# Building AI Applications

Llama Stack provides all the building blocks needed to create sophisticated AI applications. This guide will walk you through how to use these components effectively.

## Basic Inference

The foundation of any AI application is the ability to interact with LLM models. Llama Stack provides a simple interface for both completion and chat-based inference:

```python
from llama_stack_client import LlamaStackClient

client = LlamaStackClient(base_url="http://localhost:5001")

# List available models
models = client.models.list()

# Simple chat completion
response = client.inference.chat_completion(
    model_id="Llama3.2-3B-Instruct",
    messages=[
        {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."},
        {"role": "user", "content": "Write a haiku about coding"}
    ]
)
print(response.completion_message.content)
```

## Adding Memory & RAG

Memory enables your applications to reference and recall information from previous interactions or external documents. Llama Stack's memory system is built around the concept of Memory Banks:

1. **Vector Memory Banks**: For semantic search and retrieval
2. **Key-Value Memory Banks**: For structured data storage
3. **Keyword Memory Banks**: For basic text search
4. **Graph Memory Banks**: For relationship-based retrieval

Here's how to set up a vector memory bank for RAG:

```python
# Register a memory bank
bank_id = "my_documents"
response = client.memory_banks.register(
    memory_bank_id=bank_id,
    params={
        "memory_bank_type": "vector",
        "embedding_model": "all-MiniLM-L6-v2",
        "chunk_size_in_tokens": 512
    }
)

# Insert documents
documents = [
    {
        "document_id": "doc1",
        "content": "Your document text here",
        "mime_type": "text/plain"
    }
]
client.memory.insert(bank_id, documents)

# Query documents
results = client.memory.query(
    bank_id=bank_id,
    query="What do you know about...",
)
```

## Implementing Safety Guardrails

Safety is a critical component of any AI application. Llama Stack provides a Shield system that can be applied at multiple touchpoints:

```python
# Register a safety shield
shield_id = "content_safety"
client.shields.register(
    shield_id=shield_id,
    provider_shield_id="llama-guard-basic"
)

# Run content through shield
response = client.safety.run_shield(
    shield_id=shield_id,
    messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "User message here"}]
)

if response.violation:
    print(f"Safety violation detected: {response.violation.user_message}")
```

## Building Agents

Agents are the heart of complex AI applications. They combine inference, memory, safety, and tool usage into coherent workflows. At its core, an agent follows a sophisticated execution loop that enables multi-step reasoning, tool usage, and safety checks.

### The Agent Execution Loop

Each agent turn follows these key steps:

1. **Initial Safety Check**: The user's input is first screened through configured safety shields

2. **Context Retrieval**:
   - If RAG is enabled, the agent queries relevant documents from memory banks
   - For new documents, they are first inserted into the memory bank
   - Retrieved context is augmented to the user's prompt

3. **Inference Loop**: The agent enters its main execution loop:
   - The LLM receives the augmented prompt (with context and/or previous tool outputs)
   - The LLM generates a response, potentially with tool calls
   - If tool calls are present:
     - Tool inputs are safety-checked
     - Tools are executed (e.g., web search, code execution)
     - Tool responses are fed back to the LLM for synthesis
   - The loop continues until:
     - The LLM provides a final response without tool calls
     - Maximum iterations are reached
     - Token limit is exceeded

4. **Final Safety Check**: The agent's final response is screened through safety shields

```{mermaid}
sequenceDiagram
    participant U as User
    participant E as Executor
    participant M as Memory Bank
    participant L as LLM
    participant T as Tools
    participant S as Safety Shield

    Note over U,S: Agent Turn Start
    U->>S: 1. Submit Prompt
    activate S
    S->>E: Input Safety Check
    deactivate S

    E->>M: 2.1 Query Context
    M-->>E: 2.2 Retrieved Documents

    loop Inference Loop
        E->>L: 3.1 Augment with Context
        L-->>E: 3.2 Response (with/without tool calls)

        alt Has Tool Calls
            E->>S: Check Tool Input
            S->>T: 4.1 Execute Tool
            T-->>E: 4.2 Tool Response
            E->>L: 5.1 Tool Response
            L-->>E: 5.2 Synthesized Response
        end

        opt Stop Conditions
            Note over E: Break if:
            Note over E: - No tool calls
            Note over E: - Max iterations reached
            Note over E: - Token limit exceeded
        end
    end

    E->>S: Output Safety Check
    S->>U: 6. Final Response
```

Each step in this process can be monitored and controlled through configurations. Here's an example that demonstrates monitoring the agent's execution:

```python
from llama_stack_client.lib.agents.event_logger import EventLogger

agent_config = AgentConfig(
    model="Llama3.2-3B-Instruct",
    instructions="You are a helpful assistant",
    # Enable both RAG and tool usage
    tools=[
        {
            "type": "memory",
            "memory_bank_configs": [{
                "type": "vector",
                "bank_id": "my_docs"
            }],
            "max_tokens_in_context": 4096
        },
        {
            "type": "code_interpreter",
            "enable_inline_code_execution": True
        }
    ],
    # Configure safety
    input_shields=["content_safety"],
    output_shields=["content_safety"],
    # Control the inference loop
    max_infer_iters=5,
    sampling_params={
        "temperature": 0.7,
        "max_tokens": 2048
    }
)

agent = Agent(client, agent_config)
session_id = agent.create_session("monitored_session")

# Stream the agent's execution steps
response = agent.create_turn(
    messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "Analyze this code and run it"}],
    attachments=[{
        "content": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/example/code.py",
        "mime_type": "text/plain"
    }],
    session_id=session_id
)

# Monitor each step of execution
for log in EventLogger().log(response):
    if log.event.step_type == "memory_retrieval":
        print("Retrieved context:", log.event.retrieved_context)
    elif log.event.step_type == "inference":
        print("LLM output:", log.event.model_response)
    elif log.event.step_type == "tool_execution":
        print("Tool call:", log.event.tool_call)
        print("Tool response:", log.event.tool_response)
    elif log.event.step_type == "shield_call":
        if log.event.violation:
            print("Safety violation:", log.event.violation)
```

