates, the program sought to instruct them in the fundamentals of American civilization and thereby instill a sense of nationalism and national purpose. Also during the 1940s and 1950s, Wyoming millionaire William Robertson Coe made large contributions to the American studies programs at Yale University and at the University of Wyoming. Coe was concerned to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States in order to meet the \"threat of communism.\" Answer: ", "completion": "Norman Holmes Pearson"}
{"prompt": "In what region of Hyderabad is Mecca Masjid? Many historic and tourist sites lie in south central Hyderabad, such as the Charminar, the Mecca Masjid, the Salar Jung Museum, the Nizam's Museum, the Falaknuma Palace, and the traditional retail corridor comprising the Pearl Market, Laad Bazaar and Madina Circle. North of the river are hospitals, colleges, major railway stations and business areas such as Begum Bazaar, Koti, Abids, Sultan Bazaar and Moazzam Jahi Market, along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Telangana Secretariat, the Hyderabad Mint, the Telangana Legislature, the Public Gardens, the Nizam Club, the Ravindra Bharathi, the State Museum, the Birla Temple and the Birla Planetarium. Answer: ", "completion": "south central Hyderabad"}
{"prompt": "What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution? In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical. Answer: ", "completion": "Sharia law"}
{"prompt": "When did United States begin to provide foreign aid to Israel? In July 2007, American business magnate and investor Warren Buffett's holding company Berkshire Hathaway bought an Israeli company, Iscar, its first non-U.S. acquisition, for $4 billion. Since the 1970s, Israel has received military aid from the United States, as well as economic assistance in the form of loan guarantees, which now account for roughly half of Israel's external debt. Israel has one of the lowest external debts in the developed world, and is a net lender in terms of net external debt (the total value of assets vs. liabilities in debt instruments owed abroad), which in December 2015[update] stood at a surplus of US$118 billion. Answer: ", "completion": "1970s"}
{"prompt": "Feynman did not like to be listed in anything that labeled people by what standard? Although born to and raised by parents who were Ashkenazi, Feynman was not only an atheist, but declined to be labelled Jewish. He routinely refused to be included in lists or books that classified people by race. He asked to not be included in Tina Levitan's The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize, writing, \"To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory,\" and adding \"... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'.\" Answer: ", "completion": "race"}
{"prompt": "How many songs were on the first Billboard easy listening chart? Adult contemporary traces its roots to the 1960s easy listening format, which adopted a 70-80% instrumental - 20-30% vocal mix. A few offered 90% instrumentals, and a handful were entirely instrumental. The easy listening format, as it was first known, was born of a desire by some radio stations in the late 1950s and early 1960s to continue playing current hit songs but distinguish themselves from being branded as \"rock and roll\" stations. Billboard first published the Easy Listening chart July 17, 1961, with 20 songs; the first number one was \"Boll Weevil Song\" by Brook Benton. The chart described itself as \"not too far out in either direction\". Answer: ", "completion": "20"}
{"prompt": "What is one of the main papers of Mexico City? Mexico City is Latin America's leading center for the television, music and film industries. It is also Mexico's most important for the printed media and book publishing industries. Dozens of daily newspapers are published, including El Universal, Exc\u00e9lsior, Reforma and La Jornada. Other major papers include Milenio, Cr\u00f3nica, El Economista and El Financiero. Leading magazines include Expansi\u00f3n, Proceso, Poder, as well as dozens of entertainment publications such as Vanidades, Qui\u00e9n, Chilango, TV Notas, and local editions of Vogue, GQ, and Architectural Digest. Answer: ", "completion": "El Universal"}
{"prompt": "What gave them a sense of solidarity? The tribes were ruled by clans (r\u00f3d) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the r\u00f3d/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the r\u00f3d/clan, although this power was often exercised with an assembly of elders. Strongholds called gr\u03ccd were built where the religious cult was powerful, where trials were conducted, and where clans gathered in the face of danger. The opole was the territory occupied by a single tribe. (Manteuffel 1982, p. 44) Answer: ", "completion": "related by blood or marriage"}
{"prompt": "Who wrote E.T.'s script? Spielberg has filmed and is currently in post-production on an adaptation of Roald Dahl's celebrated children's story The BFG. Spielberg's DreamWorks bought the rights in 2010, originally intending John Madden to direct. The film was written by E.T. screenwriter Melissa Mathison and is co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures, marking the first Disney-branded film to be directed by Spielberg. The BFG is set to premiere out of competition at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2016, before its wide release in the US on July 1, 2016. Answer: ", "completion": "Melissa Mathison"}
{"prompt": "What develpment produced the first large fleet ships? The development of flattop vessels produced the first large fleet ships. In 1918, HMS Argus became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft. As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down (or had served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or battleships. These conversions gave rise to the Lexington-class aircraft carriers (1927), Akagi and Courageous class. Specialist carrier evolution was well underway, with several navies ordering and building warships that were purposefully designed to function as aircraft carriers by the mid-1920s, resulting in the commissioning of ships such as H\u014dsh\u014d (1922), HMS Hermes (1924), and B\u00e9arn (1927). During World War II, these ships would become known as fleet carriers.[citation needed] Answer: ", "completion": "flattop vessels"}
{"prompt": "A 1994 found how many different species of plants native to the island? As the terrain is generally arid, the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants. During the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass. The eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall. A 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety. Sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps. Coconut palm was brought to the island from the Pacific islands. Important plants noted on the island are: Answer: ", "completion": "several hundred"}
{"prompt": "What does DBMS stand for? A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language.[disputed \u2013 discuss] Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a 'database'. Answer: ", "completion": "database management system"}
{"prompt": "What is the illusion given by these effects? Part of the Haunted Mansion attraction at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, and Disneyland in Paris, France, takes place on an elevator. The \"stretching room\" on the ride is actually an elevator that travels downwards, giving access to a short underground tunnel which leads to the rest of the attraction. The elevator has no ceiling and its shaft is decorated to look like walls of a mansion. Because there is no roof, passengers are able to see the walls of the shaft by looking up, which gives the illusion of the room stretching. Answer: ", "completion": "the illusion of the room stretching"}
{"prompt": "Who initially protested the adoption? Controversy erupted when Madonna decided to adopt from Malawi again. Chifundo \"Mercy\" James was finally adopted in June 2009. Madonna had known Mercy from the time she went to adopt David. Mercy's grandmother had initially protested the adoption, but later gave in, saying \"At first I didn't want her to go but as a family we had to sit down and reach an agreement and we agreed that Mercy should go. The men insisted that Mercy be adopted and I won't resist anymore. I still love Mercy. She is my dearest.\" Mercy's father was still adamant saying that he could not support the adoption since he was alive. Answer: ", "completion": "Mercy's grandmother"}
{"prompt": "Who occupied Thailand according to the USA? The official policy of the U.S. Government is that Thailand was not an ally of the Axis, and that the United States was not at war with Thailand. The policy of the U.S. Government ever since 1945 has been to treat Thailand not as a former enemy, but rather as a country which had been forced into certain actions by Japanese blackmail, before being occupied by Japanese troops. Thailand has been treated by the United States in the same way as such other Axis-occupied countries as Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, and the Netherlands. Answer: ", "completion": "Japanese troops"}
{"prompt": "What did the Legend of Zelda require in certain instances to kill enemies? The NES dropped the hardwired controllers, instead featuring two custom 7-pin ports on the front of the console. Also in contrast to the Famicom, the controllers included with the NES were identical to each other\u2014the second controller lacked the microphone that was present on the Famicom model and possessed the same START and SELECT buttons as the primary controller. Some NES localizations of games, such as The Legend of Zelda, which required the use of the Famicom microphone in order to kill certain enemies, suffered from the lack of hardware to do so. Answer: ", "completion": "Famicom microphone"}
{"prompt": "In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with who? In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders, eventually producing a Slavicized population.[citation needed] In Central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with Germanic and Celtic, while the eastern Slavs encountered Uralic and Scandinavian peoples. Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of the Rus' state but were completely Slavicized after a century. Some Finno-Ugric tribes in the north were also absorbed into the expanding Rus population. At the time of the Magyar migration, the present-day Hungary was inhabited by Slavs, numbering about 200,000, and by Romano-Dacians who were either assimilated or enslaved by the Magyars. In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchaks and the Pechenegs, caused a massive migration of East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north. In the Middle Ages, groups of Saxon ore miners settled in medieval Bosnia, Serbia and Bulgaria where they were Slavicized. Answer: ", "completion": "Avar invaders"}
{"prompt": "Where does P. Christiaan Klieger work? P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a \"mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron,\" respectively. He adds that \"Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans, Ming and Qing emperors, it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state.\" Answer: ", "completion": "the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco"}
{"prompt": "What is made by placing a plate of blade of copper, brass, or bronze into vat of fermenting wine for several weeks, then scraping off and drying the green powder? Verdigris is made by placing a plate or blade of copper, brass or bronze, slightly warmed, into a vat of fermenting wine, leaving it there for several weeks, and then scraping off and drying the green powder that forms on the metal. The process of making verdigris was described in ancient times by Pliny. It was used by the Romans in the murals of Pompeii, and in Celtic medieval manuscripts as early as the 5th century AD. It produced a blue-green which no other pigment could imitate, but it had drawbacks; it was unstable, it could not resist dampness, it did not mix well with other colors, it could ruin other colors with which it came into contact., and it was toxic. Leonardo da Vinci, in his treatise on painting, warned artists not to use it. It was widely used in miniature paintings in Europe and Persia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Its use largely ended in the late 19th century, when it was replaced by the safer and more stable chrome green. Viridian, also called chrome green, is a pigment made with chromium oxide dihydrate, was patented in 1859. It became popular with painters, since, unlike other synthetic greens, it was stable and not toxic. Vincent van Gogh used it, along with Prussian blue, to create a dark blue sky with a greenish tint in his painting Cafe terrace at night. Answer: ", "completion": "Verdigris"}
{"prompt": "How close are the rockets and islets off the coast? There are several rocks and islets off the coast, including: Castle Rock, Speery Island, the Needle, Lower Black Rock, Upper Black Rock (South), Bird Island (Southwest), Black Rock, Thompson's Valley Island, Peaked Island, Egg Island, Lady's Chair, Lighter Rock (West), Long Ledge (Northwest), Shore Island, George Island, Rough Rock Island, Flat Rock (East), the Buoys, Sandy Bay Island, the Chimney, White Bird Island and Frightus Rock (Southeast), all of which are within one kilometre (0.62 miles) of the shore. Answer: ", "completion": "one kilometre"}
{"prompt": "Where did Sony offer the 60 GB model with an open pricing scheme? On September 6, 2006, Sony announced that PAL region PlayStation 3 launch would be delayed until March 2007, because of a shortage of materials used in the Blu-ray drive. At the Tokyo Game Show on September 22, 2006, Sony announced that it would include an HDMI port on the 20 GB system, but a chrome trim, flash card readers, silver logo and Wi-Fi would not be included. Also, the launch price of the Japanese 20 GB model was reduced by over 20%, and the 60 GB model was announced for an open pricing scheme in Japan. During the event, Sony showed 27 playable PS3 games running on final hardware. Answer: ", "completion": "Japan"}
{"prompt": "What substance is added to hopped wort once it cools after boiling? After boiling, the hopped wort is now cooled, ready for the yeast. In some breweries, the hopped wort may pass through a hopback, which is a small vat filled with hops, to add aromatic hop flavouring and to act as a filter; but usually the hopped wort is simply cooled for the fermenter, where the yeast is added. During fermentation, the wort becomes beer in a process which requires a week to months depending on the type of yeast and strength of the beer. In addition to producing ethanol, fine particulate matter suspended in the wort settles during fermentation. Once fermentation is complete, the yeast also settles, leaving the beer clear. Answer: ", "completion": "yeast"}
{"prompt": "What country ended up with Lie d'Orleans The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, which involved a complex series of land exchanges, the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana, and to Great Britain the rest of New France except for the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Faced with the choice of retrieving either New France or its Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter to retain these lucrative sources of sugar, writing off New France as an unproductive, costly territory. France also returned Minorca to the British. Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the \u00cele d'Orl\u00e9ans and all of the former French holdings west of the Mississippi River. The exchanges suited the British as well, as their own Caribbean islands already supplied ample sugar, and, with the acquisition of New France and Florida, they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi. Answer: ", "completion": "Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the \u00cele d'Orl\u00e9ans"}
{"prompt": "The first generation nano suffered from which component getting damaged easily? iPods have been criticized for alleged short life-span and fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that comments from respondents indicate that \"the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears\"). It concluded that some models were more durable than others. In particular, failure rates for iPods employing hard drives was usually above 20% while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10%. In late 2005, many users complained that the surface of the first generation iPod Nano can become scratched easily, rendering the screen unusable. A class action lawsuit was also filed. Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves.[citation needed] Answer: ", "completion": "screen"}
{"prompt": "With Interpublic Group, what company has a combined annual revenue of roughly US$21 billion? As of 2013, the global advertising agencies of Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is metonymously referred to as \"Madison Avenue\". The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages. Answer: ", "completion": "Omnicom Group"}
{"prompt": "What other major continent participated as an ally of the U.S.? The major Allied participants were the United States, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom (including the armed forces of British India, the Fiji Islands, Samoa, etc.), Australia, the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the Netherlands (as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea), New Zealand, and Canada, all of whom were members of the Pacific War Council. Mexico, Free France and many other countries also took part, especially forces from other British colonies. Answer: ", "completion": "Australia"}
{"prompt": "What when conference do the Notre Dame fencing teams take part in? Notre Dame teams are known as the Fighting Irish. They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for all sports since the 2013\u201314 school year. The Fighting Irish previously competed in the Horizon League from 1982-83 to 1985-86, and again from 1987-88 to 1994-95, and then in the Big East Conference through 2012\u201313. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, crew, cross country, fencing, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, fencing, golf, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. The football team competes as an Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Independent since its inception in 1887. Both fencing teams compete in the Midwest Fencing Conference, and the men's ice hockey team competes in Hockey East. Answer: ", "completion": "Midwest Fencing Conference"}
{"prompt": "In what century did Paris become largely into fashion? Paris has been an international capital of high fashion since the 19th century, particularly in the domain of haute couture, clothing hand-made to order for private clients. It is home of some of the largest fashion houses in the world, including Dior and Chanel, and of many well-known fashion designers, including Karl Lagerfeld, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Christophe Josse and Christian Lacroix. Paris Fashion Week, held in January and July in the Carrousel du Louvre and other city locations, is among the top four events of the international fashion calendar, along with the fashion weeks in Milan, London and New York. Paris is also the home of the world's largest cosmetics company, L'Or\u00e9al, and three of the five top global makers of luxury fashion accessories; Louis Vuitton, Herm\u00e9s and Cartier. Answer: ", "completion": "19th"}
{"prompt": "What group dominated in western and central India at the start of the 13th century? For two and a half centuries from the mid 13th, the politics in the Northern India was dominated by the Delhi Sultanate and in the Southern India by the Vijayanagar Empire which originated as a political heir of the erstwhile Hoysala Empire and Pandyan Empire. However, there were other regional powers present as well. In the North, the Rajputs were a dominant force in the Western and Central India. Their power reached to the zenith under Rana Sanga during whose time Rajput armies were constantly victorious against the Sultanate army. In the South, the Bahmani Sultanate was the chief rival of the Vijaynagara and gave Vijayanagara tough days many a times. In the early 16th century Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire defeated the last remnant of Bahmani Sultanate power after which the Bahmani Sultanate collapsed. It was established either by a Brahman convert or patronized by a Brahman and form that source it got the name Bahmani. In the early 16th century, it collapsed and got split into five small Deccan sultanates. In the East, the Gajapati Kingdom remained a strong regional power to reckon with, so was the Ahom Kingdom in the North-east for six centuries. Answer: ", "completion": "Rajputs"}

