fix: MCP authorization parameter implementation (#4052)

# What does this PR do?
Adding a user-facing `authorization ` parameter to MCP tool definitions
that allows users to explicitly configure credentials per MCP server,
addressing GitHub Issue #4034 in a secure manner.


## Test Plan
tests/integration/responses/test_mcp_authentication.py

---------

Co-authored-by: Omar Abdelwahab <omara@fb.com>
Co-authored-by: Ashwin Bharambe <ashwin.bharambe@gmail.com>

client-sdks/stainless/openapi.yml

@@ -2054,6 +2054,13 @@ paths:
           required: false
           schema:
             $ref: '#/components/schemas/URL'
+        - name: authorization
+          in: query
+          description: >-
+            (Optional) OAuth access token for authenticating with the MCP server.
+          required: false
+          schema:
+            type: string
       deprecated: false
   /v1/toolgroups:
     get:
@@ -7123,6 +7130,10 @@ components:
               - type: object
           description: >-
             (Optional) HTTP headers to include when connecting to the server
+        authorization:
+          type: string
+          description: >-
+            (Optional) OAuth access token for authenticating with the MCP server
         require_approval:
           oneOf:
             - type: string
@@ -9307,6 +9318,10 @@ components:
               - type: object
           description: >-
             A dictionary of arguments to pass to the tool.
+        authorization:
+          type: string
+          description: >-
+            (Optional) OAuth access token for authenticating with the MCP server.
       additionalProperties: false
       required:
         - tool_name

docs/static/llama-stack-spec.yaml

@@ -1878,6 +1878,13 @@ paths:
           required: false
           schema:
             $ref: '#/components/schemas/URL'
+        - name: authorization
+          in: query
+          description: >-
+            (Optional) OAuth access token for authenticating with the MCP server.
+          required: false
+          schema:
+            type: string
       deprecated: false
   /v1/toolgroups:
     get:
@@ -6182,6 +6189,10 @@ components:
               - type: object
           description: >-
             (Optional) HTTP headers to include when connecting to the server
+        authorization:
+          type: string
+          description: >-
+            (Optional) OAuth access token for authenticating with the MCP server
         require_approval:
           oneOf:
             - type: string
@@ -8366,6 +8377,10 @@ components:
               - type: object
           description: >-
             A dictionary of arguments to pass to the tool.
+        authorization:
+          type: string
+          description: >-
+            (Optional) OAuth access token for authenticating with the MCP server.
       additionalProperties: false
       required:
         - tool_name

docs/static/stainless-llama-stack-spec.yaml

@@ -2054,6 +2054,13 @@ paths:
           required: false
           schema:
             $ref: '#/components/schemas/URL'
+        - name: authorization
+          in: query
+          description: >-
+            (Optional) OAuth access token for authenticating with the MCP server.
+          required: false
+          schema:
+            type: string
       deprecated: false
   /v1/toolgroups:
     get:
@@ -7123,6 +7130,10 @@ components:
               - type: object
           description: >-
             (Optional) HTTP headers to include when connecting to the server
+        authorization:
+          type: string
+          description: >-
+            (Optional) OAuth access token for authenticating with the MCP server
         require_approval:
           oneOf:
             - type: string
@@ -9307,6 +9318,10 @@ components:
               - type: object
           description: >-
             A dictionary of arguments to pass to the tool.
+        authorization:
+          type: string
+          description: >-
+            (Optional) OAuth access token for authenticating with the MCP server.
       additionalProperties: false
       required:
         - tool_name

src/llama_stack/core/routers/tool_runtime.py

@@ -34,16 +34,16 @@ class ToolRuntimeRouter(ToolRuntime):
         logger.debug("ToolRuntimeRouter.shutdown")
         pass
 
-    async def invoke_tool(self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+    async def invoke_tool(self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any], authorization: str | None = None) -> Any:
         logger.debug(f"ToolRuntimeRouter.invoke_tool: {tool_name}")
         provider = await self.routing_table.get_provider_impl(tool_name)
         return await provider.invoke_tool(
             tool_name=tool_name,
             kwargs=kwargs,
+            authorization=authorization,
         )
 
     async def list_runtime_tools(
-        self, tool_group_id: str | None = None, mcp_endpoint: URL | None = None
+        self, tool_group_id: str | None = None, mcp_endpoint: URL | None = None, authorization: str | None = None
     ) -> ListToolDefsResponse:
-        logger.debug(f"ToolRuntimeRouter.list_runtime_tools: {tool_group_id}")
+        return await self.routing_table.list_tools(tool_group_id, authorization=authorization)
-        return await self.routing_table.list_tools(tool_group_id)

src/llama_stack/core/routing_tables/toolgroups.py

@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@ class ToolGroupsRoutingTable(CommonRoutingTableImpl, ToolGroups):
             routing_key = self.tool_to_toolgroup[routing_key]
         return await super().get_provider_impl(routing_key, provider_id)
 
-    async def list_tools(self, toolgroup_id: str | None = None) -> ListToolDefsResponse:
+    async def list_tools(
+        self, toolgroup_id: str | None = None, authorization: str | None = None
+    ) -> ListToolDefsResponse:
         if toolgroup_id:
             if group_id := parse_toolgroup_from_toolgroup_name_pair(toolgroup_id):
                 toolgroup_id = group_id
@@ -61,7 +63,7 @@ class ToolGroupsRoutingTable(CommonRoutingTableImpl, ToolGroups):
         for toolgroup in toolgroups:
             if toolgroup.identifier not in self.toolgroups_to_tools:
                 try:
-                    await self._index_tools(toolgroup)
+                    await self._index_tools(toolgroup, authorization=authorization)
                 except AuthenticationRequiredError:
                     # Send authentication errors back to the client so it knows
                     # that it needs to supply credentials for remote MCP servers.
@@ -76,9 +78,11 @@ class ToolGroupsRoutingTable(CommonRoutingTableImpl, ToolGroups):
 
         return ListToolDefsResponse(data=all_tools)
 