This example shows how an agent can: Llama Stack provides a high-level agent framework:

```python
from llama_stack_client.lib.agents.agent import Agent
from llama_stack_client.types.agent_create_params import AgentConfig

# Configure an agent
agent_config = AgentConfig(
    model="Llama3.2-3B-Instruct",
    instructions="You are a helpful assistant",
    tools=[
        {
            "type": "memory",
            "memory_bank_configs": [],
            "query_generator_config": {
                "type": "default",
                "sep": " "
            }
        }
    ],
    input_shields=["content_safety"],
    output_shields=["content_safety"],
    enable_session_persistence=True
)

# Create an agent
agent = Agent(client, agent_config)
session_id = agent.create_session("my_session")

# Run agent turns
response = agent.create_turn(
    messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "Your question here"}],
    session_id=session_id
)
```

### Adding Tools to Agents

Agents can be enhanced with various tools:

1. **Search**: Web search capabilities through providers like Brave
2. **Code Interpreter**: Execute code snippets
3. **RAG**: Memory and document retrieval
4. **Function Calling**: Custom function execution
5. **WolframAlpha**: Mathematical computations
6. **Photogen**: Image generation

Example of configuring an agent with tools:

```python
agent_config = AgentConfig(
    model="Llama3.2-3B-Instruct",
    tools=[
        {
            "type": "brave_search",
            "api_key": "YOUR_API_KEY",
            "engine": "brave"
        },
        {
            "type": "code_interpreter",
            "enable_inline_code_execution": True
        }
    ],
    tool_choice="auto",
    tool_prompt_format="json"
)
```

## Building RAG-Enhanced Agents

One of the most powerful patterns is combining agents with RAG capabilities. Here's a complete example:

```python
from llama_stack_client.types import Attachment

# Create attachments from documents
attachments = [
    Attachment(
        content="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/example/doc.rst",
        mime_type="text/plain"
    )
]

# Configure agent with memory
agent_config = AgentConfig(
    model="Llama3.2-3B-Instruct",
    instructions="You are a helpful assistant",
    tools=[{
        "type": "memory",
        "memory_bank_configs": [],
        "query_generator_config": {"type": "default", "sep": " "},
        "max_tokens_in_context": 4096,
        "max_chunks": 10
    }],
    enable_session_persistence=True
)

agent = Agent(client, agent_config)
session_id = agent.create_session("rag_session")

# Initial document ingestion
response = agent.create_turn(
    messages=[{
        "role": "user",
        "content": "I am providing some documents for reference."
    }],
    attachments=attachments,
    session_id=session_id
)

# Query with RAG
response = agent.create_turn(
    messages=[{
        "role": "user",
        "content": "What are the key topics in the documents?"
    }],
    session_id=session_id
)
```

## Testing & Evaluation

Llama Stack provides built-in tools for evaluating your applications:

1. **Benchmarking**: Test against standard datasets
2. **Application Evaluation**: Score your application's outputs
3. **Custom Metrics**: Define your own evaluation criteria

Here's how to set up basic evaluation:

```python
# Create an evaluation task
response = client.eval_tasks.register(
    eval_task_id="my_eval",
    dataset_id="my_dataset",
    scoring_functions=["accuracy", "relevance"]
)

# Run evaluation
job = client.eval.run_eval(
    task_id="my_eval",
    task_config={
        "type": "app",
        "eval_candidate": {
            "type": "agent",
            "config": agent_config
        }
    }
)

# Get results
result = client.eval.job_result(
    task_id="my_eval",
    job_id=job.job_id
)
```

## Debugging & Monitoring

Llama Stack includes comprehensive telemetry for debugging and monitoring your applications:

1. **Tracing**: Track request flows across components
2. **Metrics**: Measure performance and usage
3. **Logging**: Debug issues and track behavior

The telemetry system supports multiple output formats:

- OpenTelemetry for visualization in tools like Jaeger
- SQLite for local storage and querying
- Console output for development

Example of querying traces:

```python
# Query traces for a session
traces = client.telemetry.query_traces(
    attribute_filters=[{
        "key": "session_id",
        "op": "eq",
        "value": session_id
    }]
)

# Get detailed span information
span_tree = client.telemetry.get_span_tree(
    span_id=traces[0].root_span_id
)
```

For details on how to use the telemetry system to debug your applications, export traces to a dataset, and run evaluations, see the [Telemetry](telemetry) section.

```{toctree}
:hidden:
:maxdepth: 3

telemetry
```