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{"prompt": "In what country is it estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times what an average ecotourist does? A variety of industries benefit from hunting and support hunting on economic grounds. In Tanzania, it is estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist. While the average photo tourist may seek luxury accommodation, the average safari hunter generally stays in tented camps. Safari hunters are also more likely to use remote areas, uninviting to the typical ecotourist. Advocates argue that these hunters allow for anti-poaching activities and revenue for local communities.[citation needed] Answer: ", "completion": "Tanzania"}
{"prompt": "An app produced with the iPhone SDK can only run on what devices? The games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip archives in disguise[citation needed]. When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of third party games. Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development. Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games. Answer: ", "completion": "iPod Touch and iPhone"}
{"prompt": "Where is it the most difficult to find a family doctor? Health care in Thuringia is currently undergoing a concentration process. Many smaller hospitals in the rural towns are closing, whereas the bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt get enlarged. Overall, there is an oversupply of hospital beds, caused by rationalisation processes in the German health care system, so that many smaller hospitals generate losses. On the other hand, there is a lack of family doctors, especially in rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing. Answer: ", "completion": "rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing."}
{"prompt": "What is the name of the cup that some Catholics think is the Grail? On 9 July 2006, during Mass at Valencia's Cathedral, Our Lady of the Forsaken Basilica, Pope Benedict XVI used, at the World Day of Families, the Santo Caliz, a 1st-century Middle-Eastern artifact that some Catholics believe is the Holy Grail. It was supposedly brought to that church by Emperor Valerian in the 3rd century, after having been brought by St. Peter to Rome from Jerusalem. The Santo Caliz (Holy Chalice) is a simple, small stone cup. Its base was added in Medieval Times and consists of fine gold, alabaster and gem stones. Answer: ", "completion": "Santo Caliz"}
{"prompt": "What was made illegal in 1792? The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792. Governor Robert Patton (1802\u20131807) recommended that the company import Chinese labour to supplement the rural workforce. The coolie labourers arrived in 1810, and their numbers reached 600 by 1818. Many were allowed to stay, and their descendents became integrated into the population. An 1814 census recorded 3,507 people on the island. Answer: ", "completion": "importation of slaves"}
{"prompt": "What hardwood that starts with the letter \"O\" would have pores? In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels (\"pores\") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example. Answer: ", "completion": "oak"}
{"prompt": "When was the position of prime minister finally formalized? Walpole always denied that he was \"prime minister\", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783\u20131801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905. Answer: ", "completion": "1905"}
{"prompt": "Who paid for the most lavish of festival events? Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to outdo each other in public display, and the ludi attendant on a triumph were expanded to include gladiator contests. Under the Principate, all such spectacular displays came under Imperial control: the most lavish were subsidised by emperors, and lesser events were provided by magistrates as a sacred duty and privilege of office. Additional festivals and games celebrated Imperial accessions and anniversaries. Others, such as the traditional Republican Secular Games to mark a new era (saeculum), became imperially funded to maintain traditional values and a common Roman identity. That the spectacles retained something of their sacral aura even in late antiquity is indicated by the admonitions of the Church Fathers that Christians should not take part. Answer: ", "completion": "emperors"}
{"prompt": "What mantra is engraved on the stupa's prayer wheels? The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha Amitabha. It is surrounded with a brick wall with 147 niches, each with four or five prayer wheels engraved with the mantra, om mani padme hum. At the northern entrance where visitors must pass is a shrine dedicated to Ajima, the goddess of smallpox. Every year the stupa attracts many Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims who perform full body prostrations in the inner lower enclosure, walk around the stupa with prayer wheels, chant, and pray. Thousands of prayer flags are hoisted up from the top of the stupa downwards and dot the perimeter of the complex. The influx of many Tibetan refugees from China has seen the construction of over 50 Tibetan gompas (monasteries) around Boudhanath. Answer: ", "completion": "om mani padme hum"}
{"prompt": "What was the primary nature of Germany's interest in the Marshall Islands? The German Empire had primarily economic interests in Micronesia. The Japanese interests were in land. Despite the Marshalls' small area and few resources, the absorption of the territory by Japan would to some extent alleviate Japan's problem of an increasing population with a diminishing amount of available land to house it. During its years of colonial rule, Japan moved more than 1,000 Japanese to the Marshall Islands although they never outnumbered the indigenous peoples as they did in the Mariana Islands and Palau. Answer: ", "completion": "economic"}
{"prompt": "How often is Notre Dame's the Juggler published? As at most other universities, Notre Dame's students run a number of news media outlets. The nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876, the Scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the United States. The other magazine, The Juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. The Dome yearbook is published annually. The newspapers have varying publication interests, with The Observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College. Unlike Scholastic and The Dome, The Observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the University. In 1987, when some students believed that The Observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, Common Sense was published. Likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper Irish Rover went into production. Neither paper is published as often as The Observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. Finally, in Spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, Beyond Politics, made its debut. Answer: ", "completion": "twice"}
{"prompt": "What was the cost of primary and secondary education under Gaddafi? Gaddafi remained a controversial and divisive figure on the world stage throughout his life and after death. Supporters praised Gaddafi's administration for the creation of an almost classless society through domestic reform. They stress the regime's achievements in combating homelessness and ensuring access to food and safe drinking water. Highlighting that under Gaddafi, all Libyans enjoyed free education to a university level, they point to the dramatic rise in literacy rates after the 1969 revolution. Supporters have also applauded achievements in medical care, praising the universal free healthcare provided under the Gaddafist administration, with diseases like cholera and typhoid being contained and life expectancy raised. Biographers Blundy and Lycett believed that under the first decade of Gaddafi's leadership, life for most Libyans \"undoubtedly changed for the better\" as material conditions and wealth drastically improved, while Libyan studies specialist Lillian Craig Harris remarked that in the early years of his administration, Libya's \"national wealth and international influence soared, and its national standard of living has risen dramatically.\" Such high standards declined during the 1980s, as a result of economic stagnation. Gaddafi claimed that his Jamahiriya was a \"concrete utopia\", and that he had been appointed by \"popular assent\", with some Islamic supporters believing that he exhibited barakah. His opposition to Western governments earned him the respect of many in the Euro-American far right. Answer: ", "completion": "free"}
{"prompt": "What was the problem with the views of Parsons? American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore \"functional\". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this approach as merely a justification for inequalities present in the status quo. In reaction, conflict theory was developed, which was based in part on the philosophies of Karl Marx. Conflict theorists saw society as an arena in which different groups compete for control over resources. Symbolic interactionism also came to be regarded as central to sociological thinking. Erving Goffman saw social interactions as a stage performance, with individuals preparing \"backstage\" and attempting to control their audience through impression management. While these theories are currently prominent in sociological thought, other approaches exist, including feminist theory, post-structuralism, rational choice theory, and postmodernism. Answer: ", "completion": "inequalities present in the status quo"}
{"prompt": "Government under whom experienced the conversion to decimal currency? Holt increased Australian commitment to the growing War in Vietnam, which met with some public opposition. His government oversaw conversion to decimal currency. Holt faced Britain's withdrawal from Asia by visiting and hosting many Asian leaders and by expanding ties to the United States, hosting the first visit to Australia by an American president, his friend Lyndon B. Johnson. Holt's government introduced the Migration Act 1966, which effectively dismantled the White Australia Policy and increased access to non-European migrants, including refugees fleeing the Vietnam War. Holt also called the 1967 Referendum which removed the discriminatory clause in the Australian Constitution which excluded Aboriginal Australians from being counted in the census \u2013 the referendum was one of the few to be overwhelmingly endorsed by the Australian electorate (over 90% voted 'yes'). By the end of 1967, the Liberals' initially popular support for the war in Vietnam was causing increasing public protest. Answer: ", "completion": "Holt"}
{"prompt": "Pitch is the auditory attribute to what? According to the American National Standards Institute, pitch is the auditory attribute of sound according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low to high. Since pitch is such a close proxy for frequency, it is almost entirely determined by how quickly the sound wave is making the air vibrate and has almost nothing to do with the intensity, or amplitude, of the wave. That is, \"high\" pitch means very rapid oscillation, and \"low\" pitch corresponds to slower oscillation. Despite that, the idiom relating vertical height to sound pitch is shared by most languages. At least in English, it is just one of many deep conceptual metaphors that involve up/down. The exact etymological history of the musical sense of high and low pitch is still unclear. There is evidence that humans do actually perceive that the source of a sound is slightly higher or lower in vertical space when the sound frequency is increased or decreased. Answer: ", "completion": "sound"}
{"prompt": "When attendance dropped to the Football League First Division, what else decreased? Despite significant European success during the 1970s and early 1980s, the late '80s had marked a low point for English football. Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife, and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985. The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888, was well behind leagues such as Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga in attendances and revenues, and several top English players had moved abroad. Answer: ", "completion": "revenues"}
{"prompt": "What brothers have had significant classical training? Some \"popular\" genre musicians have had significant classical training, such as Billy Joel, Elton John, the Van Halen brothers, Randy Rhoads and Ritchie Blackmore. Moreover, formal training is not unique to the classical genre. Many rock and pop musicians have completed degrees in commercial music programs such as those offered by the Berklee College of Music and many jazz musicians have completed degrees in music from universities with jazz programs, such as the Manhattan School of Music and McGill University. Answer: ", "completion": "Van Halen brothers"}
{"prompt": "Which three processes does phychology recognize as memory? In psychology, memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli. In the first stage the information must be changed so that it may be put into the encoding process. Storage is the second memory stage or process. This entails that information is maintained over short periods of time. Finally the third process is the retrieval of information that has been stored. Such information must be located and returned to the consciousness. Some retrieval attempts may be effortless due to the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons. Answer: ", "completion": "process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved."}
{"prompt": "What is Raleigh's daily newspaper? In 1880, the newspapers News and Observer combined to form The News & Observer. It remains Raleigh's primary daily newspaper. The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, now known as North Carolina State University, was founded as a land-grant college in 1887. The city's Rex Hospital opened in 1889 and included the state's first nursing school. The Baptist Women's College, now known as Meredith College, opened in 1891, and in 1898, The Academy of Music, a private music conservatory, was established. Answer: ", "completion": "The News & Observer"}
{"prompt": "New Haven is adjacent to what part of the national highway? New Haven lies at the intersection of Interstate 95 on the coast\u2014which provides access southwards and/or westwards to the western coast of Connecticut and to New York City, and eastwards to the eastern Connecticut shoreline, Rhode Island, and eastern Massachusetts\u2014and Interstate 91, which leads northward to the interior of Massachusetts and Vermont and the Canadian border. I-95 is infamous for traffic jams increasing with proximity to New York City; on the east side of New Haven it passes over the Quinnipiac River via the Pearl Harbor Memorial, or \"Q Bridge\", which often presents a major bottleneck to traffic. I-91, however, is relatively less congested, except at the intersection with I-95 during peak travel times. Answer: ", "completion": "Interstate 95"}
{"prompt": "What medals did Hrant Shahinyan win at the 1952 Summer Olympics? Prior to 1992, Armenians would participate in the Olympics representing the USSR. As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia was very successful, winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan (sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan), who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. To highlight the level of success of Armenians in the Olympics, Shahinyan was quoted as saying: Answer: ", "completion": "two golds and two silvers"}
{"prompt": "Where was the capital moved to? It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400. Nanjing remained the capital of the Ming Empire until 1421, when the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Yongle Emperor, relocated the capital to Beijing. Answer: ", "completion": "Beijing"}