-    async def _index_tools(self, toolgroup: ToolGroup):
+    async def _index_tools(self, toolgroup: ToolGroup, authorization: str | None = None):
         provider_impl = await super().get_provider_impl(toolgroup.identifier, toolgroup.provider_id)
-        tooldefs_response = await provider_impl.list_runtime_tools(toolgroup.identifier, toolgroup.mcp_endpoint)
+        tooldefs_response = await provider_impl.list_runtime_tools(
+            toolgroup.identifier, toolgroup.mcp_endpoint, authorization=authorization
+        )
 
         tooldefs = tooldefs_response.data
         for t in tooldefs:

src/llama_stack/providers/inline/agents/meta_reference/responses/openai_responses.py

@@ -257,6 +257,19 @@ class OpenAIResponsesImpl:
         stream = bool(stream)
         text = OpenAIResponseText(format=OpenAIResponseTextFormat(type="text")) if text is None else text
 
+        # Validate MCP tools: ensure Authorization header is not passed via headers dict
+        if tools:
+            from llama_stack_api.openai_responses import OpenAIResponseInputToolMCP
+
+            for tool in tools:
+                if isinstance(tool, OpenAIResponseInputToolMCP) and tool.headers:
+                    for key in tool.headers.keys():
+                        if key.lower() == "authorization":
+                            raise ValueError(
+                                "Authorization header cannot be passed via 'headers'. "
+                                "Please use the 'authorization' parameter instead."
+                            )
+
         guardrail_ids = extract_guardrail_ids(guardrails) if guardrails else []
 
         if conversation is not None:

src/llama_stack/providers/inline/agents/meta_reference/responses/streaming.py

@@ -1091,10 +1091,12 @@ class StreamingResponseOrchestrator:
                 "server_url": mcp_tool.server_url,
                 "mcp_list_tools_id": list_id,
             }
+            # List MCP tools with authorization from tool config
             async with tracing.span("list_mcp_tools", attributes):
                 tool_defs = await list_mcp_tools(
                     endpoint=mcp_tool.server_url,
-                    headers=mcp_tool.headers or {},
+                    headers=mcp_tool.headers,
+                    authorization=mcp_tool.authorization,
                 )
 
             # Create the MCP list tools message

src/llama_stack/providers/inline/agents/meta_reference/responses/tool_executor.py

@@ -296,12 +296,14 @@ class ToolExecutor:
                     "server_url": mcp_tool.server_url,
                     "tool_name": function_name,
                 }
+                # Invoke MCP tool with authorization from tool config
                 async with tracing.span("invoke_mcp_tool", attributes):
                     result = await invoke_mcp_tool(
                         endpoint=mcp_tool.server_url,
-                        headers=mcp_tool.headers or {},
                         tool_name=function_name,
                         kwargs=tool_kwargs,
+                        headers=mcp_tool.headers,
+                        authorization=mcp_tool.authorization,
                     )
             elif function_name == "knowledge_search":
                 response_file_search_tool = (

src/llama_stack/providers/inline/tool_runtime/rag/memory.py

@@ -276,7 +276,10 @@ class MemoryToolRuntimeImpl(ToolGroupsProtocolPrivate, ToolRuntime):
         )
 
     async def list_runtime_tools(
-        self, tool_group_id: str | None = None, mcp_endpoint: URL | None = None
+        self,
+        tool_group_id: str | None = None,
+        mcp_endpoint: URL | None = None,
+        authorization: str | None = None,
     ) -> ListToolDefsResponse:
         # Parameters are not listed since these methods are not yet invoked automatically
         # by the LLM. The method is only implemented so things like /tools can list without
@@ -304,7 +307,9 @@ class MemoryToolRuntimeImpl(ToolGroupsProtocolPrivate, ToolRuntime):
             ]
         )
 
-    async def invoke_tool(self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> ToolInvocationResult:
+    async def invoke_tool(
+        self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any], authorization: str | None = None
+    ) -> ToolInvocationResult:
         vector_store_ids = kwargs.get("vector_store_ids", [])
         query_config = kwargs.get("query_config")
         if query_config:

src/llama_stack/providers/remote/tool_runtime/bing_search/bing_search.py

@@ -49,7 +49,10 @@ class BingSearchToolRuntimeImpl(ToolGroupsProtocolPrivate, ToolRuntime, NeedsReq
         return provider_data.bing_search_api_key
 
     async def list_runtime_tools(
-        self, tool_group_id: str | None = None, mcp_endpoint: URL | None = None
+        self,
+        tool_group_id: str | None = None,
+        mcp_endpoint: URL | None = None,
+        authorization: str | None = None,
     ) -> ListToolDefsResponse:
         return ListToolDefsResponse(
             data=[
@@ -70,7 +73,9 @@ class BingSearchToolRuntimeImpl(ToolGroupsProtocolPrivate, ToolRuntime, NeedsReq
             ]
         )
 
-    async def invoke_tool(self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> ToolInvocationResult:
+    async def invoke_tool(
+        self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any], authorization: str | None = None
+    ) -> ToolInvocationResult:
         api_key = self._get_api_key()
         headers = {
             "Ocp-Apim-Subscription-Key": api_key,

src/llama_stack/providers/remote/tool_runtime/brave_search/brave_search.py

@@ -48,7 +48,10 @@ class BraveSearchToolRuntimeImpl(ToolGroupsProtocolPrivate, ToolRuntime, NeedsRe
         return provider_data.brave_search_api_key
 
     async def list_runtime_tools(
-        self, tool_group_id: str | None = None, mcp_endpoint: URL | None = None
+        self,
+        tool_group_id: str | None = None,
+        mcp_endpoint: URL | None = None,
+        authorization: str | None = None,
     ) -> ListToolDefsResponse:
         return ListToolDefsResponse(
             data=[
@@ -70,7 +73,9 @@ class BraveSearchToolRuntimeImpl(ToolGroupsProtocolPrivate, ToolRuntime, NeedsRe
             ]
         )
 