{"prompt": "Recent historians begin the period of Enlightenment in the 1620's which was also the start of what revolution? French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons and coffee houses, and through printed books and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the church, and paved the way for the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment. Answer: ", "completion": "scientific revolution"}
{"prompt": "Research on DST is uncertain because we aren't sure how it affects the use of what? The practice has received both advocacy and criticism. Putting clocks forward benefits retailing, sports, and other activities that exploit sunlight after working hours, but can cause problems for evening entertainment and for other activities tied to sunlight, such as farming. Although some early proponents of DST aimed to reduce evening use of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity, modern heating and cooling usage patterns differ greatly and research about how DST affects energy use is limited or contradictory. Answer: ", "completion": "energy"}
{"prompt": "Some mantras are used for cutting off what type of karma? In Theravada Buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one's karma, since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe.[citation needed] In Mahayana Buddhism, the texts of certain Mahayana sutras (such as the Lotus Sutra, the A\u1e45gulim\u0101l\u012bya S\u016btra and the Mah\u0101y\u0101na Mah\u0101parinirv\u0101\u1e47a S\u016btra) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma. Some forms of Buddhism (for example, Vajrayana) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma. The Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin taught that Amit\u0101bha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in sa\u1e43s\u0101ra. Answer: ", "completion": "negative"}
{"prompt": "What cities flourished after they were conquered by the Romans? Carthage never recovered militarily after the Second Punic War, but quickly economically and the Third Punic War that followed was in reality a simple punitive mission after the neighbouring Numidians allied to Rome robbed/attacked Carthaginian merchants. Treaties had forbidden any war with Roman allies, and defense against robbing/pirates was considered as \"war action\": Rome decided to annihilate the city of Carthage. Carthage was almost defenceless, and submitted when besieged. However, the Romans demanded complete surrender and moval of the city into the (desert) inland far off any coastal or harbour region, and the Carthaginians refused. The city was besieged, stormed, and completely destroyed. Ultimately, all of Carthage's North African and Iberian territories were acquired by Rome. Note that \"Carthage\" was not an 'empire', but a league of punic colonies (port cities in the western mediterranean) like the 1st and 2nd Athenian (\"attic\") leagues, under leadership of Carthage. Punic Carthago was gone, but the other punic cities in the western mediterranean flourished under Roman rule. Answer: ", "completion": "punic cities"}
{"prompt": "In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand? New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and w\u0101nanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees. Answer: ", "completion": "1989"}
{"prompt": "What governs the ECB? Although the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national central banks of the member states as shareholders. The initial capital allocation key was determined in 1998 on the basis of the states' population and GDP, but the key is adjustable. Shares in the ECB are not transferable and cannot be used as collateral. Answer: ", "completion": "European law"}
{"prompt": "What countries used three-phase AC system in the the beginning of 20th century? Three-phase AC railway electrification was used in Italy, Switzerland and the United States in the early twentieth century. Italy was the major user, for lines in the mountainous regions of northern Italy from 1901 until 1976. The first lines were the Burgdorf-Thun line in Switzerland (1899), and the lines of the Ferrovia Alta Valtellina from Colico to Chiavenna and Tirano in Italy, which were electrified in 1901 and 1902. Other lines where the three-phase system were used were the Simplon Tunnel in Switzerland from 1906 to 1930, and the Cascade Tunnel of the Great Northern Railway in the United States from 1909 to 1927. Answer: ", "completion": "Italy, Switzerland and the United States"}
{"prompt": "When was an African American president elected? After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to \"pass\" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American. Answer: ", "completion": "2008"}
{"prompt": "What did Sand begin referring to Chopin as as his illness got worse? Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange's fianc\u00e9, the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Cl\u00e9singer. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters\u2014a rich actress and a prince in weak health\u2014could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin, who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer's galleys. In 1847 he did not visit Nohant, and he quietly ended their ten-year relationship following an angry correspondence which, in Sand's words, made \"a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship.\" The two would never meet again. Answer: ", "completion": "third child"}
{"prompt": "Who did the Queen commission to form a new ministry? In 1839, Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery. The Queen commissioned a Tory, Sir Robert Peel, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of the Royal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen's ladies of the bedchamber were wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the bedchamber crisis, Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office. Answer: ", "completion": "Sir Robert Peel"}
{"prompt": "What country did the CIA believe Reagan should attack instead of Libya? After the U.S. accused Libya of orchestrating the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing, in which two American soldiers died, Reagan decided to retaliate militarily. The Central Intelligence Agency were critical of the move, believing that Syria were a greater threat and that an attack would strengthen Gaddafi's reputation; however Libya was recognised as a \"soft target.\" Reagan was supported by the U.K. but opposed by other European allies, who argued that it would contravene international law. In Operation El Dorado Canyon, orchestrated on 15 April 1986, U.S. military planes launched a series of air-strikes on Libya, bombing military installations in various parts of the country, killing around 100 Libyans, including several civilians. One of the targets had been Gaddafi's home. Himself unharmed, two of Gaddafi's sons were injured, and he claimed that his four-year-old adopted daughter Hanna was killed, although her existence has since been questioned. In the immediate aftermath, Gaddafi retreated to the desert to meditate, while there were sporadic clashes between Gaddafists and army officers who wanted to overthrow the government. Although the U.S. was condemned internationally, Reagan received a popularity boost at home. Publicly lambasting U.S. imperialism, Gaddafi's reputation as an anti-imperialist was strengthened both domestically and across the Arab world, and in June 1986, he ordered the names of the month to be changed in Libya. Answer: ", "completion": "Syria"}
{"prompt": "What area lies in the northeastern part of Somerset levels To the north-east of the Somerset Levels, the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills. The central and western Mendip Hills was designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in 1972 and covers 198 km2 (76 sq mi). The main habitat on these hills is calcareous grassland, with some arable agriculture. To the south-west of the Somerset Levels are the Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956 which is covered in heathland, oak woodlands, ancient parklands with plantations of conifer and covers 99 square kilometres. The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire. To the north of the Mendip hills is the Chew Valley and to the south, on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels. Answer: ", "completion": "the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills"}
{"prompt": "What type of law handles patent infringement cases in the US? Patent infringement typically is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission from the patent holder. The scope of the patented invention or the extent of protection is defined in the claims of the granted patent. There is safe harbor in many jurisdictions to use a patented invention for research. This safe harbor does not exist in the US unless the research is done for purely philosophical purposes, or in order to gather data in order to prepare an application for regulatory approval of a drug. In general, patent infringement cases are handled under civil law (e.g., in the United States) but several jurisdictions incorporate infringement in criminal law also (for example, Argentina, China, France, Japan, Russia, South Korea). Answer: ", "completion": "civil"}
{"prompt": "When did the Anglo-French fleet join the Baltic attack? The Baltic was[when?] a forgotten theatre of the Crimean War. Popularisation of events elsewhere overshadowed the significance of this theatre, which was close to Saint Petersburg, the Russian capital. In April 1854 an Anglo-French fleet entered the Baltic to attack the Russian naval base of Kronstadt and the Russian fleet stationed there. In August 1854 the combined British and French fleet returned to Kronstadt for another attempt. The outnumbered Russian Baltic Fleet confined its movements to the areas around its fortifications. At the same time, the British and French commanders Sir Charles Napier and Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval-Deschenes\u2014although they led the largest fleet assembled since the Napoleonic Wars\u2014considered the Sveaborg fortress too well-defended to engage. Thus, shelling of the Russian batteries was limited to two attempts in the summers of 1854 and 1855, and initially, the attacking fleets limited their actions to blockading Russian trade in the Gulf of Finland. Naval attacks on other ports, such as the ones in the island of Hogland in the Gulf of Finland, proved more successful. Additionally, allies conducted raids on less fortified sections of the Finnish coast. These battles are known in Finland as the \u00c5land war. Answer: ", "completion": "April 1854"}
{"prompt": "According to market research, who does Apple draw it's customer base from? By March 2011, the market share of OS X in North America had increased to slightly over 14%. Whether the size of the Mac's market share and installed base is relevant, and to whom, is a hotly debated issue. Industry pundits have often called attention to the Mac's relatively small market share to predict Apple's impending doom, particularly in the early and mid-1990s when the company's future seemed bleakest. Others argue that market share is the wrong way to judge the Mac's success. Apple has positioned the Mac as a higher-end personal computer, and so it may be misleading to compare it to a budget PC. Because the overall market for personal computers has grown rapidly, the Mac's increasing sales numbers are effectively swamped by the industry's expanding sales volume as a whole. Apple's small market share, then, gives the impression that fewer people are using Macs than did ten years ago, when exactly the opposite is true. Soaring sales of the iPhone and iPad mean that the portion of Apple's profits represented by the Macintosh has declined in 2010, dropping to 24% from 46% two years earlier. Others try to de-emphasize market share, citing that it is rarely brought up in other industries. Regardless of the Mac's market share, Apple has remained profitable since Steve Jobs' return and the company's subsequent reorganization. Notably, a report published in the first quarter of 2008 found that Apple had a 14% market share in the personal computer market in the US, including 66% of all computers over $1,000. Market research indicates that Apple draws its customer base from a higher-income demographic than the mainstream personal computer market. Answer: ", "completion": "a higher-income demographic"}
{"prompt": "When did mosaic fall out of fashion? Mosaic has a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted by the Norman kingdom in Sicily in the 12th century, by eastern-influenced Venice, and among the Rus in Ukraine. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance, though artists like Raphael continued to practise the old technique. Roman and Byzantine influence led Jews to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics. Answer: ", "completion": "the Renaissance"}
{"prompt": "What can organisms be directly identified by? Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting the presence of substances produced by pathogens, and by directly identifying an organism by its genotype. Other techniques (such as X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR) are used to produce images of internal abnormalities resulting from the growth of an infectious agent. The images are useful in detection of, for example, a bone abscess or a spongiform encephalopathy produced by a prion. Answer: ", "completion": "its genotype"}
{"prompt": "Where did Victoria really align herself when it came to religion? In the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported. She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England. He also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title \"Empress of India\" from 1 May 1876. The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877. Answer: ", "completion": "presbyterian Church of Scotland"}
{"prompt": "How many autonomous sectors does Guinea-Bissau contain? Guinea-Bissau is divided into eight regions (regi\u00f5es) and one autonomous sector (sector aut\u00f3nomo). These, in turn, are subdivided into 37 Sectors. The regions are: Answer: ", "completion": "one"}
{"prompt": "If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present? On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study. Answer: ", "completion": "Blue dash"}
{"prompt": "The Norman kingdomwas in what italian city state? Mosaic has a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted by the Norman kingdom in Sicily in the 12th century, by eastern-influenced Venice, and among the Rus in Ukraine. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance, though artists like Raphael continued to practise the old technique. Roman and Byzantine influence led Jews to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics. Answer: ", "completion": "Sicily"}
{"prompt": "What are the goals of Special Operations? Special Operations are \"operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives employing military capabilities for which there is no broad conventional force requirement. These operations may require covert, clandestine, or low-visibility capabilities. Special operations are applicable across the ROMO. They can be conducted independently or in conjunction with operations of conventional forces or other government agencies and may include operations through, with, or by indigenous or surrogate forces. Special operations differ from conventional operations in degree of physical and political risk, operational techniques, mode of employment, independence from friendly support, and dependence on detailed operational intelligence and indigenous assets\" (JP 1-02). Answer: ", "completion": "achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives"}