-    async def invoke_tool(self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> ToolInvocationResult:
+    async def invoke_tool(
+        self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any], authorization: str | None = None
+    ) -> ToolInvocationResult:
         api_key = self._get_api_key()
         url = "https://api.search.brave.com/res/v1/web/search"
         headers = {

src/llama_stack/providers/remote/tool_runtime/model_context_protocol/config.py

@@ -10,8 +10,14 @@ from pydantic import BaseModel
 
 
 class MCPProviderDataValidator(BaseModel):
-    # mcp_endpoint => dict of headers to send
+    """
-    mcp_headers: dict[str, dict[str, str]] | None = None
+    Validator for MCP provider-specific data passed via request headers.
+
+    Phase 1: Support old header-based authentication for backward compatibility.
+    In Phase 2, this will be deprecated in favor of the authorization parameter.
+    """
+
+    mcp_headers: dict[str, dict[str, str]] | None = None  # Map of URI -> headers dict
 
 
 class MCPProviderConfig(BaseModel):

src/llama_stack/providers/remote/tool_runtime/model_context_protocol/model_context_protocol.py

@@ -39,15 +39,29 @@ class ModelContextProtocolToolRuntimeImpl(ToolGroupsProtocolPrivate, ToolRuntime
         return
 
     async def list_runtime_tools(
-        self, tool_group_id: str | None = None, mcp_endpoint: URL | None = None
+        self,
+        tool_group_id: str | None = None,
+        mcp_endpoint: URL | None = None,
+        authorization: str | None = None,
     ) -> ListToolDefsResponse:
         # this endpoint should be retrieved by getting the tool group right?
         if mcp_endpoint is None:
             raise ValueError("mcp_endpoint is required")
-        headers = await self.get_headers_from_request(mcp_endpoint.uri)
-        return await list_mcp_tools(mcp_endpoint.uri, headers)
 
-    async def invoke_tool(self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> ToolInvocationResult:
+        # Phase 1: Support both old header-based auth AND new authorization parameter
+        # Get headers and auth from provider data (old approach)
+        provider_headers, provider_auth = await self.get_headers_from_request(mcp_endpoint.uri)
+
+        # New authorization parameter takes precedence over provider data
+        final_authorization = authorization or provider_auth
+
+        return await list_mcp_tools(
+            endpoint=mcp_endpoint.uri, headers=provider_headers, authorization=final_authorization
+        )
+
+    async def invoke_tool(
+        self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any], authorization: str | None = None
+    ) -> ToolInvocationResult:
         tool = await self.tool_store.get_tool(tool_name)
         if tool.metadata is None or tool.metadata.get("endpoint") is None:
             raise ValueError(f"Tool {tool_name} does not have metadata")
@@ -55,19 +69,57 @@ class ModelContextProtocolToolRuntimeImpl(ToolGroupsProtocolPrivate, ToolRuntime
         if urlparse(endpoint).scheme not in ("http", "https"):
             raise ValueError(f"Endpoint {endpoint} is not a valid HTTP(S) URL")
 
-        headers = await self.get_headers_from_request(endpoint)
+        # Phase 1: Support both old header-based auth AND new authorization parameter
-        return await invoke_mcp_tool(endpoint, headers, tool_name, kwargs)
+        # Get headers and auth from provider data (old approach)
+        provider_headers, provider_auth = await self.get_headers_from_request(endpoint)
+
+        # New authorization parameter takes precedence over provider data
+        final_authorization = authorization or provider_auth
+
+        return await invoke_mcp_tool(
+            endpoint=endpoint,
+            tool_name=tool_name,
+            kwargs=kwargs,
+            headers=provider_headers,
+            authorization=final_authorization,
+        )
+
+    async def get_headers_from_request(self, mcp_endpoint_uri: str) -> tuple[dict[str, str], str | None]:
+        """
+        Extract headers and authorization from request provider data (Phase 1 backward compatibility).
+
+        Phase 1: Temporarily allows Authorization to be passed via mcp_headers for backward compatibility.
+        Phase 2: Will enforce that Authorization should use the dedicated authorization parameter instead.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple of (headers_dict, authorization_token)
+            - headers_dict: All headers except Authorization
+            - authorization_token: Token from Authorization header (with "Bearer " prefix removed), or None
+        """
 
-    async def get_headers_from_request(self, mcp_endpoint_uri: str) -> dict[str, str]:
         def canonicalize_uri(uri: str) -> str:
             return f"{urlparse(uri).netloc or ''}/{urlparse(uri).path or ''}"
 
         headers = {}
+        authorization = None
 
         provider_data = self.get_request_provider_data()
-        if provider_data and provider_data.mcp_headers:
+        if provider_data and hasattr(provider_data, "mcp_headers") and provider_data.mcp_headers:
             for uri, values in provider_data.mcp_headers.items():
                 if canonicalize_uri(uri) != canonicalize_uri(mcp_endpoint_uri):
                     continue
-                headers.update(values)
+
-        return headers
+                # Phase 1: Extract Authorization from mcp_headers for backward compatibility
+                # (Phase 2 will reject this and require the dedicated authorization parameter)
+                for key in values.keys():
+                    if key.lower() == "authorization":
+                        # Extract authorization token and strip "Bearer " prefix if present
+                        auth_value = values[key]
+                        if auth_value.startswith("Bearer "):
+                            authorization = auth_value[7:]  # Remove "Bearer " prefix
+                        else:
+                            authorization = auth_value
+                    else:
+                        headers[key] = values[key]
+
+        return headers, authorization