{"prompt": "What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change? In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world\u2019s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. \"The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale\". Answer: ", "completion": "could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters"}
{"prompt": "What historical era is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era? After the end of the late Middle Ages period, the Renaissance would spread unevenly over continental Europe from the southern European region. The intellectual transformation of the Renaissance is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Europeans would later begin an era of world discovery. Combined with the influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would lead to the Protestant Reformation. Europeans also discovered new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus\u2019s travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama\u2019s circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. Answer: ", "completion": "the Renaissance"}
{"prompt": "When did the Empress Zoe die? The 9th- and 10th-century mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople are truly classical Byzantine artworks. The north and south tympana beneath the dome was decorated with figures of prophets, saints and patriarchs. Above the principal door from the narthex we can see an Emperor kneeling before Christ (late 9th or early 10th century). Above the door from the southwest vestibule to the narthex another mosaic shows the Theotokos with Justinian and Constantine. Justinian I is offering the model of the church to Mary while Constantine is holding a model of the city in his hand. Both emperors are beardless \u2013 this is an example for conscious archaization as contemporary Byzantine rulers were bearded. A mosaic panel on the gallery shows Christ with Constantine Monomachos and Empress Zoe (1042\u20131055). The emperor gives a bulging money sack to Christ as a donation for the church. Answer: ", "completion": "1055"}
{"prompt": "Who's responsibility is case law? The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the United States Constitution, the foundation of the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law, which consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promulgated by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law. Answer: ", "completion": "the federal judiciary"}
{"prompt": "How high could the homeless number possibly go? Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program. Answer: ", "completion": "11 million"}
{"prompt": "When will the full line appear? In October 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British fashion retailer Topshop. The 50-50 venture is called Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance, fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015. The line will launch in April 2016. Answer: ", "completion": "April 2016"}
{"prompt": "How was the Enlightenment known in French? The Enlightenment \u2013 known in French as the Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufkl\u00e4rung \u2013 was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government and ending the abuses of the church and state. In France, the central doctrines of the Lumi\u00e8res were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to the principle of absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church. The Enlightenment was marked by increasing empiricism, scientific rigor, and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy. Answer: ", "completion": "Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res"}
{"prompt": "Who did Sun Yet-Sen turn in 1930 for help? The May Fourth Movement helped to rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution. In 1917 Sun Yat-sen had become commander-in-chief of a rival military government in Guangzhou in collaboration with southern warlords. Sun's efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were ignored, however, and in 1920 he turned to the Soviet Union, which had recently achieved its own revolution. The Soviets sought to befriend the Chinese revolutionists by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism. But for political expediency, the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Answer: ", "completion": "the Soviet Union"}
{"prompt": "What is increased pain an indicator of? Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A review of chronic wounds in the Journal of the American Medical Association's \"Rational Clinical Examination Series\" quantified the importance of increased pain as an indicator of infection. The review showed that the most useful finding is an increase in the level of pain [likelihood ratio (LR) range, 11-20] makes infection much more likely, but the absence of pain (negative likelihood ratio range, 0.64-0.88) does not rule out infection (summary LR 0.64-0.88). Answer: ", "completion": "infection"}
{"prompt": "Bessarabia eventually became under the control of which country? Most notably, there was also a secret protocol to the pact, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, although hints about its provisions were leaked much earlier, e.g., to influence Lithuania. According to said protocol Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were divided into German and Soviet \"spheres of influence\". In the north, Finland, Estonia and Latvia were assigned to the Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its \"political rearrangement\"\u2014the areas east of the Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Lithuania, adjacent to East Prussia, would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed to in September 1939 reassigned the majority of Lithuania to the USSR. According to the secret protocol, Lithuania would be granted the city of Vilnius \u2013 its historical capital, which was under Polish control during the inter-war period. Another clause of the treaty was that Germany would not interfere with the Soviet Union's actions towards Bessarabia, then part of Romania; as the result, Bessarabia was joined to the Moldovan ASSR, and become the Moldovan SSR under control of Moscow. Answer: ", "completion": "Soviet Union"}
{"prompt": "How must the full powers of a parties' representatives be found in order to enter into a treaty? The contracting parties' full names or sovereign titles are often included in the preamble, along with the full names and titles of their representatives, and a boilerplate clause about how their representatives have communicated (or exchanged) their full powers (i.e., the official documents appointing them to act on behalf of their respective states) and found them in good or proper form. Answer: ", "completion": "in good or proper form."}
{"prompt": "Who besides the Romans did the Jewish people get influenced by? Mosaic has a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted by the Norman kingdom in Sicily in the 12th century, by eastern-influenced Venice, and among the Rus in Ukraine. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance, though artists like Raphael continued to practise the old technique. Roman and Byzantine influence led Jews to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics. Answer: ", "completion": "Byzantine"}
{"prompt": "Name three sub-cultures in the Center City? There has also been an increase of yuppie, bohemian, and hipster types particularly around Center City, the neighborhood of Northern Liberties, and in the neighborhoods around the city's universities, such as near Temple in North Philadelphia and particularly near Drexel and University of Pennsylvania in West Philadelphia. Philadelphia is also home to a significant gay and lesbian population. Philadelphia's Gayborhood, which is located near Washington Square, is home to a large concentration of gay and lesbian friendly businesses, restaurants, and bars. Answer: ", "completion": "yuppie, bohemian, and hipster"}
{"prompt": "How is copper absorbed in humans? Copper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not some microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass. Stated differently, the RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is quoted as 0.97 mg/day and as 3.0 mg/day. Copper is absorbed in the gut, then transported to the liver bound to albumin. After processing in the liver, copper is distributed to other tissues in a second phase. Copper transport here involves the protein ceruloplasmin, which carries the majority of copper in blood. Ceruloplasmin also carries copper that is excreted in milk, and is particularly well-absorbed as a copper source. Copper in the body normally undergoes enterohepatic circulation (about 5 mg a day, vs. about 1 mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body), and the body is able to excrete some excess copper, if needed, via bile, which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine. Answer: ", "completion": "in the gut"}
{"prompt": "As opposed to personal loyalty, what basis should military promotions be given, according to Nasser? Following Syria's secession, Nasser grew concerned with Amer's inability to train and modernize the army, and with the state within a state Amer had created in the military command and intelligence apparatus. In late 1961, Nasser established the Presidential Council and decreed it the authority to approve all senior military appointments, instead of leaving this responsibility solely to Amer. Moreover, he instructed that the primary criterion for promotion should be merit and not personal loyalties. Nasser retracted the initiative after Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him. Answer: ", "completion": "merit"}
{"prompt": "What does trusted communication in a family lead to? Family communication study looks at topics such as family rules, family roles or family dialectics and how those factors could affect the communication between family members. Researchers develop theories to understand communication behaviors. Family communication study also digs deep into certain time periods of family life such as marriage, parenthood or divorce and how communication stands in those situations. It is important for family members to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a well constructed family. Answer: ", "completion": "a well constructed family"}
{"prompt": "Race has no taxonomic significance among whom? Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. Answer: ", "completion": "humans"}
{"prompt": "Who was controversial among Freemasons? In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism, Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism. Masonic scholar Albert Pike is often quoted (in some cases misquoted) by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues. However, Pike, although undoubtedly learned, was not a spokesman for Freemasonry and was also controversial among Freemasons in general. His writings represented his personal opinion only, and furthermore an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA. Notably, his book carries in the preface a form of disclaimer from his own Grand Lodge. No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry. Answer: ", "completion": "Albert Pike"}
{"prompt": "Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found? In Ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of state schools, introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s. The comprehensive model generally incorporated older schools that were under Roman Catholic or Protestant ownership, and the various denominations still manage the school as patrons or trustees. The state owns the school property, which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity. The model was adopted to make state schools more acceptable to a largely conservative society of the time. Answer: ", "completion": "The state"}
{"prompt": "In what European countries did the Dominican Order experience changes to how they thought? The expansion of the order produced changes. A smaller emphasis on doctrinal activity favoured the development here and there of the ascetic and contemplative life and there sprang up, especially in Germany and Italy, the mystical movement with which the names of Meister Eckhart, Heinrich Suso, Johannes Tauler, and St. Catherine of Siena are associated. (See German mysticism, which has also been called \"Dominican mysticism.\") This movement was the prelude to the reforms undertaken, at the end of the century, by Raymond of Capua, and continued in the following century. It assumed remarkable proportions in the congregations of Lombardy and the Netherlands, and in the reforms of Savonarola in Florence. Answer: ", "completion": "Germany and Italy"}
{"prompt": "At what famous cathedral was Elizabeth married? Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world. Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, which was designed by Norman Hartnell. In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding. The Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, was not invited either. Answer: ", "completion": "Westminster Abbey"}
{"prompt": "What year was an underwater telegraph line made that connected Montevideo with Buenos Aires? After the end of hostilities, a period of growth and expansion started for the city. In 1853 a stagecoach bus line was established joining Montevideo with the newly formed settlement of Uni\u00f3n and the first natural gas street lights were inaugurated.[citation needed] From 1854 to 1861 the first public sanitation facilities were constructed. In 1856 the Teatro Sol\u00eds was inaugurated, 15 years after the beginning of its construction. By Decree, on December 1861 the areas of Aguada and Cord\u00f3n were incorporated to the growing Ciudad Nueva (New City). In 1866, an underwater telegraph line connected the city with Buenos Aires. The statue of Peace, La Paz, was erected on a column in Plaza Cagancha and the building of the Postal Service as well as the bridge of Paso Molino were inaugurated in 1867. Answer: ", "completion": "1866"}
{"prompt": "What doctrine is some of Avicenna's works based around? Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 wrote at least one treatise on alchemy, but several others have been falsely attributed to him. His Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, and De Caelo, are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine, though Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Ibn S\u012bn\u0101's world; Arabic philosophers[who?][year needed] have hinted at the idea that Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 was attempting to \"re-Aristotelianise\" Muslim philosophy in its entirety, unlike his predecessors, who accepted the conflation of Platonic, Aristotelian, Neo- and Middle-Platonic works transmitted into the Muslim world. Answer: ", "completion": "Aristotelian doctrine"}
{"prompt": "What are three things the new movements try to achieve? Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl. Answer: ", "completion": "smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design"}
{"prompt": "What country considers their polytechnics, universities, and colleges state-owned institutions? New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and w\u0101nanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees. Answer: ", "completion": "New Zealand"}
{"prompt": "Around how many rebellious uprisings and civil wars happened in the 1st century BC? The extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals, and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns, led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state. Rome was also plagued by several slave uprisings during this period, in part because vast tracts of land had been given over to slave farming in which the slaves greatly outnumbered their Roman masters. In the 1st century BC at least twelve civil wars and rebellions occurred. This pattern continued until 27 BC, when Octavian (later Augustus) successfully challenged the Senate's authority, and was made princeps (first citizen). Answer: ", "completion": "twelve"}