src/llama_stack/providers/remote/tool_runtime/tavily_search/tavily_search.py

@@ -48,7 +48,10 @@ class TavilySearchToolRuntimeImpl(ToolGroupsProtocolPrivate, ToolRuntime, NeedsR
         return provider_data.tavily_search_api_key
 
     async def list_runtime_tools(
-        self, tool_group_id: str | None = None, mcp_endpoint: URL | None = None
+        self,
+        tool_group_id: str | None = None,
+        mcp_endpoint: URL | None = None,
+        authorization: str | None = None,
     ) -> ListToolDefsResponse:
         return ListToolDefsResponse(
             data=[
@@ -69,7 +72,9 @@ class TavilySearchToolRuntimeImpl(ToolGroupsProtocolPrivate, ToolRuntime, NeedsR
             ]
         )
 
-    async def invoke_tool(self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> ToolInvocationResult:
+    async def invoke_tool(
+        self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any], authorization: str | None = None
+    ) -> ToolInvocationResult:
         api_key = self._get_api_key()
         async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
             response = await client.post(

src/llama_stack/providers/remote/tool_runtime/wolfram_alpha/wolfram_alpha.py

@@ -49,7 +49,10 @@ class WolframAlphaToolRuntimeImpl(ToolGroupsProtocolPrivate, ToolRuntime, NeedsR
         return provider_data.wolfram_alpha_api_key
 
     async def list_runtime_tools(
-        self, tool_group_id: str | None = None, mcp_endpoint: URL | None = None
+        self,
+        tool_group_id: str | None = None,
+        mcp_endpoint: URL | None = None,
+        authorization: str | None = None,
     ) -> ListToolDefsResponse:
         return ListToolDefsResponse(
             data=[
@@ -70,7 +73,9 @@ class WolframAlphaToolRuntimeImpl(ToolGroupsProtocolPrivate, ToolRuntime, NeedsR
             ]
         )
 
-    async def invoke_tool(self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> ToolInvocationResult:
+    async def invoke_tool(
+        self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any], authorization: str | None = None
+    ) -> ToolInvocationResult:
         api_key = self._get_api_key()
         params = {
             "input": kwargs["query"],

src/llama_stack/providers/utils/tools/mcp.py

@@ -30,6 +30,40 @@ from llama_stack_api import (
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__, category="tools")
 
+
+def prepare_mcp_headers(base_headers: dict[str, str] | None, authorization: str | None) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Prepare headers for MCP requests with authorization support.
+
+    Args:
+        base_headers: Base headers dictionary (can be None)
+        authorization: OAuth access token (without "Bearer " prefix)
+
+    Returns:
+        Headers dictionary with Authorization header if token provided
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If Authorization header is specified in the headers dict (security risk)
+    """
+    headers = dict(base_headers or {})
+
+    # Security check: reject any Authorization header in the headers dict
+    # Users must use the authorization parameter instead to avoid security risks
+    existing_keys_lower = {k.lower() for k in headers.keys()}
+    if "authorization" in existing_keys_lower:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "For security reasons, Authorization header cannot be passed via 'headers'. "
+            "Please use the 'authorization' parameter instead."
+        )
+
+    # Add Authorization header if token provided
+    if authorization:
+        # OAuth access token - add "Bearer " prefix
+        headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {authorization}"
+
+    return headers
+
+
 protocol_cache = TTLDict(ttl_seconds=3600)
 
 
@@ -112,9 +146,29 @@ async def client_wrapper(endpoint: str, headers: dict[str, str]) -> AsyncGenerat
                 raise
 
 
-async def list_mcp_tools(endpoint: str, headers: dict[str, str]) -> ListToolDefsResponse:
+async def list_mcp_tools(
+    endpoint: str,
+    headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    authorization: str | None = None,
+) -> ListToolDefsResponse:
+    """List tools available from an MCP server.
+
+    Args:
+        endpoint: MCP server endpoint URL
+        headers: Optional base headers to include
+        authorization: Optional OAuth access token (just the token, not "Bearer <token>")
+
+    Returns:
+        List of tool definitions from the MCP server
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If Authorization is found in the headers parameter
+    """
+    # Prepare headers with authorization handling
+    final_headers = prepare_mcp_headers(headers, authorization)
+
     tools = []
-    async with client_wrapper(endpoint, headers) as session:
+    async with client_wrapper(endpoint, final_headers) as session:
         tools_result = await session.list_tools()
         for tool in tools_result.tools:
             tools.append(
@@ -132,9 +186,31 @@ async def list_mcp_tools(endpoint: str, headers: dict[str, str]) -> ListToolDefs
 
 
 async def invoke_mcp_tool(
-    endpoint: str, headers: dict[str, str], tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any]
+    endpoint: str,
+    tool_name: str,
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+    headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    authorization: str | None = None,
 ) -> ToolInvocationResult:
-    async with client_wrapper(endpoint, headers) as session:
+    """Invoke an MCP tool with the given arguments.
+
+    Args:
+        endpoint: MCP server endpoint URL
+        tool_name: Name of the tool to invoke
+        kwargs: Tool invocation arguments
+        headers: Optional base headers to include
+        authorization: Optional OAuth access token (just the token, not "Bearer <token>")
+
+    Returns:
+        Tool invocation result with content and error information
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If Authorization header is found in the headers parameter
+    """
+    # Prepare headers with authorization handling
+    final_headers = prepare_mcp_headers(headers, authorization)
+
+    async with client_wrapper(endpoint, final_headers) as session:
         result = await session.call_tool(tool_name, kwargs)
 
         content: list[InterleavedContentItem] = []

src/llama_stack/testing/api_recorder.py

@@ -609,14 +609,14 @@ def _combine_model_list_responses(endpoint: str, records: list[dict[str, Any]])
 
 
 async def _patched_tool_invoke_method(
-    original_method, provider_name: str, self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any]
+    original_method, provider_name: str, self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any], authorization: str | None = None
 ):
     """Patched version of tool runtime invoke_tool method for recording/replay."""
     global _current_mode, _current_storage
 
     if _current_mode == APIRecordingMode.LIVE or _current_storage is None:
         # Normal operation
-        return await original_method(self, tool_name, kwargs)
+        return await original_method(self, tool_name, kwargs, authorization=authorization)
 
     request_hash = normalize_tool_request(provider_name, tool_name, kwargs)
 
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ async def _patched_tool_invoke_method(
 
     if _current_mode in (APIRecordingMode.RECORD, APIRecordingMode.RECORD_IF_MISSING):
         # Make the tool call and record it
-        result = await original_method(self, tool_name, kwargs)
+        result = await original_method(self, tool_name, kwargs, authorization=authorization)
 
         request_data = {
             "test_id": get_test_context(),
@@ -885,9 +885,11 @@ def patch_inference_clients():
     OllamaAsyncClient.list = patched_ollama_list
 
     # Create patched methods for tool runtimes
-    async def patched_tavily_invoke_tool(self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any]):
+    async def patched_tavily_invoke_tool(
+        self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any], authorization: str | None = None
+    ):
         return await _patched_tool_invoke_method(
-            _original_methods["tavily_invoke_tool"], "tavily", self, tool_name, kwargs
+            _original_methods["tavily_invoke_tool"], "tavily", self, tool_name, kwargs, authorization=authorization
         )
 
     # Apply tool runtime patches

src/llama_stack_api/openai_responses.py

@@ -490,6 +490,7 @@ class OpenAIResponseInputToolMCP(BaseModel):
     :param server_label: Label to identify this MCP server
     :param server_url: URL endpoint of the MCP server
     :param headers: (Optional) HTTP headers to include when connecting to the server
+    :param authorization: (Optional) OAuth access token for authenticating with the MCP server
     :param require_approval: Approval requirement for tool calls ("always", "never", or filter)
     :param allowed_tools: (Optional) Restriction on which tools can be used from this server
     """
@@ -498,6 +499,7 @@ class OpenAIResponseInputToolMCP(BaseModel):
     server_label: str
     server_url: str
     headers: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+    authorization: str | None = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
 
     require_approval: Literal["always"] | Literal["never"] | ApprovalFilter = "never"
     allowed_tools: list[str] | AllowedToolsFilter | None = None

src/llama_stack_api/tools.py

@@ -196,22 +196,32 @@ class ToolRuntime(Protocol):
     # TODO: This needs to be renamed once OPEN API generator name conflict issue is fixed.
     @webmethod(route="/tool-runtime/list-tools", method="GET", level=LLAMA_STACK_API_V1)
     async def list_runtime_tools(
-        self, tool_group_id: str | None = None, mcp_endpoint: URL | None = None
+        self,
+        tool_group_id: str | None = None,
+        mcp_endpoint: URL | None = None,
+        authorization: str | None = None,
     ) -> ListToolDefsResponse:
         """List all tools in the runtime.
 
         :param tool_group_id: The ID of the tool group to list tools for.
         :param mcp_endpoint: The MCP endpoint to use for the tool group.
+        :param authorization: (Optional) OAuth access token for authenticating with the MCP server.
         :returns: A ListToolDefsResponse.
         """
         ...
 
     @webmethod(route="/tool-runtime/invoke", method="POST", level=LLAMA_STACK_API_V1)
-    async def invoke_tool(self, tool_name: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> ToolInvocationResult:
+    async def invoke_tool(
+        self,
+        tool_name: str,
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+        authorization: str | None = None,
+    ) -> ToolInvocationResult:
         """Run a tool with the given arguments.
 
         :param tool_name: The name of the tool to invoke.
         :param kwargs: A dictionary of arguments to pass to the tool.
+        :param authorization: (Optional) OAuth access token for authenticating with the MCP server.
         :returns: A ToolInvocationResult.
         """
         ...

tests/integration/inference/test_tools_with_schemas.py

@@ -193,7 +193,14 @@ class TestMCPToolsInChatCompletion:
             mcp_endpoint=dict(uri=uri),
         )
 
-        provider_data = {"mcp_headers": {uri: {"Authorization": f"Bearer {AUTH_TOKEN}"}}}
+        # Use old header-based approach for Phase 1 (backward compatibility)
+        provider_data = {
+            "mcp_headers": {
+                uri: {
+                    "Authorization": f"Bearer {AUTH_TOKEN}",
+                },
+            },
+        }
         auth_headers = {
             "X-LlamaStack-Provider-Data": json.dumps(provider_data),
         }

tests/integration/responses/recordings/51e3ddbc9d23c614ead9a8fd6ad30294237eb43063c00efc83b8a1202c1cc20c.json