{"prompt": "What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation? When a historic document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761\u20131815), who wrote the novel in French and anonymously published fragments in 1804 and 1813\u201314. Portions of the original French-language manuscript were subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation that was made by Edmund Chojecki in 1847 from a complete French copy, now lost. French-language versions of the complete Saragossa Manuscript have since been produced, based on extant French-language fragments and on French-language versions that have been back-translated from Chojecki\u2019s Polish version. Answer: ", "completion": "the original text"}
{"prompt": "In what year did the St Paul's Pro-Cathedral get built? Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during the final years of Hospitaller rule. Early examples include the Bibliotheca (1786), the De Rohan Arch (1798) and the Hompesch Gate (1801). However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of British rule in the early 19th century. In 1814, a neoclassical portico decorated with the British coat of arms was added to the Main Guard building so as to serve as a symbol of British Malta. Other 19th century neoclassical buildings include RNH Bighi (1832), St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (1844), the Rotunda of Mosta (1860) and the now destroyed Royal Opera House (1866). Answer: ", "completion": "1844"}
{"prompt": "On what continent did the Red Army Faction operate? Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world, including the Black Panther Party, Nation of Islam, Tupamaros, 19th of April Movement and Sandinista National Liberation Front in the Americas, the ANC among other liberation movements in the fight against Apartheid in South Africa, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, ETA, Sardinian nationalists, Action directe, the Red Brigades, and the Red Army Faction in Europe, and the Armenian Secret Army, Japanese Red Army, Free Aceh Movement, and Moro National Liberation Front in Asia. Gaddafi was indiscriminate in the causes he funded, sometimes switching from supporting one side in a conflict to the other, as in the Eritrean War of Independence. Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya, which came to be seen as a leader in the Third World's struggle against colonialism and neocolonialism. Though many of these groups were labelled \"terrorists\" by critics of their activities, Gaddafi rejected such a characterisation, instead considering them revolutionaries engaged in liberation struggles. Answer: ", "completion": "Europe"}
{"prompt": "How else can negative impacts of pesticides be reduced? In order to reduce negative impacts, it is desirable that pesticides be degradable or at least quickly deactivated in the environment. Such loss of activity or toxicity of pesticides is due to both innate chemical properties of the compounds and environmental processes or conditions. For example, the presence of halogens within a chemical structure often slows down degradation in an aerobic environment. Adsorption to soil may retard pesticide movement, but also may reduce bioavailability to microbial degraders. Answer: ", "completion": "quickly deactivated in the environment"}
{"prompt": "What is a possible cause of copyright infringement? Sometimes only partial compliance with license agreements is the cause. For example, in 2013, the US Army settled a lawsuit with Texas-based company Apptricity, which makes software that allows the army to track their soldiers in real time. In 2004, the US Army paid US$4.5 million for a license of 500 users, while allegedly installing the software for more than 9000 users; the case was settled for US$50 million. Major anti-piracy organizations, like the BSA, conduct software licensing audits regularly to ensure full compliance. Answer: ", "completion": "partial compliance"}
{"prompt": "When was Zubizareta fired by the board? In late December, Barcelona's appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport was unsuccessful and the original transfer ban was reinstated, leaving the club unable to utilise the 2015 winter and summer transfer windows. On 5 January 2015, Zubizareta was sacked by the board after 4 years as director of football. The next month, Barcelona announced the formation of a new Football Area Technical Commission, made up of vice-president Jordi Mestre, board member Javier Bordas, Carles Rexach and Ariedo Braida. Answer: ", "completion": "5 January 2015"}
{"prompt": "Countries might change their DST policy by enactments, adjustments, and what other type of policy changes? Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals. For specific details, an overview is available at Daylight saving time by country. Answer: ", "completion": "repeals"}
{"prompt": "How many daily calories are recommended for a human adult? Any living organism relies on an external source of energy\u2014radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals\u2014to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500\u20132000 Calories (6\u20138 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules, the latter mostly carbohydrates and fats, of which glucose (C6H12O6) and stearin (C57H110O6) are convenient examples. The food molecules are oxidised to carbon dioxide and water in the mitochondria Answer: ", "completion": "1500\u20132000"}
{"prompt": "What was the name of the new anesthetic used during leopolds birth? In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her \"continuance of hysterics\" over a \"miserable trifle\". Answer: ", "completion": "chloroform."}
{"prompt": "When did Carrion Jr. retire as Borough President? Until March 1, 2009, the Borough President of the Bronx was Adolfo Carri\u00f3n Jr., elected as a Democrat in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy. His successor, Democratic New York State Assembly member Rub\u00e9n D\u00edaz, Jr., who won a special election on April 21, 2009 by a vote of 86.3% (29,420) on the \"Bronx Unity\" line to 13.3% (4,646) for the Republican district leader Anthony Ribustello on the \"People First\" line, became Borough President on May 1. Answer: ", "completion": "March 1, 2009"}
{"prompt": "What Kathmandu industry is particularly known for its English speakers? The largest ethnic groups are Newar (29.6%), Matwali (25.1% Sunuwar, Gurung, Magars, Tamang etc.), Khas Brahmins (20.51%) and Chettris (18.5%) . Tamangs originating from surrounding hill districts can be seen in Kathmandu. More recently, other hill ethnic groups and Caste groups from Terai have come to represent a substantial proportion of the city's population. The major languages are Nepali and Nepal Bhasa, while English is understood by many, particularly in the service industry. The major religions are Hinduism and Buddhism. Answer: ", "completion": "service"}
{"prompt": "What is the North Carolina Museum of Art near? North Carolina Museum of Art, occupying a large suburban campus on Blue Ridge Road near the North Carolina State Fairgrounds, maintains one of the premier public art collections located between Washington, D.C., and Atlanta. In addition to its extensive collections of American Art, European Art and ancient art, the museum recently has hosted major exhibitions featuring Auguste Rodin (in 2000) and Claude Monet (in 2006-07), each attracting more than 200,000 visitors. Unlike most prominent public museums, the North Carolina Museum of Art acquired a large number of the works in its permanent collection through purchases with public funds. The museum's outdoor park is one of the largest such art parks in the country. The museum facility underwent a major expansion which greatly expanded the exhibit space that was completed in 2010. The 127,000 sf new expansion is designed by NYC architect Thomas Phifer and Partners. Answer: ", "completion": "North Carolina State Fairgrounds"}
{"prompt": "What is the main retail area of the South Bronx? There are three primary shopping centers in the Bronx: The Hub, Gateway Center and Southern Boulevard. The Hub\u2013Third Avenue Business Improvement District (B.I.D.), in The Hub, is the retail heart of the South Bronx, located where four roads converge: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues. It is primarily located inside the neighborhood of Melrose but also lines the northern border of Mott Haven. The Hub has been called \"the Broadway of the Bronx\", being likened to the real Broadway in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx. It is the site of both maximum traffic and architectural density. In configuration, it resembles a miniature Times Square, a spatial \"bow-tie\" created by the geometry of the street. The Hub is part of Bronx Community Board 1. Answer: ", "completion": "The Hub\u2013Third Avenue Business Improvement District"}
{"prompt": "What countries share similar levels of GDP with Estonia? As a member of the European Union, Estonia is considered a high-income economy by the World Bank. The GDP (PPP) per capita of the country, a good indicator of wealth, was in 2015 $28,781 according to the IMF, between that of Slovak Republic and Lithuania, but below that of other long-time EU members such as Italy or Spain. The country is ranked 8th in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom, and the 4th freest economy in Europe. Because of its rapid growth, Estonia has often been described as a Baltic Tiger beside Lithuania and Latvia. Beginning 1 January 2011, Estonia adopted the euro and became the 17th eurozone member state. Answer: ", "completion": "Slovak Republic and Lithuania"}
{"prompt": "What is added to almost every dish in Greece? Greek cuisine is characteristic of the healthy Mediterranean diet, which is epitomized by dishes of Crete. Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as moussaka, stifado, Greek salad, fasolada, spanakopita and souvlaki. Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece like skordalia (a thick pur\u00e9e of walnuts, almonds, crushed garlic and olive oil), lentil soup, retsina (white or ros\u00e9 wine sealed with pine resin) and pasteli (candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey). Throughout Greece people often enjoy eating from small dishes such as meze with various dips such as tzatziki, grilled octopus and small fish, feta cheese, dolmades (rice, currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves), various pulses, olives and cheese. Olive oil is added to almost every dish. Answer: ", "completion": "Olive oil"}
{"prompt": "Chorion is another word for what? The majority of insects hatch from eggs. The fertilization and development takes place inside the egg, enclosed by a shell (chorion) that consists of maternal tissue. In contrast to eggs of other arthropods, most insect eggs are drought resistant. This is because inside the chorion two additional membranes develop from embryonic tissue, the amnion and the serosa. This serosa secretes a cuticle rich in chitin that protects the embryo against desiccation. In Schizophora however the serosa does not develop, but these flies lay their eggs in damp places, such as rotting matter. Some species of insects, like the cockroach Blaptica dubia, as well as juvenile aphids and tsetse flies, are ovoviviparous. The eggs of ovoviviparous animals develop entirely inside the female, and then hatch immediately upon being laid. Some other species, such as those in the genus of cockroaches known as Diploptera, are viviparous, and thus gestate inside the mother and are born alive.:129, 131, 134\u2013135 Some insects, like parasitic wasps, show polyembryony, where a single fertilized egg divides into many and in some cases thousands of separate embryos.:136\u2013137 Insects may be univoltine, bivoltine or multivoltine, i.e. they may have one, two or many broods (generations) in a year. Answer: ", "completion": "shell"}
{"prompt": "Birds preen often with the application of secretions from which gland? Feathers being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi, ectoparasitic feather mites and birdlice. The physical condition of feathers are maintained by preening often with the application of secretions from the preen gland. Birds also bathe in water or dust themselves. While some birds dip into shallow water, more aerial species may make aerial dips into water and arboreal species often make use of dew or rain that collect on leaves. Birds of arid regions make use of loose soil to dust-bathe. A behaviour termed as anting in which the bird encourages ants to run through their plumage is also thought to help them reduce the ectoparasite load in feathers. Many species will spread out their wings and expose them to direct sunlight and this too is thought to help in reducing fungal and ectoparasitic activity that may lead to feather damage. Answer: ", "completion": "preen gland"}
{"prompt": "Who was the first person to carry the torch? Greece: On March 24, 2008, the Olympic Flame was ignited at Olympia, Greece, site of the ancient Olympic Games. The actress Maria Nafpliotou, in the role of a High Priestess, ignited the torch of the first torchbearer, a silver medalist of the 2004 Summer Olympics in taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis from Greece, who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer, Olympic champion in women's breaststroke Luo Xuejuan from China. Following the recent unrest in Tibet, three members of Reporters Without Borders, including Robert M\u00e9nard, breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by Liu Qi, the head of Beijing's Olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece. The People's Republic of China called this a \"disgraceful\" attempt to sabotage the Olympics. On March 30, 2008 in Athens, during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from Greek officials to organizers of the Beijing games, demonstrators shouted 'Free Tibet' and unfurled banners; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention. After the hand-off, protests continued internationally, with particularly violent confrontations with police in Nepal. Answer: ", "completion": "Alexandros Nikolaidis"}
{"prompt": "What nationality was Friedrich Schleiermacher? Many non-transparent-translation theories draw on concepts from German Romanticism, the most obvious influence being the German theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. In his seminal lecture \"On the Different Methods of Translation\" (1813) he distinguished between translation methods that move \"the writer toward [the reader]\", i.e., transparency, and those that move the \"reader toward [the author]\", i.e., an extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text. Schleiermacher favored the latter approach; he was motivated, however, not so much by a desire to embrace the foreign, as by a nationalist desire to oppose France's cultural domination and to promote German literature. Answer: ", "completion": "German"}
{"prompt": "What would an omnidirectional antenna look like if plotted? The radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of the relative field strength of the radio waves emitted by the antenna at different angles. It is typically represented by a three-dimensional graph, or polar plots of the horizontal and vertical cross sections. The pattern of an ideal isotropic antenna, which radiates equally in all directions, would look like a sphere. Many nondirectional antennas, such as monopoles and dipoles, emit equal power in all horizontal directions, with the power dropping off at higher and lower angles; this is called an omnidirectional pattern and when plotted looks like a torus or donut. Answer: ", "completion": "donut"}