@@ -0,0 +1,614 @@
+{
+  "test_id": "tests/integration/responses/test_mcp_authentication.py::test_mcp_authorization_backward_compatibility[openai_client-txt=openai/gpt-4o]",
+  "request": {
+    "method": "POST",
+    "url": "https://api.openai.com/v1/v1/chat/completions",
+    "headers": {},
+    "body": {
+      "model": "gpt-4o",
+      "messages": [
+        {
+          "role": "user",
+          "content": "What is the boiling point of myawesomeliquid?"
+        },
+        {
+          "role": "assistant",
+          "content": "",
+          "tool_calls": [
+            {
+              "index": 0,
+              "id": "call_UeAsx9M8mAXo1F1LZj6TsEV9",
+              "type": "function",
+              "function": {
+                "name": "get_boiling_point",
+                "arguments": "{\"liquid_name\":\"myawesomeliquid\"}"
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "role": "tool",
+          "tool_call_id": "call_UeAsx9M8mAXo1F1LZj6TsEV9",
+          "content": [
+            {
+              "type": "text",
+              "text": "-100"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "stream": true,
+      "stream_options": {
+        "include_usage": true
+      },
+      "tools": [
+        {
+          "type": "function",
+          "function": {
+            "name": "greet_everyone",
+            "parameters": {
+              "properties": {
+                "url": {
+                  "title": "Url",
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "url"
+              ],
+              "title": "greet_everyoneArguments",
+              "type": "object"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "function",
+          "function": {
+            "name": "get_boiling_point",
+            "description": "\n        Returns the boiling point of a liquid in Celsius or Fahrenheit.\n\n        :param liquid_name: The name of the liquid\n        :param celsius: Whether to return the boiling point in Celsius\n        :return: The boiling point of the liquid in Celcius or Fahrenheit\n        ",
+            "parameters": {
+              "properties": {
+                "liquid_name": {
+                  "title": "Liquid Name",
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "celsius": {
+                  "default": true,
+                  "title": "Celsius",
+                  "type": "boolean"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "liquid_name"
+              ],
+              "title": "get_boiling_pointArguments",
+              "type": "object"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "endpoint": "/v1/chat/completions",
+    "model": "gpt-4o"
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tests/integration/responses/recordings/5236eb1d546e5a1bd0712891d8b4866a73cc04ce93db40346beb070f30fafee1.json

@@ -0,0 +1,614 @@
+{
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+    "body": {
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+        },
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+          "content": "",
+          "tool_calls": [
+            {
+              "index": 0,
+              "id": "call_mitVYvmPaFfoSmKjzKo5xmZp",
+              "type": "function",
+              "function": {
+                "name": "get_boiling_point",
+                "arguments": "{\"liquid_name\":\"myawesomeliquid\"}"
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "role": "tool",
+          "tool_call_id": "call_mitVYvmPaFfoSmKjzKo5xmZp",
+          "content": [
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+        "__type__": "openai.types.chat.chat_completion_chunk.ChatCompletionChunk",
+        "__data__": {
+          "id": "rec-db81127157a8",
+          "choices": [
+            {
+              "delta": {
+                "content": " -",
+                "function_call": null,
+                "refusal": null,
+                "role": null,
+                "tool_calls": null
+              },
+              "finish_reason": null,
+              "index": 0,
+              "logprobs": null
+            }
+          ],
+          "created": 0,
+          "model": "gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+          "object": "chat.completion.chunk",
+          "service_tier": "default",
+          "system_fingerprint": "fp_cbf1785567",
+          "usage": null,
+          "obfuscation": "ynScunJEjmOWBo"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "__type__": "openai.types.chat.chat_completion_chunk.ChatCompletionChunk",
+        "__data__": {
+          "id": "rec-db81127157a8",
+          "choices": [
+            {
+              "delta": {
+                "content": "100",
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+                "refusal": null,
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+                "tool_calls": null
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+              "index": 0,
+              "logprobs": null
+            }
+          ],
+          "created": 0,
+          "model": "gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+          "object": "chat.completion.chunk",
+          "service_tier": "default",
+          "system_fingerprint": "fp_cbf1785567",
+          "usage": null,
+          "obfuscation": "po2PLlPavc9TN"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "__type__": "openai.types.chat.chat_completion_chunk.ChatCompletionChunk",
+        "__data__": {
+          "id": "rec-db81127157a8",
+          "choices": [
+            {
+              "delta": {
+                "content": "\u00b0C",
+                "function_call": null,
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+              "index": 0,
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+          ],
+          "created": 0,
+          "model": "gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+          "object": "chat.completion.chunk",
+          "service_tier": "default",
+          "system_fingerprint": "fp_cbf1785567",
+          "usage": null,
+          "obfuscation": "mt2jiL22pWkH93"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "__type__": "openai.types.chat.chat_completion_chunk.ChatCompletionChunk",
+        "__data__": {
+          "id": "rec-db81127157a8",
+          "choices": [
+            {
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+                "content": ".",
+                "function_call": null,
+                "refusal": null,
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+              "index": 0,
+              "logprobs": null
+            }
+          ],
+          "created": 0,
+          "model": "gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+          "object": "chat.completion.chunk",
+          "service_tier": "default",
+          "system_fingerprint": "fp_cbf1785567",
+          "usage": null,
+          "obfuscation": "32gJJ61zmjmftOn"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "__type__": "openai.types.chat.chat_completion_chunk.ChatCompletionChunk",
+        "__data__": {
+          "id": "rec-db81127157a8",
+          "choices": [
+            {
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+                "function_call": null,
+                "refusal": null,
+                "role": null,
+                "tool_calls": null
+              },
+              "finish_reason": "stop",
+              "index": 0,
+              "logprobs": null
+            }
+          ],
+          "created": 0,
+          "model": "gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+          "object": "chat.completion.chunk",
+          "service_tier": "default",
+          "system_fingerprint": "fp_cbf1785567",
+          "usage": null,
+          "obfuscation": "HszNIiCJ12"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "__type__": "openai.types.chat.chat_completion_chunk.ChatCompletionChunk",
+        "__data__": {
+          "id": "rec-db81127157a8",
+          "choices": [],
+          "created": 0,
+          "model": "gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+          "object": "chat.completion.chunk",
+          "service_tier": "default",
+          "system_fingerprint": "fp_cbf1785567",
+          "usage": {
+            "completion_tokens": 17,
+            "prompt_tokens": 188,
+            "total_tokens": 205,
+            "completion_tokens_details": {
+              "accepted_prediction_tokens": 0,
+              "audio_tokens": 0,
+              "reasoning_tokens": 0,
+              "rejected_prediction_tokens": 0
+            },
+            "prompt_tokens_details": {
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+              "cached_tokens": 0
+            }
+          },
+          "obfuscation": "cAx3IDg7toBDJ"
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "is_streaming": true
+  },
+  "id_normalization_mapping": {}
+}

tests/integration/responses/test_conversation_responses.py

@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ class TestConversationResponses:
 
         assert "apple" in response.output_text.lower()
 