1
docs/notebooks/nvidia/tmp/sample_xlam/testing/testing.jsonl
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@ -1 +0,0 @@
../../../../../services/customizer/tests/testdata/tool-calling/testing.jsonl

1
docs/notebooks/nvidia/tmp/sample_xlam/training/training.jsonl
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../../../../../services/customizer/tests/testdata/tool-calling/training.jsonl

1
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../../../../../services/customizer/tests/testdata/tool-calling/validation.jsonl

2
docs/source/distributions/remote_hosted_distro/nvidia.md
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The `llamastack/distribution-nvidia` distribution consists of the following prov
| API | Provider(s) |
|-----|-------------|
| agents | `inline::meta-reference` |
| datasetio | `inline::localfs` |
| datasetio | `inline::localfs`, `remote::nvidia` |
| eval | `remote::nvidia` |
| inference | `remote::nvidia` |
| post_training | `remote::nvidia` |

4
llama_stack/apis/eval/eval.py
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@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ class ModelCandidate(BaseModel):
"""
type: Literal["model"] = "model"
model: Union[str, Dict[str, Any]]
sampling_params: Optional[SamplingParams] = Field(default_factory=SamplingParams)
model: str
sampling_params: SamplingParams
system_message: Optional[SystemMessage] = None

5
llama_stack/distribution/routers/routing_tables.py
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@ -438,7 +438,10 @@ class DatasetsRoutingTable(CommonRoutingTableImpl, Datasets):
provider_dataset_id = dataset_id
# infer provider from source
if source.type == DatasetType.rows.value:
if metadata:
if metadata.get("provider"):
provider_id = metadata.get("provider") # pass through from nvidia datasetio
elif source.type == DatasetType.rows.value:
provider_id = "localfs"
elif source.type == DatasetType.uri.value:
# infer provider from uri