+    @pytest.mark.timeout(60, method="thread")
     def test_conversation_error_handling(self, openai_client, text_model_id):
         """Test error handling for invalid and nonexistent conversations."""
         # Invalid conversation ID format

tests/integration/responses/test_mcp_authentication.py

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the terms described in the LICENSE file in
+# the root directory of this source tree.
+
+
+import pytest
+
+from tests.common.mcp import make_mcp_server
+
+from .helpers import setup_mcp_tools
+
+# MCP authentication tests with recordings
+# Tests for bearer token authorization support in MCP tool configurations
+
+
+def test_mcp_authorization_bearer(responses_client, text_model_id):
+    """Test that bearer authorization is correctly applied to MCP requests."""
+    test_token = "test-bearer-token-789"
+    with make_mcp_server(required_auth_token=test_token) as mcp_server_info:
+        tools = setup_mcp_tools(
+            [
+                {
+                    "type": "mcp",
+                    "server_label": "auth-mcp",
+                    "server_url": "<FILLED_BY_TEST_RUNNER>",
+                    "authorization": test_token,  # Just the token, not "Bearer <token>"
+                }
+            ],
+            mcp_server_info,
+        )
+
+        # Create response - authorization should be applied
+        response = responses_client.responses.create(
+            model=text_model_id,
+            input="What is the boiling point of myawesomeliquid?",
+            tools=tools,
+            stream=False,
+        )
+
+        # Verify list_tools succeeded (requires auth)
+        assert len(response.output) >= 3
+        assert response.output[0].type == "mcp_list_tools"
+        assert len(response.output[0].tools) == 2
+
+        # Verify tool invocation succeeded (requires auth)
+        assert response.output[1].type == "mcp_call"
+        assert response.output[1].error is None
+
+
+def test_mcp_authorization_error_when_header_provided(responses_client, text_model_id):
+    """Test that providing Authorization in headers raises a security error."""
+    test_token = "test-token-123"
+    with make_mcp_server(required_auth_token=test_token) as mcp_server_info:
+        tools = setup_mcp_tools(
+            [
+                {
+                    "type": "mcp",
+                    "server_label": "header-auth-mcp",
+                    "server_url": "<FILLED_BY_TEST_RUNNER>",
+                    "headers": {"Authorization": f"Bearer {test_token}"},  # Security risk - should be rejected
+                }
+            ],
+            mcp_server_info,
+        )
+
+        # Create response - should raise BadRequestError for security reasons
+        with pytest.raises((ValueError, Exception), match="Authorization header cannot be passed via 'headers'"):
+            responses_client.responses.create(
+                model=text_model_id,
+                input="What is the boiling point of myawesomeliquid?",
+                tools=tools,
+                stream=False,
+            )
+
+
+def test_mcp_authorization_backward_compatibility(responses_client, text_model_id):
+    """Test that MCP tools work without authorization (backward compatibility)."""
+    # No authorization required
+    with make_mcp_server(required_auth_token=None) as mcp_server_info:
+        tools = setup_mcp_tools(
+            [
+                {
+                    "type": "mcp",
+                    "server_label": "noauth-mcp",
+                    "server_url": "<FILLED_BY_TEST_RUNNER>",
+                }
+            ],
+            mcp_server_info,
+        )
+
+        # Create response without authorization
+        response = responses_client.responses.create(
+            model=text_model_id,
+            input="What is the boiling point of myawesomeliquid?",
+            tools=tools,
+            stream=False,
+        )
+
+        # Verify operations succeeded without auth
+        assert len(response.output) >= 3
+        assert response.output[0].type == "mcp_list_tools"
+        assert response.output[1].type == "mcp_call"
+        assert response.output[1].error is None

tests/integration/responses/test_tool_responses.py

@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ def test_response_non_streaming_mcp_tool(responses_client, text_model_id, case,
 
         for tool in tools:
             if tool["type"] == "mcp":
-                tool["headers"] = {"Authorization": "Bearer test-token"}
+                tool["authorization"] = "test-token"
 
         response = responses_client.responses.create(
             model=text_model_id,

tests/integration/tool_runtime/test_mcp.py

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ def test_mcp_invocation(llama_stack_client, text_model_id, mcp_server):
         mcp_endpoint=dict(uri=uri),
     )
 
+    # Use old header-based approach for Phase 1 (backward compatibility)
     provider_data = {
         "mcp_headers": {
             uri: {
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ def test_mcp_invocation(llama_stack_client, text_model_id, mcp_server):
 
     tools_list = llama_stack_client.tools.list(
         toolgroup_id=test_toolgroup_id,
-        extra_headers=auth_headers,
+        extra_headers=auth_headers,  # Use old header-based approach
     )
     assert len(tools_list) == 2
     assert {t.name for t in tools_list} == {"greet_everyone", "get_boiling_point"}
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ def test_mcp_invocation(llama_stack_client, text_model_id, mcp_server):
     response = llama_stack_client.tool_runtime.invoke_tool(
         tool_name="greet_everyone",
         kwargs=dict(url="https://www.google.com"),
-        extra_headers=auth_headers,
+        extra_headers=auth_headers,  # Use old header-based approach
     )
     content = response.content
     assert len(content) == 1
@@ -76,9 +77,7 @@ def test_mcp_invocation(llama_stack_client, text_model_id, mcp_server):
             "server_label": test_toolgroup_id,
             "require_approval": "never",
             "allowed_tools": [tool.name for tool in tools_list],
-            "headers": {
+            "authorization": AUTH_TOKEN,
-                "Authorization": f"Bearer {AUTH_TOKEN}",
-            },
         }
     ]
     agent = Agent(
@@ -104,7 +103,6 @@ def test_mcp_invocation(llama_stack_client, text_model_id, mcp_server):
                 }
             ],
             stream=True,
-            extra_headers=auth_headers,
         )
     )
     events = [chunk.event for chunk in chunks]

tests/integration/tool_runtime/test_mcp_json_schema.py

@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
 # This source code is licensed under the terms described in the LICENSE file in
 # the root directory of this source tree.
 
-"""
+"""Integration tests for MCP tools with complex JSON Schema support.
-Integration tests for MCP tools with complex JSON Schema support.
 Tests $ref, $defs, and other JSON Schema features through MCP integration.
 """
 
@@ -123,7 +122,14 @@ class TestMCPSchemaPreservation:
             mcp_endpoint=dict(uri=uri),
         )
 
-        provider_data = {"mcp_headers": {uri: {"Authorization": f"Bearer {AUTH_TOKEN}"}}}
+        # Use old header-based approach for Phase 1 (backward compatibility)
+        provider_data = {
+            "mcp_headers": {
+                uri: {
+                    "Authorization": f"Bearer {AUTH_TOKEN}",
+                },
+            },
+        }
         auth_headers = {
             "X-LlamaStack-Provider-Data": json.dumps(provider_data),
         }
@@ -166,7 +172,15 @@ class TestMCPSchemaPreservation:
             provider_id="model-context-protocol",
             mcp_endpoint=dict(uri=uri),
         )
-        provider_data = {"mcp_headers": {uri: {"Authorization": f"Bearer {AUTH_TOKEN}"}}}
+
+        # Use old header-based approach for Phase 1 (backward compatibility)
+        provider_data = {
+            "mcp_headers": {
+                uri: {
+                    "Authorization": f"Bearer {AUTH_TOKEN}",
+                },
+            },
+        }
         auth_headers = {
             "X-LlamaStack-Provider-Data": json.dumps(provider_data),
         }
@@ -216,7 +230,14 @@ class TestMCPSchemaPreservation:
             mcp_endpoint=dict(uri=uri),
         )
 
-        provider_data = {"mcp_headers": {uri: {"Authorization": f"Bearer {AUTH_TOKEN}"}}}
+        # Use old header-based approach for Phase 1 (backward compatibility)
+        provider_data = {
+            "mcp_headers": {
+                uri: {
+                    "Authorization": f"Bearer {AUTH_TOKEN}",
+                },
+            },
+        }
         auth_headers = {
             "X-LlamaStack-Provider-Data": json.dumps(provider_data),
         }
@@ -263,7 +284,14 @@ class TestMCPToolInvocation:
             mcp_endpoint=dict(uri=uri),
         )
 
-        provider_data = {"mcp_headers": {uri: {"Authorization": f"Bearer {AUTH_TOKEN}"}}}
+        # Use old header-based approach for Phase 1 (backward compatibility)
+        provider_data = {
+            "mcp_headers": {
+                uri: {
+                    "Authorization": f"Bearer {AUTH_TOKEN}",
+                },
+            },
+        }
         auth_headers = {
             "X-LlamaStack-Provider-Data": json.dumps(provider_data),
         }
@@ -309,7 +337,14 @@ class TestMCPToolInvocation:
             mcp_endpoint=dict(uri=uri),
         )
 
-        provider_data = {"mcp_headers": {uri: {"Authorization": f"Bearer {AUTH_TOKEN}"}}}
+        # Use old header-based approach for Phase 1 (backward compatibility)
+        provider_data = {
+            "mcp_headers": {
+                uri: {
+                    "Authorization": f"Bearer {AUTH_TOKEN}",
+                },
+            },
+        }
         auth_headers = {
             "X-LlamaStack-Provider-Data": json.dumps(provider_data),
         }
@@ -365,7 +400,14 @@ class TestAgentWithMCPTools:
             mcp_endpoint=dict(uri=uri),
         )
 
-        provider_data = {"mcp_headers": {uri: {"Authorization": f"Bearer {AUTH_TOKEN}"}}}
+        # Use old header-based approach for Phase 1 (backward compatibility)
+        provider_data = {
+            "mcp_headers": {
+                uri: {
+                    "Authorization": f"Bearer {AUTH_TOKEN}",
+                },
+            },
+        }
         auth_headers = {
             "X-LlamaStack-Provider-Data": json.dumps(provider_data),
         }
@@ -381,6 +423,7 @@ class TestAgentWithMCPTools:
                 "server_label": test_toolgroup_id,
                 "require_approval": "never",
                 "allowed_tools": [tool.name for tool in tools_list],
+                "authorization": AUTH_TOKEN,
             }
         ]
 
@@ -389,7 +432,6 @@ class TestAgentWithMCPTools:
             model=text_model_id,
             instructions="You are a helpful assistant that can process orders and book flights.",
             tools=tool_defs,
-            extra_headers=auth_headers,
         )
 
         session_id = agent.create_session("test-session-complex")
@@ -411,7 +453,6 @@ class TestAgentWithMCPTools:
                     }
                 ],
                 stream=True,
-                extra_headers=auth_headers,
             )
         )
 

tests/unit/distribution/routers/test_routing_tables.py

@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class ToolGroupsImpl(Impl):
     async def unregister_toolgroup(self, toolgroup_id: str):
         return toolgroup_id
 
-    async def list_runtime_tools(self, toolgroup_id, mcp_endpoint):
+    async def list_runtime_tools(self, toolgroup_id, mcp_endpoint, authorization=None):
         return ListToolDefsResponse(
             data=[
                 ToolDef(