11
llama_stack/providers/registry/datasetio.py
View file

@ -36,4 +36,15 @@ def available_providers() -> List[ProviderSpec]:
config_class="llama_stack.providers.remote.datasetio.huggingface.HuggingfaceDatasetIOConfig",
),
),
remote_provider_spec(
api=Api.datasetio,
adapter=AdapterSpec(
adapter_type="nvidia",
pip_packages=[
"datasets",
],
module="llama_stack.providers.remote.datasetio.nvidia",
config_class="llama_stack.providers.remote.datasetio.nvidia.NvidiaDatasetIOConfig",
),
),
]

74
llama_stack/providers/remote/datasetio/nvidia/README.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
# NVIDIA DatasetIO Provider for LlamaStack
This provider enables dataset management using NVIDIA's NeMo Customizer service.
## Features
- Register datasets for fine-tuning LLMs
- Unregister datasets
## Getting Started
### Prerequisites
- LlamaStack with NVIDIA configuration
- Access to Hosted NVIDIA NeMo Microservice
- API key for authentication with the NVIDIA service
### Setup
Build the NVIDIA environment:
```bash
llama stack build --template nvidia --image-type conda
```
### Basic Usage using the LlamaStack Python Client
#### Initialize the client
```python
import os
os.environ["NVIDIA_API_KEY"] = "your-api-key"
os.environ["NVIDIA_CUSTOMIZER_URL"] = "http://nemo.test"
os.environ["NVIDIA_USER_ID"] = "llama-stack-user"
os.environ["NVIDIA_DATASET_NAMESPACE"] = "default"
os.environ["NVIDIA_PROJECT_ID"] = "test-project"
from llama_stack.distribution.library_client import LlamaStackAsLibraryClient
client = LlamaStackAsLibraryClient("nvidia")
client.initialize()
```
#### Register a dataset
```python
client.datasets.register(
purpose="post-training/messages",
dataset_id="my-training-dataset",
source={"type": "uri", "uri": "hf://datasets/default/sample-dataset"},
metadata={
"format": "json",
"description": "Dataset for LLM fine-tuning",
"provider": "nvidia",
},
)
```
#### Get a list of all registered datasets
```python
datasets = client.datasets.list()
for dataset in datasets:
print(f"Dataset ID: {dataset.identifier}")
print(f"Description: {dataset.metadata.get('description', '')}")
print(f"Source: {dataset.source.uri}")
print("---")
```
#### Unregister a dataset
```python
client.datasets.unregister(dataset_id="my-training-dataset")
```

23
llama_stack/providers/remote/datasetio/nvidia/__init__.py Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
# All rights reserved.
#
# This source code is licensed under the terms described in the LICENSE file in
# the root directory of this source tree.
from .config import NvidiaDatasetIOConfig
async def get_adapter_impl(
config: NvidiaDatasetIOConfig,
_deps,
):
from .datasetio import NvidiaDatasetIOAdapter
if not isinstance(config, NvidiaDatasetIOConfig):
raise RuntimeError(f"Unexpected config type: {type(config)}")
impl = NvidiaDatasetIOAdapter(config)
return impl
__all__ = ["get_adapter_impl", "NvidiaDatasetIOAdapter"]

61
llama_stack/providers/remote/datasetio/nvidia/config.py Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
# All rights reserved.
#
# This source code is licensed under the terms described in the LICENSE file in
# the root directory of this source tree.
import os
import warnings
from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
class NvidiaDatasetIOConfig(BaseModel):
"""Configuration for NVIDIA DatasetIO implementation."""
api_key: Optional[str] = Field(
default_factory=lambda: os.getenv("NVIDIA_API_KEY"),
description="The NVIDIA API key.",
)
dataset_namespace: Optional[str] = Field(
default_factory=lambda: os.getenv("NVIDIA_DATASET_NAMESPACE", "default"),
description="The NVIDIA dataset namespace.",
)
project_id: Optional[str] = Field(
default_factory=lambda: os.getenv("NVIDIA_PROJECT_ID", "test-project"),
description="The NVIDIA project ID.",
)
datasets_url: str = Field(
default_factory=lambda: os.getenv("NVIDIA_DATASETS_URL", "http://nemo.test"),
description="Base URL for the NeMo Dataset API",
)
# warning for default values
def __post_init__(self):
default_values = []
if os.getenv("NVIDIA_PROJECT_ID") is None:
default_values.append("project_id='test-project'")
if os.getenv("NVIDIA_DATASET_NAMESPACE") is None:
default_values.append("dataset_namespace='default'")
if os.getenv("NVIDIA_DATASETS_URL") is None:
default_values.append("datasets_url='http://nemo.test'")
if default_values:
warnings.warn(
f"Using default values: {', '.join(default_values)}. \
Please set the environment variables to avoid this default behavior.",
stacklevel=2,
)
@classmethod
def sample_run_config(cls, **kwargs) -> Dict[str, Any]:
return {
"api_key": "${env.NVIDIA_API_KEY:}",
"dataset_namespace": "${env.NVIDIA_DATASET_NAMESPACE:default}",
"project_id": "${env.NVIDIA_PROJECT_ID:test-project}",
"datasets_url": "${env.NVIDIA_DATASETS_URL:http://nemo.test}",
}

117
llama_stack/providers/remote/datasetio/nvidia/datasetio.py Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
# All rights reserved.
#
# This source code is licensed under the terms described in the LICENSE file in
# the root directory of this source tree.
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
import aiohttp
from llama_stack.apis.common.content_types import URL
from llama_stack.apis.common.responses import PaginatedResponse
from llama_stack.apis.common.type_system import ParamType
from llama_stack.apis.datasets import Dataset
from .config import NvidiaDatasetIOConfig
class NvidiaDatasetIOAdapter:
"""Nvidia NeMo DatasetIO API."""
def __init__(self, config: NvidiaDatasetIOConfig):
self.config = config
self.headers = {}
async def _make_request(
self,
method: str,
path: str,
headers: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
params: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
json: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
**kwargs,
) -> Dict[str, Any]:
"""Helper method to make HTTP requests to the Customizer API."""
url = f"{self.config.datasets_url}{path}"
request_headers = self.headers.copy()
# Set default Content-Type for JSON requests
if json is not None:
request_headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json"
if headers:
request_headers.update(headers)
async with aiohttp.ClientSession(headers=request_headers) as session:
# TODO: Remove `verify_ssl=False`. Added for testing purposes to call NMP int environment from `docs/notebooks/nvidia/`
async with session.request(method, url, params=params, json=json, verify_ssl=False, **kwargs) as response:
if response.status != 200:
error_data = await response.json()
raise Exception(f"API request failed: {error_data}")
return await response.json()
async def register_dataset(
self,
dataset_def: Dataset,
) -> Dataset:
"""Register a new dataset.
Args:
dataset_def [Dataset]: The dataset definition.
dataset_id [str]: The ID of the dataset.
source [DataSource]: The source of the dataset.
metadata [Dict[str, Any]]: The metadata of the dataset.
format [str]: The format of the dataset.
description [str]: The description of the dataset.
Returns:
Dataset
"""
## add warnings for unsupported params
request_body = {
"name": dataset_def.identifier,
"namespace": self.config.dataset_namespace,
"files_url": dataset_def.source.uri,
"project": self.config.project_id,
}
if dataset_def.metadata:
request_body["format"] = dataset_def.metadata.get("format")
request_body["description"] = dataset_def.metadata.get("description")
await self._make_request(
"POST",
"/v1/datasets",
json=request_body,
)
return dataset_def
async def update_dataset(
self,
dataset_id: str,
dataset_schema: Dict[str, ParamType],
url: URL,
provider_dataset_id: Optional[str] = None,
provider_id: Optional[str] = None,
metadata: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
) -> None:
raise NotImplementedError("Not implemented")
async def unregister_dataset(
self,
dataset_id: str,
) -> None:
await self._make_request(
"DELETE",
f"/v1/datasets/{self.config.dataset_namespace}/{dataset_id}",
headers={"Accept": "application/json", "Content-Type": "application/json"},
)
async def iterrows(
self,
dataset_id: str,
start_index: Optional[int] = None,
limit: Optional[int] = None,
) -> PaginatedResponse:
raise NotImplementedError("Not implemented")
async def append_rows(self, dataset_id: str, rows: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> None:
raise NotImplementedError("Not implemented")

9
llama_stack/providers/remote/eval/nvidia/eval.py
View file

@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ from llama_stack.apis.datasets import Datasets
from llama_stack.apis.inference import Inference
from llama_stack.apis.scoring import Scoring, ScoringResult
from llama_stack.providers.datatypes import BenchmarksProtocolPrivate
from llama_stack.providers.remote.inference.nvidia.models import MODEL_ENTRIES
from llama_stack.providers.utils.inference.model_registry import ModelRegistryHelper
from .....apis.common.job_types import Job, JobStatus
from .....apis.eval.eval import BenchmarkConfig, Eval, EvaluateResponse
@ -25,6 +27,7 @@ DEFAULT_NAMESPACE = "nvidia"
class NVIDIAEvalImpl(
Eval,
BenchmarksProtocolPrivate,
ModelRegistryHelper,
):
def __init__(
self,
@ -42,6 +45,8 @@ class NVIDIAEvalImpl(
self.inference_api = inference_api
self.agents_api = agents_api
ModelRegistryHelper.__init__(self, model_entries=MODEL_ENTRIES)
async def initialize(self) -> None: ...
async def shutdown(self) -> None: ...
@ -81,11 +86,13 @@ class NVIDIAEvalImpl(
if benchmark_config.eval_candidate.type == "model"
else benchmark_config.eval_candidate.config.model
)
nvidia_model = self.get_provider_model_id(model)
result = await self._evaluator_post(
"/v1/evaluation/jobs",
{
"config": f"{DEFAULT_NAMESPACE}/{benchmark_id}",
"target": {"type": "model", "model": model},
"target": {"type": "model", "model": nvidia_model},
},
)

64
llama_stack/providers/remote/inference/nvidia/nvidia.py
View file

@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ from llama_stack.apis.inference import (
TextTruncation,
ToolChoice,
ToolConfig,
ToolDefinition,
)
from llama_stack.apis.inference.inference import (
OpenAIChatCompletion,
@ -42,7 +41,14 @@ from llama_stack.apis.inference.inference import (
OpenAIMessageParam,
OpenAIResponseFormatParam,
)
from llama_stack.models.llama.datatypes import ToolPromptFormat
from llama_stack.apis.models import Model, ModelType
from llama_stack.models.llama.datatypes import (
ToolDefinition,
ToolPromptFormat,
)
from llama_stack.providers.utils.inference import (
ALL_HUGGINGFACE_REPOS_TO_MODEL_DESCRIPTOR,
)
from llama_stack.providers.utils.inference.model_registry import (
ModelRegistryHelper,
)
@ -120,10 +126,15 @@ class NVIDIAInferenceAdapter(Inference, ModelRegistryHelper):
"meta/llama-3.2-90b-vision-instruct": "https://ai.api.nvidia.com/v1/gr/meta/llama-3.2-90b-vision-instruct",
}
base_url = f"{self._config.url}/v1"
if _is_nvidia_hosted(self._config) and provider_model_id in special_model_urls:
base_url = special_model_urls[provider_model_id]
# add /v1 in case of hosted models
base_url = self._config.url
if _is_nvidia_hosted(self._config):
if provider_model_id in special_model_urls:
base_url = special_model_urls[provider_model_id]
else:
base_url = f"{self._config.url}/v1"
elif "nim.int.aire.nvidia.com" in base_url:
base_url = f"{base_url}/v1"
return _get_client_for_base_url(base_url)
async def completion(
@ -379,3 +390,44 @@ class NVIDIAInferenceAdapter(Inference, ModelRegistryHelper):
return await self._get_client(provider_model_id).chat.completions.create(**params)
except APIConnectionError as e:
raise ConnectionError(f"Failed to connect to NVIDIA NIM at {self._config.url}: {e}") from e
async def register_model(self, model: Model) -> Model:
"""
Allow non-llama model registration.
Non-llama model registration: API Catalogue models, post-training models, etc.
client = LlamaStackAsLibraryClient("nvidia")
client.models.register(
model_id="mistralai/mixtral-8x7b-instruct-v0.1",
model_type=ModelType.llm,
provider_id="nvidia",
provider_model_id="mistralai/mixtral-8x7b-instruct-v0.1"
)
NOTE: Only supports models endpoints compatible with AsyncOpenAI base_url format.
"""
if model.model_type == ModelType.embedding:
# embedding models are always registered by their provider model id and does not need to be mapped to a llama model
provider_resource_id = model.provider_resource_id
else:
provider_resource_id = self.get_provider_model_id(model.provider_resource_id)
if provider_resource_id:
model.provider_resource_id = provider_resource_id
else:
llama_model = model.metadata.get("llama_model")
existing_llama_model = self.get_llama_model(model.provider_resource_id)
if existing_llama_model:
if existing_llama_model != llama_model:
raise ValueError(
f"Provider model id '{model.provider_resource_id}' is already registered to a different llama model: '{existing_llama_model}'"
)
else:
# not llama model
if llama_model in ALL_HUGGINGFACE_REPOS_TO_MODEL_DESCRIPTOR:
self.provider_id_to_llama_model_map[model.provider_resource_id] = (
ALL_HUGGINGFACE_REPOS_TO_MODEL_DESCRIPTOR[llama_model]
)
else:
self.alias_to_provider_id_map[model.provider_model_id] = model.provider_model_id
return model

14
llama_stack/providers/remote/post_training/nvidia/README.md
View file

@ -125,6 +125,20 @@ client.post_training.job.cancel(job_uuid="your-job-id")
### Inference with the fine-tuned model
#### 1. Register the model
```python
model = Model(
identifier="test-example-model@v1",
provider_id="nvidia",
provider_model_id="test-example-model@v1",
model_type=ModelType.llm,
)
client.register_model(model)
```
#### 2. Inference with the fine-tuned model
```python
response = client.inference.completion(
content="Complete the sentence using one word: Roses are red, violets are ",

20
llama_stack/providers/remote/post_training/nvidia/post_training.py
View file

@ -27,11 +27,12 @@ from .models import _MODEL_ENTRIES
# Map API status to JobStatus enum
STATUS_MAPPING = {
"running": "in_progress",
"completed": "completed",
"failed": "failed",
"cancelled": "cancelled",
"pending": "scheduled",
"running": JobStatus.in_progress.value,
"completed": JobStatus.completed.value,
"failed": JobStatus.failed.value,
"cancelled": JobStatus.cancelled.value,
"pending": JobStatus.scheduled.value,
"unkown": JobStatus.scheduled.value,
}
@ -391,15 +392,14 @@ class NvidiaPostTrainingAdapter(ModelRegistryHelper):
# Handle LoRA-specific configuration
if algorithm_config:
algortihm_config_dict = algorithm_config.model_dump()
if algortihm_config_dict.get("type") == "LoRA":
if algorithm_config.get("type") == "LoRA":
warn_unsupported_params(algorithm_config, supported_params["lora_config"], "LoRA config")
job_config["hyperparameters"]["lora"] = {
k: v
for k, v in {
"adapter_dim": algortihm_config_dict.get("adapter_dim"),
"alpha": algortihm_config_dict.get("alpha"),
"adapter_dropout": algortihm_config_dict.get("adapter_dropout"),
"adapter_dim": algorithm_config.get("adapter_dim"),
"alpha": algorithm_config.get("alpha"),
"adapter_dropout": algorithm_config.get("adapter_dropout"),
}.items()
if v is not None
}

1
llama_stack/templates/dependencies.json
View file

@ -394,6 +394,7 @@
"aiosqlite",
"blobfile",
"chardet",
"datasets",
"faiss-cpu",
"fastapi",
"fire",

1
llama_stack/templates/nvidia/build.yaml
View file

@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ distribution_spec:
- remote::nvidia
datasetio:
- inline::localfs
- remote::nvidia
scoring:
- inline::basic
tool_runtime:

2
llama_stack/templates/nvidia/nvidia.py
View file

@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ def get_distribution_template() -> DistributionTemplate:
"telemetry": ["inline::meta-reference"],
"eval": ["remote::nvidia"],
"post_training": ["remote::nvidia"],
"datasetio": ["inline::localfs"],
"datasetio": ["inline::localfs", "remote::nvidia"],
"scoring": ["inline::basic"],
"tool_runtime": ["inline::rag-runtime"],
}

7
llama_stack/templates/nvidia/run-with-safety.yaml
View file

@ -73,6 +73,13 @@ providers:
type: sqlite
namespace: null
db_path: ${env.SQLITE_STORE_DIR:~/.llama/distributions/nvidia}/localfs_datasetio.db
- provider_id: nvidia
provider_type: remote::nvidia
config:
api_key: ${env.NVIDIA_API_KEY:}
dataset_namespace: ${env.NVIDIA_DATASET_NAMESPACE:default}
project_id: ${env.NVIDIA_PROJECT_ID:test-project}
datasets_url: ${env.NVIDIA_DATASETS_URL:http://nemo.test}
scoring:
- provider_id: basic
provider_type: inline::basic

7
llama_stack/templates/nvidia/run.yaml
View file

@ -68,6 +68,13 @@ providers:
type: sqlite
namespace: null
db_path: ${env.SQLITE_STORE_DIR:~/.llama/distributions/nvidia}/localfs_datasetio.db
- provider_id: nvidia
provider_type: remote::nvidia
config:
api_key: ${env.NVIDIA_API_KEY:}
dataset_namespace: ${env.NVIDIA_DATASET_NAMESPACE:default}
project_id: ${env.NVIDIA_PROJECT_ID:test-project}
datasets_url: ${env.NVIDIA_DATASETS_URL:http://nemo.test}
scoring:
- provider_id: basic
provider_type: inline::basic

1
pyproject.toml
View file

@ -249,6 +249,7 @@ exclude = [
"^llama_stack/providers/inline/scoring/llm_as_judge/",
"^llama_stack/providers/remote/agents/sample/",
"^llama_stack/providers/remote/datasetio/huggingface/",
"^llama_stack/providers/remote/datasetio/nvidia/",
"^llama_stack/providers/remote/inference/anthropic/",
"^llama_stack/providers/remote/inference/bedrock/",
"^llama_stack/providers/remote/inference/cerebras/",

3
tests/unit/providers/nvidia/test_eval.py
View file

@ -55,9 +55,6 @@ class TestNVIDIAEvalImpl(unittest.TestCase):
self.mock_evaluator_get = self.evaluator_get_patcher.start()
self.mock_evaluator_post = self.evaluator_post_patcher.start()
# Set up async test helper
# self.run_async = self._create_async_helper()
def tearDown(self):
"""Clean up after each test."""
self.evaluator_get_patcher.stop()

41
tests/unit/providers/nvidia/test_supervised_fine_tuning.py
View file

@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ from llama_stack_client.types.post_training_supervised_fine_tune_params import (
TrainingConfigOptimizerConfig,
)
from llama_stack.apis.models import Model, ModelType
from llama_stack.providers.remote.inference.nvidia.nvidia import NVIDIAConfig, NVIDIAInferenceAdapter
from llama_stack.providers.remote.post_training.nvidia.post_training import (
ListNvidiaPostTrainingJobs,
NvidiaPostTrainingAdapter,
@ -40,8 +42,22 @@ class TestNvidiaPostTraining(unittest.TestCase):
)
self.mock_make_request = self.make_request_patcher.start()
# Mock the inference client
inference_config = NVIDIAConfig(base_url=os.environ["NVIDIA_BASE_URL"], api_key=None)
self.inference_adapter = NVIDIAInferenceAdapter(inference_config)
self.mock_client = unittest.mock.MagicMock()
self.mock_client.chat.completions.create = unittest.mock.AsyncMock()
self.inference_mock_make_request = self.mock_client.chat.completions.create
self.inference_make_request_patcher = patch(
"llama_stack.providers.remote.inference.nvidia.nvidia.NVIDIAInferenceAdapter._get_client",
return_value=self.mock_client,
)
self.inference_make_request_patcher.start()
def tearDown(self):
self.make_request_patcher.stop()
self.inference_make_request_patcher.stop()
@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
def inject_fixtures(self, run_async):
@ -290,6 +306,31 @@ class TestNvidiaPostTraining(unittest.TestCase):
expected_params={"job_id": job_id},
)
def test_inference_register_model(self):
model_id = "default/job-1234"
model_type = ModelType.llm
model = Model(
identifier=model_id,
provider_id="nvidia",
provider_model_id=model_id,
provider_resource_id=model_id,
model_type=model_type,
)
result = self.run_async(self.inference_adapter.register_model(model))
assert result == model
assert len(self.inference_adapter.alias_to_provider_id_map) > 1
assert self.inference_adapter.get_provider_model_id(model.provider_model_id) == model_id
with patch.object(self.inference_adapter, "chat_completion") as mock_chat_completion:
self.run_async(
self.inference_adapter.chat_completion(
model_id=model_id,
messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "Hello, model"}],
)
)
mock_chat_completion.assert_called()
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()